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By C. Kohn , Waterford WI. Respiration. Chickens and CHICKENS. Last year, Mr. Kohn’s class grew two kinds of chickens The first kind were layers . They are bred to lay eggs and grow slowly. The second kind are broilers . They are bred for meat production and grow quickly. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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RespirationBy C. Kohn, Waterford WI
Chickens and CHICKENS
Last year, Mr. Kohn’s class grew two kinds of chickens The first kind were layers. They are bred to lay
eggs and grow slowly. The second kind are broilers. They are bred for
meat production and grow quickly. Why would two breeds of the same bird
grow at very different rates? Think, Pair, Share – what causes the
differences in growth? See next slide first.
Scientific Questions
You might be tempted to respond with short answers like “genetics” or “diet”. Avoid these kinds of answers – they do not
help us to solve a problem. Instead, try to suggest a hypothesis that
might explain this.What might be different about their
bodies, organs, or cells that could cause one kind of chicken to grow twice as fast?
Answers…not yet.
So why does one kind of chicken grow so much faster than the other?
Answering this question requires an understanding of the most universal aspects of agriculture.
To begin, let’s focus on the simplest unit of life – the cell.
The Cell The cell is the smallest unit of life
This means that the smallest something can be and still be alive is a cell
Molecules can’t be alive, but they can be part of something alive
The smallest thing that can be alive is one cell
There are two kinds of cells Prokaryotic – bacteria – simple and basic Eukaryotic – the cells of complex organisms
that have organelles (cellular structures)
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells all have similar key ingredients . Some are… Nucleus w/ DNA instructions Cell membrane to maintain constant
conditions Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell Ribosomes – protein factories Vacuoles – storage and waste removal Plants Only: Chloroplast (sugar production),
Cell Wall (a plant’s “skeleton”)
The Animal Cell
Nucleus – DNA Instructions
Mitochondria – Cell Powerhouse
Cell Membrane – A
Barrier to the
Outside
The Mitochondria In this part of the class, we’ll focus on the
mitochondria.
The mitochondria are the “POWERHOUSES” of the cell.
They create the energy that powers the cellular activity of all living things. Your body uses the energy created by your
mitochondria. All plants, animals, and fungi use mitochondria to
create their cellular energy.
The Mitochondria
ATP
ATP is the energy of the cell (not sugar!) ATP stands for Adenine TriPhosphate
ATP consists of…1. Three phosphate molecules2. A ribose sugar molecule3. An amino acid – Adenine
A simpler way to remember ATP is:A Triple Phosphate
1 2 3
ATP = A rechargeable battery ATP is like a rechargeable battery
It is re-used over and over again and can be re-charged each time in the mitochondria
When ATP gives up its “charge”, it becomes ADP and Pi. ADP is the same thing as ATP except that it only has
2 phosphates▪ Pi is the third unattached phosphate. It has to be
“smashed” back on to re-charge ATP ADP = “A Double Phosphate” = ‘uncharged battery’
Summary: 5 Key Points1. Eukaryotic Cells are the cells of complex organisms like
plants, animals, and fungi.
2. Eukaryotic Cells all have Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell
3. Mitochondria produce ATP, the energy of the cell. 1. ATP powers all cellular activity in any kind of cell
4. ATP carries energy; when it gives up its energy, it becomes ADP and Pi
5. ATP must be re-charged in the mitochondria 1. ATP becomes “re-charged” when ADP and Pi are smashed
together
ATP Synthase – the Smasher Wheel ADP and Pi are ‘smashed’ together in a special
structure in the mitochondria called ATP Synthase. ATP Synthase is a tiny molecular structure that turns
ATP Synthase is just like a water wheel on a dam. As water flows over the dam, the
waterwheel turns ATP Synthase turns when hydrogen
flows past it
ATP Synthase
``
ATP Syntha
se
Stored Hydrogen
Mitochondrial Inner
Membrane
Mitochondrial Lumen (inside)
Flowing
Hy
droge
n
ATP Synthase
Just like water flowing over a dam powers a waterwheel, hydrogen flowing through ATP Synthase turns its “wheel” The turning of this wheel combines ADP
and Pi into the energy-carrying ATP
The walls of the mitochondria contain many ATP Synthase structures, each producing charged ATP from ADPand Pi
Hydrogen-Powered ATP Synthase The wheel of ATP Synthase requires
constantly flowing hydrogen
This hydrogen comes from the food you eat
Carbohydrates provide most of this hydrogen
Carbohydrates include simple sugars, starches, and fiber
Carbohydrates = Chains of Sugar Starches, simple sugars, and fiber are all made
from chains of sugar molecules.
In order for your body to use a carbohydrate, it must be broken down into individual sugar molecules – glucose
White bread tastes sweeter than whole grain bread because it is made of shorter chains of sugar that break down more easily (the shorter the chain, the easier to break it)
Carbohydrate Digestion When you eat carbohydrates, they are broken down
into individual glucose molecules (click)
These molecules are absorbed into the blood and are absorbed by cells.
Once in the cell, the individual glucose molecules are broken down. The hydrogen is moved inside the mitochondrial membranes
to power ATP Synthase Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the waste created from respiration.
To Blood
Removal of Hydrogen after ATP Synthase
In the mitochondria, the stored hydrogen powers the wheels of ATP Synthase.
After it powers the wheel, each hydrogen atom must be removed from the mitochondria. If hydrogen was not continuously removed, it would
stop flowing. (Imagine if people stopped inside a revolving door!)
To remove the hydrogen, we breathe in oxygen The oxygen binds to two hydrogen molecules to
make H2O H2O and CO2 are breathed out when we exhale
Summary – 5 key points1. ATP Synthase is the “wheel” that “smashes” ADP and Pi back into
charged ATP
2. Flowing hydrogen from the mitochondrial membrane powers this wheel.
3. The hydrogen comes from the food we eat, particularly carbohydrates
4. Carbohydrates must be broken down into individual glucose molecules to be used by cells.
5. Hydrogen is taken from glucose to power ATP Synthase.
Both H2O and CO2 are exhaled when we breathe out. CO2 and H2O are the waste products of respiration.
Application – ATP Synthase & Brown Fat Babies have lots of what is called brown
fat. Fat typically is used to store energy for ATP
production.
Brown fat is found in babies and animals in cold climates. Brown fat is brown because it has a large
number of mitochondria It is actually created from muscle, not fat.
ATP Synthase & Brown Fat Brown fat produces heat. It does this
because it has leaky mitochondria The hydrogen atoms stored in mitochondria can
leak out instead of going through ATP Synthase This creates friction, which creates heat
Brown fat doesn’t just insulate babies and cold-climate mammals, it heats them!
Brown fat & weight loss? Why might this work?
Growth, Mitochondria, & Oxygen Growth and Mitochondrial Respiration of
Mungbeans (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) Germinated at Low Pressure 1
Mary E. Musgrave, et. al.
Beans grew more with higher oxygen levels. Why? TPS Why would oxygen improve
growth? How does oxygen affect ATP
production?
CO2 and Mitochondrial Conc. Plant growth in elevated CO2
alters mitochondrial number and chloroplast fine structure. Kevin L. Griffin, et al
Increasing CO2 concentrations led to increased mitochondrial concentrations in plants
Increased CO2 led to an…Increased amount of mitochondria, leading to…Increased plant productivity.
Why? TPS
Broiler Chicks vs. Layers
“Heat production and lipid metabolism in broiler and layer chickens during embryonic development.” Momoka Sato, et. al.
Consumption of the yolk sac was faster in broilers than in layers. Note: The egg yolk is the food for
the baby chick Why might broiler chickens consume
their egg yolk faster than a layer?
Chickens
How could we use mitochondria, ATP, or ATP synthase to improve chicken growth and performance?
On your whiteboards, write 5 ways in which we could change the cells of a chicken so that it grows faster. Be prepared to defend why your
treatment might work.