Seeley's : Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

7/25/2019 Seeley's : Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Chapter 01Lecture and

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Chapter 1-Introduction

Anatomy:- study of structure

- means to dissect

Physiology:

study of function

Anatomy and Physiology work together.


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What is the Importance of

Anatomy and Physiology? Basis for understanding diseases

Allows an understanding of how the body

works and responds to stimuli


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ypes of Anatomy

!ystemic:studies body systems

"egional:

studies body regions (medical schools)

!urface:

studies eternal features! "# Bone pro$ections

Anatomical imaging:

uses -rays! ultrasound! %&'s


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!tructural #e$els of %ody1. Chemical:

smallest le*el

- "# atoms

&. Cell:

- basic unit of life

- "# 'ncludes organelles (mitochondria!nucleus! ribosomes! etc#)


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'. issue:

- group of cells with similar structure and

function plus etracellular substance

- "# "pithelial! connecti*e! muscular! ner*ous

(. )rgan:

- 2 or more tissue types

- "# ,kin! heart! stomach! etc#


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Diaphragm

Small intestine

Kidney

(behind stomach

Stomach

Spleen (behind stomach

!sophagus

Carotid

artery

Spinal cord

"rain

Laryn#

$rachea

Aortic arch

Lung

%eart

Li&er

'ancreas (behind

stomach

allbladder

Kidney

(behind intestine

Largeintestine

)reter

(behind small

intestine

)rinary

bladder

)rethra


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*. )rgan system:

group of organs

+. )rganism:

all structural le*els working together


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Digesti&e System

'er*orms the mechanical and chemicalprocesses o* digestion+ absorption o*

nutrients+ and elimination o* wastes, Consistso* the mouth+ esophagus+ stomach+intestines+ and accessory organs,

-espiratory System

!#changes o#ygen and carbon dio#idebetween the blood and air and regulates

blood p%, Consists o* the lungs andrespiratory passages,

Lymphatic System

-emo&es *oreign substances *rom the bloodand lymph+ combats disease+ maintains

tissue *luid balance+ and absorbs *ats *romthe digesti&e tract, Consists o* the lymphatic&essels+ lymph nodes+ and other lymphatic

organs,

.ntegumentary System

'ro&ides protection+ regulates temperature+

pre&ents water loss+ and helps produce&itamin D, Consists o* s/in+ hair+ nails+ andsweat glands,

uscular System

'roduces body mo&ements+ maintains

posture+ and produces body heat, Consists o*muscles attached to the s/eleton by tendons,

S/eletal System

'ro&ides protection and support+ allows

body mo&ements+ produces blood cells+ andstores minerals and *at, Consists o* bones+associated cartilages+ ligaments+ and oints,

-ectusabdominis

"icepsbrachii

'ectoralismaor

$emporalisS/ull

Cla&icle

Sternum

%umerus

Vertebralcolumn

-adius

)lna

2emur

$ibia

2ibula

'el&is

-ibsS/in

%air

$hymus

A#illary

lymphnode

Lymphatic&essel

.nguinallymph node

Spleen

$horacic

duct

ammaryple#us

Cer&icallymph

node

$onsils3ose

3asalca&ity

Lungs

"ronchi

$rachea

Laryn#

'haryn#(throat

'haryn#

(throat

Oral ca&ity(mouth

Li&erallbladder

Appendi#

-ectum

Anus

Large

intestine

Small

intestine

'ancreas

Stomach

!sophagus

Sali&ary

glands

astrocnemius

4uadriceps

*emoris

Sartorius


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Characteristics of #ife

)rgani,ation:

/ structural le*els

etaolism:

- ability to use energy

- uses digesti*e and respiratory systems

"esponsi$eness:

ability to sense changes in en*t and makead$ustments


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/rowth:

an increase in si0e

0e$elopment:

changes in cell structure and function from

generali0ed to speciali0ed

"eproduction:

formation of new cells or new organisms


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omeostasis

What is it?

- maintenance of a constant internal en*t

- "# Body temp#! B1! &! B&

2ariale:- conditions that change

- "# "n*t temp#

!et point:

- ideal! normal *alue

- "# .2 for B1 or 5#+o for body temp#


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.+

3egati$e 4eedack

What is it?

- mechanism that regulates homeostasis

- negati*e meaning a de*iation from set point

- "# Blood pressure


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1

5

6

7

8

1

5

6

7 8

-eceptors monitor the&alue o* a &ariable, .n this

case+ receptors in the wall

o* a blood &essel monitor

blood pressure,

.n*ormation about the &alue

o* the &ariable is sent to a

control center, .n this case+

ner&es send in*ormation to

the part o* the brain

responsible *or regulatingblood pressure,

$he control center

compares the &alue o* the

&ariable against the set

point,

An e**ector produces a

response that maintains

homeostasis, .n this case+changing heart rate

changes blood pressure,

.* a response is necessary

to maintain homeostasis+

the control center causesan e**ector to respond, .n

this case+ ner&es send

in*ormation to the heart,

!**ector (heart

responds to changes

in blood pressure,

-eceptors monitor

blood pressure,

3er&es

Control center

(brain



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Components of 3egati$e 4eedack

Control center:- brain

- establishes set point

"eceptor:

detects changes (*ariable)

5ffector:

responds to changes



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.5

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"loodpres

sure

(normalran

ge

1

6 7

8

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5

$he e**ectors respond:

%eart rate increases;

blood &essels constrict,

"lood pressure increases:

%omeostasis -estored

"lood pressure decreases:

%omeostasis Disturbed

"lood pressure increases:

%omeostasis Disturbed

"lood pressure decreases:

%omeostasis -estored

$he e**ectors respond:

%eart rate decreases;

blood &essels dilate,

Start %ere

"loodpres

sure

(normalran

ge

Control centers in the brain decrease

stimulation o* heart and blood &essels

when receptors detect increased blood

pressure,

Control centers in the brain increase

stimulation o* heart and blood &essels

when receptors detect decreased

blood pressure,


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Positi$e 4eedack

What is it?- de*iation from set point becomes greater

- makes a bad situation worse

- rarely found in healthy people

i


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6igure .#/


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%ody Positions Anatomical position:

person standing erect with face and palms forward

!upine:

person lying face up

Prone:person lying face down


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0irectional erms

!uperior:abo*e

Inferior:

below

Anterior:

front Posterior:

back

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edial:

close to midline

#ateral:

away from midline

Pro6imal:

close to point of attachment

0istal:far from point of attachment


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6igure .# 2+

6igure .#/a


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4igure 1.7


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!uperficial:

close to surface

0eep:

toward interior of body

2


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%ody Planes !agittal:

runs *ertically and separates body into left and right

idsagittal:

runs down the middleand di*ides body into e7ual left

and right hal*es rans$erse:

runs hori0ontally and separates body into top and bottom

4rontal:runs *ertically and separates body into anterior and

posterior


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6igure

.#..

3


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%ody "egions

8pper lims:upper arm! forearm! wrist! hand

#ower lims:

thigh! lower leg! ankle! foot

Central:

head! neck! trunk

runk:

thoracic (chest)! abdomen! pel*is


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6igure .#a


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6igure .#5b


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%ody Ca$ities horacic ca$ity:

heart! lungs! thymus gland! esophagus! trachea

ediastinum:

di*ides thoracic ca*ity into left and right

Adominal ca$ity:

stomach! intestines! li*er! spleen! pancreas!

kidneys

Pel$ic ca$ity:

urinary bladder! reproducti*e organs! part of

large intestine


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6igure .#.3


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Pericardial ca$ity:

around heart

Pleural ca$ity:

around lungs

Peritoneal ca$ity:

around abdominopel*ic ca*ity


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emranes

esentery:

double-layered membrane that co*ers organs

and anchors them to body wall

!erous memrane:

co*er organs and line ca*ity walls


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ypes of !erous emranes

2isceral memrane:co*ers organs

Parietal memrane:

lines ca*ity walls


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6igure.#.4b


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6igure.#.a


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6igure .#.b

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Seeley's : Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology