Sept 2015final

Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09

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vÀ½ DAiÉÄÌ: gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß RjÃ¢¸ÀÄªÀ ªÀÄÄ£Àß vÁªÀÅ ¸ÁPÀ§AiÀÄ¸ÀÄªÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À vÀ½AiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤zsÀðj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ

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Newsletter Date : 30 September 2015 Volume No: 4 Issue : 9

Veterinary College, BengaluruMonthly e-Bulletin

ªÉÄÃªÀÅ ºÁUÀÆ ¥Ë¶×PÀ DºÁgÀ PÀrªÉÄ EzÀÄÝ UÀÄqÀØUÁqÀÄ ¥ÀæzÉÃ±ÀzÀ°è ªÉÄÃ¬Ä¸ÀÄªÀ ¥ÀzÀÞwAiÀÄ°è ¸ÁPÀÄªÀÅzÁzÀgÉ d¹ð

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Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09

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Dr. Maruthi S. T., Dr. Ranjith D., Dr. Kotresh Prasad., Dr. Sagar R. S. and Naveen Kumar T. J.College Of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala-673 576

(Email: [email protected])Biomaterials are substances or combination of substances (other than drugs) either synthetic or

natural, intended to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or functions of the body. Although

they have to satisfy many conditions useful for treatment, more and more research has been carried out to

replace various tissues in the body viz., tendons and bones.

Historical background: History of biomaterials evolves from hundred years ago, where Romans andChinese used gold in dentistry. Their use started from ancient civilization, where artificial eyes, ears,


and nose were used as found on Egyptian mummies. During late 18-19th century, different metal devices

as biomaterials were used to fix fractures (wires, pins made up of Ag, Au, Pt and Fe).

Polymethylmethacrylate was used as a first bio material in dentistry

during 1937.

P.Wiles (1938) carried out first total hip replacement by using

biomaterials.

M.J. Dorzee, A. Franceschetti (1940) used acrylics for corneal

replacement.

Poly ethylene and stainless steel substances were used for hip

implants (1960).

Recent advances includes the use of bio materials like gold Nano cells for photo thermal anti-tumor

treatment and bone tissue engineering technique used for bone grafting.

PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIAL:

A biomaterial used for implant should possess properties for long term usage without rejection. The

design and choice of bio materials depends on the following factors

Response of host organism to the implanted biomaterial or device.

An ideal biomaterial should be biocompatible with the ambient tissues and cause no hyper sensitivity or

allergic response.

It should possess anti-microbial, ant- inflammatory, wound healing and analgesic activities.

Ease for application and it should be economical.

It should be non-toxic, non-pyrogenic, non-carcinogenic and blood compactable.

It should have mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength, elasticity, hardness, cosmetic

appearance, tear and wear resistance, corrosion and fatigue resistance.

The material must satisfy its design requirements in its bio-functionality.

Biomaterial should govern the structure and function of normal and abnormal cells, tissues or organs.

They should be moldable, machinable and extrudable.

TYPES OF BIO MATERIAL:

During ancient day’s wide variety of natural biomaterials like rubber, glue, wood, tissues fromliving forms and manufactured materials viz., iron, zinc, glass and gold were used. A range of host

response were seen by use of biomaterials like some were tolerated and some were rejected and it has been

acknowledged that there is complete difference between vital and avital material. The following are the

types of biomaterials.

1) Metallic biomaterial: Most commonly used metals for manufacturing implants are iron (Fe),

chromium(Cr), cobalt (Co), Titanium(Ti), Molybdenum (Mb), Niobium (Nb), Tantulum (Ta) and

Tungsten (W). The biocompatibility of the metallic implants is of great concern because they can cor-

rode in an in-vivo environment.

2) Ceramic biomaterial: Alumina, Silicon nitrites, Zirconia and carbons are employed as inert


Biomaterials for the reconstructionof corneal reconstruction in dogs

bioceramics. Semi inert bioceramics includes glasses, dense

hydroxyapatites, calcium aluminates and calcium sulphates which are

re-absorbable.

3) Polymeric biomaterial: Mainly includes polyamide, polyethylene,

polystyrene, Polyethylenterpthalate, polypropylene, Polymetacrylate,

polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylchloride.

4) Composite biomaterials: Fibre glass, alloys, foam, bone, wood,

dentin, cartilage and skin are the commonly used composite biomaterials.

USES OF BIOMATERIALS:

Tissue regeneration and transplantation

Orthopedic implants

Treatment of tendon and joint defects

Bone plating and bone cementing

Dental implants

Blood vessel prostheses

Wound management

Repair of hernias

Contact lenses

Cosmetic surgeries

Corrective functional abnormalities

Joint replacement and implants

Aids in diagnose and treatment

ADVANTAGES:

They are strong, chemically inert and resistant to fatigue

degradation.

They have shape memory and can be sterilized easily before

use

Easy to manufacture and modify

Biodegradable

They have high compressive strength and tensile strength

They have low density and resistant to corrosion.

Biocompatablity, strong and durable, cost effective and easy to use.

DISADVANTAGES They may cause tissue reaction

Decreases bone growth

The intensive interaction with the body can lead to wear and tear


POLYMETHYLMETH ACRYLATE

A Dogs leg repaired using the tightrope CCLprocedure

Injury repair using polyester with collagenmesh

They can induce formation of metal ions in the body.

High cost involved in the manufacture and difficulty in availability.

Use of biomaterials in Veterinary practices:

Various researchers across the world use polypropylene mesh for reconstruction of abdominal wall

defects like hernia, eventrations and eviscerations in large animals like cattle and horses. Animal derived

surgical mesh are made of intestine and skin, which provides support while repairing weakened or

damaged tissues, majority of the tissues used are derived from pig (porcine) or cow (bovine). Surgical

mesh can be used for urogynaecologic procedures including pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress

urinary incontinence (SUI). There are three main surgical procedures performed to treat pelvic floor

disorders with surgical mesh like transvaginal and transabdominal mesh to treat POP, mesh sling to treat

SUI.

Now a days bone grafts and their substitutes are gaining more importance in veterinary practices.

Demineralized bone matrix werecommonly used for bone grafting because of their osteoinductive

properties.The clinical use of bone marrow aspiratewere successfully evaluated for the treatment of

nonunion of tibia in sheep. Currently Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) developed from recombinant

gene technology were gaining more importance as a potential for bone induction in human and veterinary

medicine.Osteoconductive biomaterials likecalcium phosphate substitutes were used as allografts in

animals. Further, hydroxyapatite ceramics are widely used as bone substitutes because of their

osteo-conductivity and bio-compatibility.

Current status and future perspectives:

Biomaterial formulations are the major components used to deliver the bioactive molecules in to the

body. Various techniques like freeze-drying, polymerization, spray drying, gas foaming, supercritical fluid

technology etc. are commonly used for fabrication of scaffold preparations. These formulations are widely

used against diseases such as tuberculosis, bone deformities, cartilage damage, skin disease, cardiovascular

ailments, and periodontal diseases and wound dressing.

The study of biomaterial based formulations are exciting with newer approaches for drug/cell/gene

delivery being discovered increasingly. At present, extensive research is being carried out worldwide on

all aspects of tissue engineering and drug/gene delivery. In the future, main focus will be on development

of more patient compliant, sustained and controlled delivery systems against various diseases by

modification of manufacturing technologies.

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QgÀÄ£É°è (Phyllanthus amarus)

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£ÁaPÉ VqÀ (Mimosa pudica)

£ÁaPÉ VqÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ jÃwAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃd£ÀPÁjAiÀiÁVzÉ. ªÀÄÄRåªÁV EzÀ£ÀÄß DPÀ¼ÀÄUÀ¼À ºÁ°£À°è gÀPÀÛ §gÀÄwÛzÀÝgÉ

100-200 UÁæA £ÀµÀÄÖ ¤ÃrzÀgÉ CwÃ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁj. C®èzÉÃ UÀ¨sÀðPÉÆÃ±ÀzÀ vÉÆAzÀgÉ¬ÄzÁÝUÀªÀÇ ¸ÀºÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß

§¼À¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. eÁ£ÀÄªÀgÀÄ PÀgÀÄ ºÁQzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ UÀ sÀðPÉÆÃ±ÀªÀÅ ªÀÄqÀa ºÉÆgÀUÉ §AzÀ°è ¸ÀÄªÀiÁgÀÄ 200 UÁæA £ÁaPÉ

ªÀÄÄ½î£À gÀ¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¯ÉÃ¦¹zÀgÉ UÀ¨sÀðPÉÆÃ±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÉÆzÀ°£À ¹ÜwUÉ ¸Àé ÁÜ£ÀPÉÌ PÀ½¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ.

Dr. Rashmi, R., Dr. Jagadeesh. S. Sanganal and Dr. N.B. ShridharDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru-24

(email: [email protected]) Beta – lactam antibiotics constitute one of the most important and frequently used groups of

antimicrobial agents.

It comprises of Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems and Monobactams.

Penicillins: they are classified based on their spectrum of antibacterial activity and β – lactamase(Penicillinase) sensitivity

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are classified in terms of their chronological sequence of development and also on the

basis of their antimicrobial properties.


Drug Interactions

Potentiation

Concomitant use of aminoglycosides and loop diuretics (Ex: Furosemide) potentiate the nephrotoxic

effect of cephalosporins.

Synergism

Penicillins, cephalosporins and imipenem with aminoglycosides produce synergistic or additive effects.

Extended spectrum penicillins and aminoglycosides produce synergistic effect against Pseudomonas

sp. Cefepime with aztreonam produces synergistic effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antagonism

Beta lactams with bacteriostatic drugs like chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin produce

antagonistic action.

Pharmacokinetic/ ADME interactions

1.Administration of oral cephalosporins viz cefadroxil with food decreases the nausea in those animals

prone to the side effect. Administration of cefixime with food can decrease its bioavailability by one

half, whereas the absorption of cephalexin is not affected by food.

2.Concomitant use of antacids and H2-receptor antagonists decreases the absorption and peak plasma

levels of cephalosporins. Thus, cephalosporins are administered 1 or 2 hour prior to or after

administration of antacids and H2-receptor antagonists.

3.Acid susceptible penicillins (Ex: Penicillin G) should not be mixed with normal saline or other acidic

pH parenteral fluids because they get inactivated by the acidic pH.

4.Carbenicillin and ticarcillin interact chemically and precipitate aminolgycosides when administered

simultaneously through the same I.V. line or through the same syringe. Therefore, penicillins are

administered 1 or 2 hour prior to or after administration of aminolgycosides.

5.Salicylates, phenylbutazone and sulphonamides displace penicillins from plasma protein binding sites

thereby increase their blood concentration and prolong their plasma half live.

6.Concomitant administration of Penicillins like carbenicillin, cephalosporins and anticoagulants viz

heparin, coumarins – warfarin, dicoumarol etc, thrombolytic agents – streptokinase, streptodornase,


urokinase etc and NSAIDS – salicylates and sulfinpyrazone enhances the risk of bleeding.

7.Concomitant administration of Penicillins like carbenicillin, cephalosporins with aspirin and other

NSAIDS and sulfinpyrazone also enhances the risk of bleeding.

8.Probenecid and other weak organic acids competitively block the tubular secretion of penicillin and

cephalosporins thereby increase their blood concentration and prolong their plasma half lives. But

probenecid has not been shown to alter the renal tubular secretion of ceftiofur in dairy cattle or of

cefazolin in mares.

Mamatha, G.S., Puttalakshmamma,G.C., Jaya N. Lakkundi and P.M.ThimmareddyDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology

Centre of Advanced Faculty Training,Veterinary CollegeKVAFSU Regional Campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru-560 024.

(Email:[email protected])

In tropical and subtropical countries like India, low productivity in small ruminants production are

attributed to unfavourable climatic conditions, low animal genetic potential, insufficient feed supplements

and lack of proper health care facilities in rural areas. Besides, factors like secondary pathogenic effects

caused by trematode parasites is a major contributing factor that decreases the quality and quantity of

wool, meat and meat products. These trematode infection which occur in clinical and subclinical

conditions adversely affect the health and socio-economic status of the farmers and cause enormous

economic losses to the livestock industry.

F.gigantica and G. explanatum are very common trematode

parasites affecting sheep and usually present in liver, bileducts and

gallbladder. The adult parasites are not much pathogenic however its

immature migratory flukes induce severe pathological effects.

The pathological changes induced by the F.gigantica and

G.explanatum are readily distinguishable from each other. Lesions

associated with the migration of immature flukes through the

parenchyma and honeycombed like appearance are a prominent feature

of infection of F.gigantica. In bileducts, infection with F. gigantica are

characterised by desquamation of the bile duct epithelium, presence of

more free blood in the lumen and a thicker duct wall. In acute

fasciolosis, the simultaneous migration of large number of immature

flukes cause traumatic hepatitis due to extensive destruction of liver

parenchyma and marked haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity due to

rupture of liver capsule. The liver will be enlarged, pale and friable with

numerous haemorrhagic tracts on the parenchymal surface. These

lesions should be differentiated from the anthrax disease characterised by


Liver parenchyma showing migratorytracts and haemorrhage

Hyperplastic cholangitis

the presence of blood through all the natural orifices. In chronic condition, a hyperplastic cholangitis isobserved caused by the presence of adult flukes in the bileducts.

.

Whereas lesions induced by Giagantocytle explanatum are confined to the large bile ducts.

G. explanatum present in the bileducts form plugs or polyps like growth in the luminal surface by removal

of a plug of mucosa into their acetabulum. The lesions in the hepatic parenchyma are associated with

formation of progressively larger areas of scar tissue in the parenchymal migration and fibrosis which

occur in adjacent portal triads and interlobular septa. The absence of signs of migration through the hepatic

parenchyma by G.explanatum is regarded as evidences that these flukes gain entry to the bile ducts from

intestine through common bileduct. Hence, based on these lesions, the infection caused by the common

trematode parasites of F.gigantica and G.explanatum can be diagnosed in naturally infected sheep and

goats at necropsy.

¥ÉÆæÃ. JZï.J. G¥ÉÃAzÀæ¥À±ÀÄªÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ.

([email protected])

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Giagantocotyle explanatum adult flukes inthe bileducts

Polyps like growth in the biliary epithelium

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“¥À±ÀÄªÉÊzÀågÀÄ AiÀiÁjUÀÆ PÀrªÉÄ E®è”.

Shrikrishna Isloor and D. RathnammaRabies Diagnostic Laboratory,Dept. of Microbiology

Veterinary College, KVAFSU,Hebbal, Bengaluru(Email; [email protected])

Rabies is practically a 100% fatal disease and veterinarians play an important role in its control. In the

process, they need to ensure the safety of themselves as well as the others. Following are the points to

remember.

Tips for animal owners / general public:

How to avoid getting bitten

Do not stare at or provoke any animal.

Do not chase a dog or throw stones at them.

Do not run if a dog chases, instead stand still and call for help.

Do not tease a dog even if it is one’s own.

If a dog attacks, then curl and protect face, be still and call for help.

Adults must supervise all animal - kid interactions.

Do not give the animals hugs or kisses

Do not use aggressive punishment with the dog.

Put the pet dog in its cell with its favorite toy to chew when there is a gathering at the home.

Avoid stray dogs, cats and wild animals.


Never try to feed or approach a stray / wild animal.

Be careful of pets that one does not know.

If any animal is acting strangely, always report to the veterinarian.

IF AN INDIVIDUAL IS BITTEN, WHAT TO DO?

In case of children, encourage them to inform the elders immediately.

Do not apply any chilli powder, coffee powder or any other irritants to the wound

Do not succumb to superstition

Consult the doctor immediately so that he can decide on the further course of action to be taken.

Confine the dog , if possible

Must follow below mentioned three simple steps in the event of dog bites:

STEP - 1: Wash the wound immediately with water and soap / detergent for 15 minutes. Apply antiseptics

like povidone iodine / 70% ethyl alcohol. Consult the medical doctor immediately.

STEP – 2: A full course of rabies vaccine should be taken as per the medical doctor’s advice. Commonlyemployed regimen includes post exposure prophylactic vaccination on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28.

(Note: No contraindications to post exposure prophylaxis in infants, pregnant woman or

immune-compromised individuals. As vaccines are susceptible to extremes of temperature including care

should be taken to ensure that cold chain is maintained).

STEP - 3: In severe bite cases, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) should be administered into the wounds. A

bleeding wound at any site must be infiltrated with either Human RIG or Equine RIG. ERIG is affordable

by a common man. Approximately it costs Rs. 1500/- per individual. Rabies immunoglobulin is

administered only once preferably at or as soon as possible after initiation of post exposure prophylaxis.

Not indicated beyond 7th day after the first dose of rabies vaccine because of interference of active

antibody due to vaccination and passive immunization.

PRECAUTIONS FOR PET OWNERS:

Wash Hands thoroughly after handling animals

Don’t handle stray dogs /animals

Remove feces/dung from animal houses regularly

Avoid animals if suffering from any infection

Don’t let animals/pets drink water from sewage or toilet

Avoid being licked by animals or don’t kiss them

Don’t share food /utensils with pets

Clipping pet claws regularly to avoid scratches

Vaccinate your pets regularly

Use disinfectants to clean houses and animal sheds

Do not throw animal waste or dead animals in neighborhood


REMEMBER Be familiar with the clinical manifestation of rabies in animals

Rabies is a 100% vaccine preventable disease.

Always institute prophylaxis immediately without delay.

Dog rabies control through immunization is the most cost effective single measure available. Always

vaccinate pets.

Identify aggressive dogs through frequent observations of community / village dog populations and

removed, isolated and dealt in a humane manner.

Laboratory confirmation of suspect / probable cases of rabies should be attempted and should become

an integral part of the programme

Stay away from stray animals, Always ask the owner or an adult before petting a dog, cat or any otheranimal.

Never adopt wild animals or stray animals and bring them home without consulting a veterinarian.

Discourage feeding street dogs / animals instead adopt them on consulting veterinarian.

Pre exposure prophylaxis is recommended for anyone who is at frequent or increased risk for exposure

to the rabies virus, such as laboratory workers dealing with rabies virus, veterinarians and animal

handlers. Commonly employed regimen is intra muscular administration of one dose given on each of

the days 0, 7 and 21 or 28. Day 0 is the date of administration of the first dose of vaccine. One intra

dermal (I/D) injection of 0.1 ml is given on each of the days 0, 7 and 21 or 28.

LOVE ANIMALS BUT STAY SAFE


Contact :Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangaloreemail: [email protected]

Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in

monthly e-BulletinPublished and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.

Editor: Associate Editior:Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension EducationDr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)

Documents

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