Serenity Prayer

God grant me the serenity To accept the things I cannot change; Courage to change the things I can; And wisdom to know the difference.

Living one day at a time; Enjoying one moment at a time;

Accepting hardships as the pathway to peace; Taking, as He did, this sinful world

As it is, not as I would have it; Trusting that He will make all things right

If I surrender to His Will; That I may be reasonably happy in this life

And supremely happy with Him Forever in the next. Amen.

Announcements

• Lost Book • Mass: NOT social hour • Reflection Paper Due Friday • HW: None• Books for Zambia (5 books = 3 service hours)

Reflection Paper

• Due Friday : Hard copy in class• 1 page/double spaced/Times New Roman• Due in turnitin.com by 5pm Friday

• Expanding upon what you know about Aquinas’ five proofs on God and some of the theories that aim to explain why bad things happen to good people…how would you explain to a non-believer the dual existence of God and evil in this world? Be thorough and specific in your explanation.

Chapter 11

A Century of Suffering, Plague, War, and Schism

Context

• Before the fourteenth c. the kings submitted themselves to the Church’s authority

• Growing internal/external forces led to the independence of the State

PART IThe Road to Avignon

Pope St. Celestine V

• Benedictine monk • Poor beggar • Wore a chain of iron • Fasted every day (but

Sunday)• Reluctant to take papal

office • Lacked training,

education, patience • Resigned as pope after

only one year

Pope Boniface VIII

• Annulled official acts of Pope Celestine (not dealing with Faith and morals)

• Confined Pope Celestine to prevent a schism

Pope Boniface VIII

• Lacked diplomacy • Used papacy to try and force secular

rulers under his temporal authority • Attempted to gain the attention of the

kings with pageantry• Marched in parade with two swords

(temporal/papal)

King Philip the Fair

• Did not admire the Church

• Goal was to extend the boundaries of France

• Taxed the Church/confiscated Church lands to fund his wars

• Neglected the fact that the Church was pardoned from taxation

Pope Boniface VIII’s ResponseClericis laicos : … and if they shall-pay, or if the aforesaid persons shall receive, they shall be, by the act itself, under sentence of excommunication. From the aforesaid sentences of excommunication and interdict. moreover, no one shall be able to be absolved, except in the throes of death, without the authority and special permission of the apostolic chair; since it is our intention by no means to pass over with dissimulation so horrid an abuse of the secular powers.

King Philip’s Response

• In a move to gain authority over the Church in France, Philip had the pope arrested

Pope Boniface VIII’S Reaction

Unum Sanctum:However, one sword ought to be subordinated to the other and temporal authority, subjected to spiritual power. For since the Apostle said: 'There is no power except from God and the things that are, are ordained of God' [Rom 13:1-2], but they would not be ordained if one sword were not subordinated to the other and if the inferior one, as it were, were not led upwards by the other.

• No one can be “saved” unless under the authority of the pope

King Phillip’s Reaction

• Called own council to condemn the pope

• Pope Boniface was charged with idolatry and magic

• Boniface was tortured and humiliated by French authorities

Context of the Avignon Papacy

• After death of Boniface Italy was in turmoil• Italian families ruled Rome• Italian independent states began to form • Bl. Benedict XI succeeded the papal throne

(died eight months later)

The Avignon Papacy

• King Phillip persuaded the Papal commission to appoint his childhood friend, Bertrand de Got (Clement V)

• To avoid the chaos of Rome, Clement established his papacy in the city of Avignon

The Avignon Papacy

• King Philip tried to get Clement to declare Boniface a heretic and revoke all his anti-regal acts

• Clement refused, but allowed an inquisition into the Knights Templar

Gallicanism

• Favored restraint of the pope’s authority in favor of the bishops and the temporal ruler

• Did not contest the primacy of the pope • Believed to be more aligned with Scripture

regarding primacy of the pope• Reaction to ultramontane (authority of the

pope over all temporal rulers)

Gallicanism

• The King had a say in Ecclesiastical affairs

• The French Roman Catholic Clergy favored less papal power and the achievement of each nation of individual autonomy

Most Damaging Attack of Gallicanism

• Marsiglio of Padua• Defensor Pacis:

declared that the faithful were the true authority of the Church

“… behold, the distribution of the temporal offerings of the church was made by the apostles in general, not by Peter alone”

PART IIThe Black Plague

Famine and Black Death

• Famine hit for first time in 200 years

• Prosperity and increase in life expectancy led to a population boom

• Large population/bad weather led to shortage of food

Famine and Black Death

• Lack of food = malnutrition • Malnutrition = susceptibility to disease• Those who survived starvation were killed by

the Black Plague• Black Plague = greatest catastrophe to hit

Western Europe

The Jews are Blamed for the Black Plague

On Saturday - that was St. Valentine's Day-they burnt the Jews on a wooden platform in their cemetery. There were about two thousand people of them. Those who wanted to baptize themselves were spared. [Some say that about a thousand accepted baptism.] Many small children were taken out of the fire and baptized against the will of their fathers and mothers….

Church’s Role During the Black Plague

• Priests/bishops stayed behind to aide the sick

• Monastic communities treated the ill as Christ would have (Mark 5:21-43)

PART IIIThe Hundred Years War

Context

• Peace and Truce of God: Common unity of Faith shared between European kings who did not share a common culture

• Truce did not last

Context

• France/England fought over small discontents

• English did not accept the French crown (despite owning French lands)

The Hundred Years War

• Short battles• Interrupted by periods of peace• English trying to gain complete power in

France• Young, incompetent, mad kings left France in

control of English

St. Joan of Arc

“In the world's history she stands alone -- quite

alone.”

~Mark Twain

St. Joan of Arc

• Jan 6th 1412• Born a peasant • Had visions of the

Archangel, St. Margaret and St. Catherine of Alexandria (13 yrs old)

• Instructed to tell Charles VII that she would make possible his coronation

St. Joan of Arc

• Dressed as a man • Convinced king of

sincerity • May 1429 –led army to

Orleans • Successfully

recaptured Orleans and other cities

• Win on battlefield led to the crowning of Charles VII

St. Joan of Arc

• Unsuccessful at furthering French cause• Kings grew tired/apathetic • Captured by English/French did not barter for

her life• Placed on trial for heresy and witchcraft

Why did the English Place St. Joan on Trial?

• To discredit King Charles VII as a false king

• Used Church authority, which favored the English, to obtain this goal

What was St. Joan Accused of?

• Refusal to submit herself to the Church in matters of the Faith

• Insistence on her ability to interpret her own revelation

• Transgressing her gender

The Trial of St. Joan of Arc

XYou have said that you are well assured that God loves certain others living more than yourself, and that you know this by revelation from these saints, who speak in the French language; and not in English, because they are not of their party. And that, ever since you learned that the voices were on your king's side, you have not loved the Burgundians.

As for this Article, the clerks say that this is a rash presumption and assertion, blasphemy against the saints, and transgression of God's commandment to love one's neighbour.

The Trial of St. Joan of Arc

• Given one last chance to admit guilt/to save herself

• She refused to do so • Burned alive on the

stake • Freed from her

sentence after Pope Callistus re-examined her trial (25 yrs later)

• Beatified in 1909

PART IVReturn to Rome and Schism

St. Catherine of Sienna

“Charity is the sweet and holy bond which links the soul with its Creator: it binds God with man

and man with God.”~St. Catherine of

Sienna

St. Catherine of Sienna

• Pledged virginity to Christ• Mother wanted her to marry • Father allowed her to do as

she pleased• Devoted life to prayer,

fasting • Only spoke to her

confessor • Only left home to go to

Church

St. Catherine of Sienna

“Spiritual espousal” or “Mystical marriage”• Christ tells the soul that He takes it for his bride.• Apparition accompanied by a ceremony in which

the Blessed Mother, saints, and angels are present.

• The soul receives a sudden surge of charity and increased familiarity with God.

St. Catherine of Sienna

• Had many visions• Called to enter the

public life and “heal the wounds of the Church”

• Sent letters out to Kings, Queens, laity

• Sent letter to Pope Gregory to return to Rome

Letter to Pope Gregory XI

“… [the] Holy Church should return to her first condition, poor, humble, and meek as she was in that holy time when men took note of nothing but the honor of God and the salvation of souls, caring for spiritual things and not for temporal. For ever since she has aimed more at temporal than at spiritual, things have gone from bad to worse.”

The Western Schism

• Italians wanted the papacy back• Mob stormed Vatican demanding Italian pope• Pope Urban VI elected “freely and

unanimously”

The Western Schism: Pope Urban VI

• Aggressive and inflexible• Declared no return to

Avignon • Declared war on every

moral abuse• Criticized the materialistic

lifestyle of the cardinals. • Urged by St. Catherine to

turn away from “violent actions”

The Western Schism

• French cardinals elected an “antipope”, (Clement VII) in Avignon

• Out of fear

Conciliarism

• Supported the power of a council to appoint a candidate for the papacy

• Placed the authority of an council over the pope.

• Worked to end the schism by replacing popes with another antipope

The Council of Constance

• Solidified the authority of the pope over a general council.

• Placed three criteria that must be maintained for a council to be valid:

1. The council must be called by the pope

2. The council must be presided over by the pope or his legate

3. The council’s dogmatic decrees are considered valid only if they are

accepted and approved by the pope