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South-South Migration between Africa, Latin America & the Caribbean:
Susanne MeldeResearch Officer
Interregional Workshop on International Migration
Geneva, 22 September 2011
Challenges and Opportunities
OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Intra- and inter-regional migration
3. Regional and national frameworks in sub-Saharan Africa and LAC
4. Challenges and opportunities
5. Conclusions
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1. INTRODUCTION
What is the ‘South’?
The migration and development debate:
- the South-North bias
- the highly-skilled bias
Notions of mobility and migration
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1. INTRODUCTION: SOUTH-SOUTH MIGRATION & DEVELOPMENT
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The importance of South-South migration (2005):
Almost 50 % of emigrants from developing countries resided in developing countries in 2005
- almost 65% in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 (WB, 2010)
and 60% in LAC in 2000 (SICREMI, 2011)
Over 80 % of South-South migration estimated to take place between neighbouring countries
(Ratha and Shaw, 2007)
Large internal movements
Often overlooked in research and policies: Possible contribution of South-South
migration to human development
2. MIGRATION WITHIN AFRICA &AFRICA – LAC
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Intra-regional:
• Migration poles in sub-Saharan Africa: Côte d’Ivoire, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Burkina
Faso, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia(WB, 2010)
• Migration poles in Latin America & the Caribbean: Argentina, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Mexico,
Brazil, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Chile, Paraguay and Bolivia (WB, 2010;
SICREMI, 2011)
2. MIGRATION BETWEEN AFRICA &AFRICA – LAC
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Inter-regional:
Africa- LAC routes - Africa – South America (e.g. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador)
- Transit from Africa via Andean countries towards the US and Canada (preliminary data of IOM study, forthcoming)
- West Africa – Caribbean: anecdotal evidence
Relatively small compared to intra-regional but emerging trend
LAC – Africa: e.g. Cuban doctors in South Africa, Brazilians in Angola
Other important trends:Africans in China; Chinese and Indians in Africa; Chinese, Indians and Filipinos in LAC
Lack of data
2. MOBILITY OF THE HIGHLY SKILLED
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… also among developing countries:
Towards the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (9.6 million highly skilled immigrants in 2000), Malaysia, Taiwan Province of China
... South Africa (1.3 million in 2000)
Within the Caribbean (80% received tertiary education, Mac Andrew, 2011)
About 17.5 % of immigrants are tertiary educated(Docquier and Marfouk, 2005)
Mainly intra-regional flows Lower skilled migration much more important
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3. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE ‘SOUTH’
Immigration legislation like visa waiver in Ecuador increased African immigration
Regularization of immigrants: by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, mostly concerning MERCOSUR nationals, not Africans
Social integration: CARICOM Agreement on Social Security
Labour mobility: - intra-regional- few bilateral agreements and - few comprehensive labour migration policies that would
cover South-South movements
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3. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE ‘SOUTH’
Diaspora engagement: Emigrant ministries, high councils, diaspora desks, etc.
- focus on diasporas in Europe and North America (Africa’s “6th region”)- those in the South are often overlooked
Trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants: anti-TiP legislation at national and regional level (e.g. SADC, ECOWAS, bi-regionally ECCAS – ECOWAS, OAS)
Irregular migration: e.g. cooperation between Cape Verde and Brazil
Refugee protection: at national level based on international frameworks, e.g. Senegalese in Argentina
3. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE ‘SOUTH’
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Regional:
• Migration and development
Mobility: Free movement of people
Objective vs. implementation Proliferation of sub-regional integration
processes
Regional Consultative Processes on Migration
Broader development objectives, economic integration
Other (e.g. Community of Portuguese Language Countries - CPLP)
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3. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE ‘SOUTH’
- Migration frameworks at regional, bilateral or national levels, not Africa – LAC
Yet global and regional human rights treaties and declarations apply
- Need for strengthening inter-regional South - South cooperation e.g. CPLP and ACP in Africa – LAC context;
Third Global Meeting of Chairs and Secretariats of RCPs
4. CHALLENGES TO MAKE MIGRATIONWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT
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Lack of general data and research on impact of South-South (im)migration on development
Immigration in countries in the South often forgotten in policies and strategies
Obstacles to migration for lower skilled workers
Particular groups barred from movement (e.g. women)
High degree of informality in labour markets
Challenge protection of human rights of migrants and their families, discrimination and xenophobia
Lack of access to social protection schemes and lack of portability of social insurance benefits
4. OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE MIGRATION WORK FOR DEVELOPMENT
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South-South cooperation has been existing for a long time
Intra-regional migration entails less distance and costs
Less cultural and linguistic differences facilitate integration and reduce psychological problems
More opportunities for lesser skilled migration
Outreach and data needs to include diasporas residing in the South
Enabling environment needed
Need to integrate the potential benefits of human mobility in national & regional development planning, in particular South-South migration
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Often overlooked: Migration among developing countries and its development potential
Evidence needed to inform policies
Strengthening of South-South cooperation on M&D
Importance of human rights and social protection
Decreasing costs of migration and fostering remittances
Opportunity for developing gender-sensitive policies
Encouraging inter-regional approaches to tackle youth unemployment, informal labour markets andthe creation of employment
Example of the ACP Observatory on Migration:*
Consolidating existing migration data and information on South-South migration and development
Provide policy-makers, the civil society, media and the public at large with reliable and harmonized information on migration
Creating a network of research centres, universities, government agencies, civil society, the private sector and migrant associations in the six ACP regions
Training and capacity reinforcement of multi-disciplinary South specialists and experts
* The total budget for the project is 9 404 776 €. The European Union contributes with 7 994 060 € .
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5. CONCLUSIONS - Continued
East Africa
Central Africa
Kenya
Caribbean
West Africa
Southern Africa
Tanzania
PacificCameroun
DRC
Nigeria
Senegal
Timor-Leste
Papua New Guinea
Trinidad & Tobago
Haiti
Lesotho
Angola
12 Pilot Countries of the ACP Observatory on Migration
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The ACP Observatory on Migration: Facts and Figures
24 Meetings of National Consultative Committees in 10 countries
1.259 studies in a Compendium of research on South-South migration
36 practionners trained in data collection on diasporas and remittances, 22 on data management software and 28 on environmental migration, internal migration and health
National studies 792
Regional studies 240
Cross-cutting studies 227
Total 1 259
7 Calls for Tenders launched for Research studies in pilot countries – 2 studies in progress
