Special Eurobarometer 408 - ec.europa.eu · Poland and Romania, with each committing to political reforms intended to improve fiscal strength and competitiveness. At the end of 2011,

Special Eurobarometer 408

SOCIAL CLIMATE

REPORT

Fieldwork: May - June 2013

Publication: October 2013

This survey has been requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and co-ordinated by Directorate-General for

Communication.

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm

This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.

Special Eurobarometer 408 / Wave EB79.4 – TNS Opinion & Social

Special Eurobarometer 408

Social Climate

Conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of Directorate-General Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion

Survey coordinated by Directorate-General Communication

SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 408 “Social Climate”

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 5

I. SOCIAL CLIMATE INDEX ............................................................................... 9

II. CURRENT SITUATION ................................................................................. 15

1. Personal .................................................................................................. 15

2. Country ................................................................................................... 26

3. Social protection and inclusion ................................................................ 42

III. EXPECTATIONS FOR THE NEXT 12 MONTHS ............................................. 54

1. Personal situation ................................................................................... 54

2. Country ................................................................................................... 59


IV. CHANGES IN THE LAST 5 YEARS .............................................................. 72

1. Personal situation ................................................................................... 72

2. Country ................................................................................................... 77


GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 89

ANNEXES

Technical specifications Questionnaire Tables


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INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of the fifth in a series of Eurobarometer surveys intended to capture perceptions of the social climate. It examines 15 aspects relating to personal circumstances, the national picture and social protection and inclusion. How do Europeans judge the present situation, how does it compare with five years ago and what are their expectations over the next 12 months – will things improve, worsen or remain the same?

The first in this series of surveys was conducted in June 20091, eight months after the financial and economic crisis within Europe began. By June 2010, when the second wave of the survey was conducted2, whilst there were signs of improvement in some Member States, the overall position was still one of economic difficulty. Twelve months later, when the third wave was conducted in June 20113, there had been further improvement in the situation with an increase in EU27 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a fall in unemployment. However, by the end of 2011, the European debt crisis had worsened, contributing to the falls of the governments of Greece, Italy, Ireland and Spain, and these countries, together with Portugal, receiving a financial bail-out and required to implement austerity measures. By June 2012, when the fourth wave of the survey was conducted4, there were signs of a possible recovery, with first quarter GDP – a rough guide to the relative standards of living among Member States – stabilizing after negative growth in the fourth quarter of 2011.

However, since the last survey was conducted, data shows that the GDP fell in the Euro area (EA17) across the last four consecutive quarters (from Q2 2012), and also in the EU27, with the exception of the third quarter last year (0.1%). The worst decline in GDP was in the fourth quarter of 2012 (-0.6% and -0.5% respectively), with the most recent figures showing signs of a recovery (-0.2% and -0.1% respectively)5. Whilst recovery is in sight it is by no means a certainty. The economic situation within the EU remains fragile and large disparities continue across Member States underpinned by structural challenges, financing costs and public finances sustainability. A possible worsening of the sovereign debt crisis remains a risk.

The European Commission, through the EU2020 strategy (adopted in June 2010) and other initiatives, aims to help Europe recover from the crisis and improve the quality of life for EU citizens with reforms designed to promote growth and employment and ensure the sustainability of public finances (including pensions, healthcare and social benefits). The success of this strategy depends on the involvement of all sections of society – individual citizens, as well as governments, businesses, trade unions and non-governmental organisations. Additionally, in March 2011 the Euro-Plus Pact was adopted by the 17 Eurozone Member States as well as Bulgaria, Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania, with each committing to political reforms intended to improve fiscal strength and competitiveness. At the end of 2011, these Member States agreed to sign

1 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_315_en.pdf 2 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_349_en.pdf 3 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_370_en.pdf 4 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_391_en.pdf


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up to a new EU treaty designed to bring the debt crisis under control by imposing tighter control over individual countries’ finances.

In addition to major changes to the EU institutional framework, individual Member States have implemented national reforms. For example, Spain is addressing a lack of competitiveness with the most significant labour market reform in a generation and is also improving central control over regional spending; Italy is increasing competition and modernising its public administration to increase its potential growth; the debt exchange in Greece has provided it with a fresh start to tackle fiscal and competitiveness issues; and Ireland and Portugal have continued to implement their EU-IMF programmes.

The latest wave of the Social Climate survey was carried out by TNS Opinion & Social network in the 27 Member States of the European Union and in Croatia between the 24th May and 9th June 2013. It evaluates Europeans’ current perceptions of their own situation and that of their country. Some 26,680 respondents from different social and demographic groups were interviewed face-to-face at home on behalf of Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. The methodology used is that of Eurobarometer surveys as carried out by the DG for Communication (“Research and Speechwriting” Unit)6.. A technical note on the manner in which interviews were conducted by the Institutes within the TNS Opinion & Social network is appended as an annex to this report. Also included are the interview methods and confidence intervals7.

The findings of the survey have been analysed firstly at EU level and secondly by country. At an EU level the results are based on the 27 Member States. Croatia joined the EU on the 1st July 2013 after the fieldwork for the latest wave was completed. It is not included at the overall EU level, but is shown in the country-level analyses. Some of the results have also been compared with the four previous waves of the survey conducted in 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009. Where appropriate a range of socio-demographic variables – respondents’ age, terminal education age, occupation and ability to pay household bills – have been used to provide further analysis.

5 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/euroindicators/peeis/ 6 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm 7 The results tables are included in the annex.


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Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The abbreviations used in this report correspond to:

ABBREVIATIONS BE Belgium LV Latvia CZ Czech Republic LU Luxembourg BG Bulgaria HU Hungary DK Denmark MT Malta DE Germany NL The Netherlands EE Estonia AT Austria EL Greece PL Poland ES Spain PT Portugal FR France RO Romania IE Ireland SI Slovenia IT Italy SK Slovakia CY Republic of Cyprus* FI Finland LT Lithuania SE Sweden UK The United Kingdom HR Croatia**** EU27 European Union – 27 Member States EU15 BE, IT, FR, DE, LU, NL, DK, UK, IE, PT, ES, EL, AT, SE, FI**

NMS12 BG, CZ, EE, CY, LT, LV, MT, HU, PL, RO, SI, SK***

* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 European Union Member States. However, the ‘acquis communautaire’ has been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the ‘CY’ category and in the EU27 average.

** EU15 refers to the 15 countries forming the European Union before the enlargements of 2004 and 2007

*** The NMS12 are the 12 ‘new Member States’ which joined the European Union during the 2004 and 2007 enlargements

**** The findings of the survey have been analysed firstly at EU level and secondly by country. At an EU level the results are based on the 27 Member States. Croatia joined the EU on the 1st July 2013 after the fieldwork for this Eurobarometer was completed. It is therefore not included at the overall EU level, but is shown in the country-level analyses.

* * * * *

We wish to thank all the people interviewed throughout Europe who took the time to participate in this survey.

Without their active participation, this survey would not have been possible.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Europeans are divided over their perceptions of the current situation. The EU social climate index, which takes into account views on personal circumstances, the national picture and social protection and inclusion, is -0.9 in 2013. It is slightly lower than the 2012 index (-0.8), and is the lowest index recorded in the series.

At a national level the social climate index ranges from a high of 2.8 (in Denmark) to a low of -5.4 (in Greece). The Member States with a positive index are Denmark (2.8), Luxembourg (2.6), Sweden (2.3), Austria (2.1), the Netherlands and Germany (both 1.9), Finland (1.5), Belgium (1.1), Malta (1) and the UK (0.4). These ten Member States have formed the top ten by overall social climate index in each of the five years of the survey8.

Only two of these ten Member States show an improvement in the social climate index since 2012: Malta (up 0.9 points) and the UK (up 0.4). Denmark and Finland’s indices remain unchanged, with the largest decline in the social climate index in the Netherlands (down 0.9 points) followed by Austria and Belgium (both down 0.4).

Compared with the 2009 indices, eight of these ten Member States show an improvement, with the most notable in Germany (up 1.6 points), followed by Malta (up 1.2). The Netherlands shows a decline in its index dropping by 0.7 points, and the index in Denmark remains unchanged.

The least positive perceptions are among southern and eastern Member States, along with Croatia.

Greece is the lowest ranked Member State with an index of -5.4, followed by Romania (-4), Croatia (-3.5), Cyprus and Portugal (both -3.4), Bulgaria (-3.3), Italy (-2.9), Spain (-2.7), Hungary (-2.4), and Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland (all -2).

Greece has been the lowest ranked Member State on this overall measure in four of the five years, the exception being 2010, when it was ranked ahead of Romania.

The social climate index has dropped in seven of these eleven Member States since 2012, with the most marked declines in Slovenia and Spain (both down 0.6 points), and followed by Cyprus (down 0.5). The index has improved in Hungary (up 1.4 points), Poland (up 0.6), Greece (up 0.4) and Italy (up 0.2). Compared with the 2009 indices only two Member States have improved, with a small increase in Bulgaria (up 0.3) and a more notable increase in Hungary (up 1.3). The largest declines in the index since 2009 are in Cyprus (down 2.7), Spain (down 1.7), Romania and Greece (down 1.6), Slovenia (down 1.5), Portugal (down 1.1) and Italy (down 1).


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Other Member States with a notable positive shift in their social climate index since 2012 are Lithuania up 0.8 points (to -1.6) and Latvia up 0.5 points (to -1.4).

Respondents who say that they almost always struggle to pay their household bills have an overall social climate index of -4.2, compared with an index of 0.3 for those who almost never have difficulty paying them. The index has worsened since 2012 among those who almost always struggle (by 0.4 points) and it is now at its lowest level in the series. The index has also worsened since 2012, albeit to a lesser extent, among those who almost never struggle to pay their bills (by 0.2 points), following a small improvement in 2012, and it is now at the same level it was in 2009.

Respondents who are unemployed have a lower overall social climate index (-3.1) than all other occupational groups, while those in managerial jobs have the highest index (0.8). Along with students (0.2), managers are the only occupational groups with a positive score.

Europeans hold more positive perceptions about their personal situation than they do about national indicators. In terms of their personal situation, they are most positive about the area in which they live (3.9) and their life in general (2.9), and somewhat less positive about their personal job situation (1.2) and the financial situation of their household (0.9).

In terms of their perceptions of measures associated with social protection and inclusion, Europeans have a positive index on healthcare provision (1.2) and relations between people from different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities (0.3), but are less satisfied with pension provision (-1.5) and unemployment benefits (-1.6), and even less so about the way inequalities and poverty are addressed in their country (-2.4).

Europeans are least positive about national indicators, notably those that most immediately affect their own economic situation: the employment situation (-4.2), their national economy (-3.5), the cost of living (-3.1), the affordability of housing (-2.9), and the affordability of energy (-2.5). They are somewhat less negative about the way in which public administration runs (-1.6).

The indices for eight of the 15 measures have declined from their 2012 levels by between 0.1 and 0.5 points, with one remaining the same and six increasing by between 0.1 and 0.4 points.

The indices for all of the personal measures have improved, with personal job situation up 0.3 points; life in general up 0.2; and household financial situation and local area both up 0.1 points.

On the eleven other measures, indices have improved for housing affordability (up 0.4 points), and energy affordability (up 0.1).

8 Estonia was ranked equal tenth with the UK in 2010


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The index for healthcare provision remains unchanged.

The most notable drops are for the economic situation (down 0.5) and the way in which poverty and inequalities are addressed (down 0.3).

The majority of Europeans expect no change to their personal situation in the next 12 months in relation to their local area (73%), their life in general (58%), and their job situation (60%) and household finances (59%). Those who expect change are a little more likely to think things will improve than that they will get worse, except in relation to household finances, where the reverse is true.

In relation to the six national indicators, the only measure where a majority of Europeans expect no change in the next 12 months is in the way public administration is run (59%). Across all six indicators those who expect change are much more likely to think things will worsen than that the situation will improve.

On the five social protection and inclusion indicators, the majority of Europeans expect the situation to remain unchanged in the next 12 months on three: relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities (56%), the national healthcare system (53%) and the way inequalities and poverty are addressed (53%). Across all five measures those who expect change are much more likely to think things will worsen than improve.

There are only small differences relative to 2012 in the proportion of Europeans who are either more pessimistic or more optimistic about the next 12 months on each of the fifteen indicators.

On the measures relating to respondents’ personal circumstances, Europeans are most likely to think that their situation is similar to five years ago in terms of the area in which they live (58%) and their personal job situation (47%). In terms of general life and the household financial situation opinion is evenly divided between those who think the situation is unchanged and those who think it has got worse: 39% vs. 37% on general life and 41% vs. 42% on household financial situation. On all four measures, where respondents do perceive things to have changed, they are more likely to say that they have got worse than that they have improved, most notably in relation to household finances (41% vs. 16%).

Europeans widely perceive the national situation to have deteriorated when compared with five years ago across the six national indicators. Most respondents think that the situation is worse than it was five years ago in terms of the cost of living (81%), the national economy and employment situation (both 71%), the affordability of energy (69%) and of housing (66%).

On the five social protection and inclusion indicators, only a minority of Europeans perceive the situation is the same as it was five years ago. The majority think that pension provision is worse (56%), and around half of Europeans perceive the situation has worsened in relation to unemployment benefits (50%), the healthcare system (49%) and the way their country addresses inequalities and poverty (47%). The only measure where Europeans are more likely to say the


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situation remains unchanged than it has worsened is relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities (46% unchanged vs. 40% got worse).

Europeans’ perceptions on all fifteen measures remain broadly similar to that presented in 2012, with only small differences in the proportion who either think the situation has improved or worsened relative to five years ago.


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I. SOCIAL CLIMATE INDEX

This first chapter of the report provides an overview of the current social climate in the EU and how this compares to perceptions held over the last four years. The chapter examines Europeans’ overall perceptions of the current situation, taking into account their views on personal circumstances, the national picture and areas relating to social protection and inclusion, and summarising these opinions into a single overall score.

The overall score is based on the results of two questions. The first of these asks respondents how satisfied they are, on the whole, with the life they lead, with answers given on a four point scale from very satisfied to not at all satisfied9. The second question asks respondents to judge the current situation in relation to fourteen different areas covering both their personal circumstances and social and economic factors within their country. Responses are invited on a four-point scale ranging from very good to very bad10. In order to calculate the overall social climate index, each measure is allocated a score between -10 and 10, as shown below:

Q1: Satisfaction with the life you lead Q2: Judgement of current situation in 14 areas

Very satisfied 10 Very good 10

Fairly satisfied 3.33 Rather good 3.33

Not very satisfied -3.33 Rather bad -3.33

Not at all satisfied -10 Very bad -10

Don’t know Not scored Don’t know Not scored

The overall social climate index for each respondent is then calculated as the mean of the scores for each of the fifteen measures (one at Q1 and fourteen at Q2).

The following table shows the social climate index for the EU as a whole, and for each of the 27 Member States and Croatia, for the latest wave (Special Eurobarometer 408) and for the 27 Member States for the last four waves: Special Eurobarometer 315 (2009),

9 Q1 “On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with the life you lead? (READ OUT) Very satisfied, Fairly satisfied, Not very satisfied, Not at all satisfied, Don’t know”

10 Q2 “How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? (SHOW CARD WITH SCALE – ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) The area you live in, Healthcare provision in (OUR COUNTRY), The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY), Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY), The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY), Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY), How affordable energy is in (OUR COUNTRY), How affordable housing is in (OUR COUNTRY), The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY), The situation of the (NATIONALITY) economy, Your personal job situation, The financial situation of your household, The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY)? Very good, Rather good, Rather bad, Very bad, Don’t know”


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Special Eurobarometer 349 (2010), Special Eurobarometer 370 (2011) and Special Eurobarometer 391 (2012).

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9

DK 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.8 2.8

LU 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6

SE 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.3

AT 1.6 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.1

NL 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.8 1.9

DE 0.3 0.7 1.4 2 1.9

FI 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.5

BE 1 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.1

MT -0.2 0.2 -0.3 0.1 1

UK 0 0 -0.1 0.1 0.4

EE -0.4 0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5

CZ -0.3 -0.1 -0.9 -0.6 -0.7

FR -0.8 -0.8 -1.1 -0.4 -0.9

IE -1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -1.5 -1.3

LV -2.2 -2.3 -2.7 -1.9 -1.4

LT -2.5 -3.1 -2.9 -2.4 -1.6

SI -0.5 -0.9 -1.3 -1.4 -2

SK -1.6 -0.8 -1.7 -1.8 -2

PL -1.3 -1.4 -1.7 -2.6 -2

HU -3.7 -3.4 -3.6 -3.8 -2.4

ES -1 -0.9 -1.6 -2.1 -2.7

IT -1.9 -1.8 -1.1 -3.1 -2.9

BG -3.6 -3.1 -3 -2.9 -3.3

CY -0.7 -0.8 -1.7 -2.9 -3.4

PT -2.3 -2.8 -2.7 -3.2 -3.4

RO -2.4 -4.5 -4.4 -3.8 -4

EL -3.8 -4.3 -4.6 -5.8 -5.4

HR - - - - -3.5

OVERALL SOCIAL CLIMATE INDEX(Evaluation of the current situation)

The overall social climate index for the EU27 is -0.9 in 2013, which indicates that Europeans are divided in their assessments of the current situation. This represents a small decline from a score of -0.6 in 2011, and is the lowest index recorded in the series.

As in previous years the index varies considerably between countries. The highest indices are found in the Nordic and Benelux countries, along with Austria and Germany. Denmark has the highest index (2.8), followed by Luxembourg (2.6), Sweden (2.3), Austria (2.1), the Netherlands and Germany (1.9 in each case), Finland (1.5) and


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Belgium (1.1). Malta and the UK are the only other Member States with a positive index, although it is only marginally so in the UK: Malta (1); and the UK (0.4). These same ten Member States have formed the top ten by overall social climate index in each of the five years of the survey11.

The overall social climate index has declined in six of these ten Member States since 2012, improved in two (Malta and the UK) and remained the same in Denmark and Finland.

The biggest improvement is in Malta (up 0.9 points). It is its most significant improvement in the series, with smaller positive shifts between 2009 and 2010 and 2011 and 2012 (up 0.4 points in each case). In the 2010 to 2011 period the index in Malta declined by 0.5 points. In spite of showing the largest positive shift among the EU27 countries in 2013 and holding its highest index to date, Malta remains ninth in the rankings, a position it shared jointly with the UK in 2012. The smaller positive shift in the UK in 2013 (up 0.3 points) follows its only other positive shift in the series, marginally lower at 0.2 points between 2012 and 2011. The greater improvement in Malta sees the UK drop from a joint ninth ranking in 2012 to tenth in 2013. It too shows its highest index to date.

The most notable decline in the top ten Member States since 2012 is in the Netherlands (down 0.9 points). This follows a pattern of small improvements since 2010, which saw the overall index in the Netherlands increase from 2.4 to 2.8 in 2012. The decline from 2.8 to 1.9 in 2013 sees the Netherlands drop from equal first in the rankings in 2012 to equal fifth in 2013, with its worst index in the series. The Netherlands is the only top ten Member State with an overall social climate index in 2013 lower than that in 2009, in spite of declines since 2012 in five other top ten countries.

The greatest improvements in the top ten Member States since 2009 are in Germany (up 1.6 points), with only a marginal decline since 2012 (down 0.1 point), followed by Malta (up 1.2 points).

The bottom ‘ten’ i.e. lowest ranked countries12 on this measure are southern and eastern European countries. Greece is the lowest ranked country with an index of -5.4, followed by Romania (-4), Croatia (-3.5), Cyprus and Portugal (both -3.4), Bulgaria (-3.3), Italy (-2.9), Spain (-2.7), Hungary (-2.4), and Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland (-2 in each).

Greece has been the lowest ranked Member State on this overall measure in four of the five survey years, the exception being in 2010, when it was ranked ahead of Romania. The index in Greece has improved since 2012 (up 0.4 points), after declines in each of the survey years since 2009, with the most marked decline between 2012 and 2011 (down 1.2 points). The recent improvement is a reflection perhaps of cautious optimism now about the economy’s prospects, although the 2013 index is still lower than the indices between 2009 and 2011.

11 Estonia was ranked equal tenth with the UK in 2010 and equal tenth with Malta in 2011 12 There are in fact 12 countries in the bottom ten, because three share an equal 17th ranking


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Among these lowest ranked countries, Italy is the only other southern European country experiencing particularly difficult economic circumstances which shows a small improvement in the social climate index since 2012, increasing 0.2 points from -3.1 in 2012 to -2.9 in 2013 and following the single largest decline of any of the 27 Member States, from -1.1 in 2011 to -3.1 in 2012. Nevertheless, in ranking terms the improvement has only seen Italy move up from twenty-third position in 2012 to twenty-second in 2013, considerably lower than its highest ranking of thirteenth equal in 2011 and somewhat lower than its twentieth ranking in 2009. Slovenia and Spain show the largest declines in the social climate index since 2012, both with a drop of 0.6 points. The deterioration in Spain follows broadly similar drops between 2011 and 2012 (down 0.5 points) and 2010 and 2011 (down 0.7), following a marginal increase between 2009 and 2010 (up 0.1). In ranking terms, this deterioration has seen Spain drop from sixteenth position in the first three waves of the series13 to eighteenth in 2012 and twenty-first in 2013. The deterioration in 2013 in Slovenia follows a continued pattern of decline since 2009, although the decline since 2012 is the most marked in the series. This is reflected in a drop in Slovenia’s ranking, from fourteenth in 2012 to equal seventeenth in 2013, below the baseline rank position of thirteenth.

None of these southern European countries show an improvement in the social climate index since 2009. All show a deterioration of at least one point, with the greatest declines in Cyprus, down 2.7 points from -0.7 in 2009 to -3.4 in 2013; Spain, down 1.7 points from -1 to -2.7; Greece, down 1.6 points from -3.8 to -5.4; and Slovenia, down 1.5 points from -0.5 to -2.

Among the eastern European Member States in these lowest ranked countries, the biggest decline since 2012 is in Bulgaria (from -2.9 to -3.3), reversing a consistent pattern of improvement since 2009, albeit marginal since 2010. Its 2013 index is still higher than the baseline index of -3.6.

The largest improvement since 2012 is in Hungary (from -3.8 to -2.4), following declines in its index from 2010 onwards. Hungary shows the second greatest improvement of any of the 27 Member States in its social climate index since 2009 (up 1.3 points) and, in ranking terms, has moved up from its baseline position of twenty-sixth to twentieth in 2013, perhaps a reflection of Hungary’s recent exit from its second recession in four years. The second largest improvement since 2012 is in Poland (from -2.6 to -2). This reverses a pattern of decline since 2009, most marked in 2012. In spite of an improvement in 2013, Poland’s index is still its second lowest in the series and down 0.7 points from its highest index recorded in 2009 (-1.3).

Apart from Poland, two other eastern European countries in this group show a deterioration in the social climate index since 2009: Romania, down 1.6 points from -2.4 in 2009 to -4 in 2013; and Slovakia, down 0.4 points from -1.6 to -2. The greatest improvement is in Hungary, as noted above.

Other countries which have seen a notable positive shift in overall perceptions since 2012 include Lithuania (from -2.4 to -1.6) and Latvia (from -1.9 to -1.4). Both also show a

13 In 2010 jointly shared with Slovenia, and in 2011 jointly shared with Ireland


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notable improvement in their social climate indices since 2009 (Lithuania up 0.9 points and Latvia up 0.8).

The next table shows how the overall social climate index varies by socio-demographic characteristics at the overall EU level, again showing the results for each of the five survey years.

OVERALL SOCIAL CLIMATE INDEX

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)

EU27 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9

Male -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8

Female -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1 -1

15-24 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.7 -0.4

25-39 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1 -1

40-54 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -1

55 + -0.5 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 -0.9

15- -1.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.8 -2.3

16-19 -1 -1 -0.9 -1.1 -1.1

20+ 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.1

Still studying 0.6 0.3 0.4 0 0.2

Self-employed -0.6 -0.5 -0.8 -0.7 -1.1

Managers 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.8

Other white collars -0.5 -0.5 -0.1 -0.7 -0.5

Manual workers -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.1

House persons -0.9 -1.6 -1.8 -2 -1.9

Unemployed -2.9 -2.4 -2.9 -3.1 -3.1

Retired -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 -0.9

Students 0.6 0.3 0.4 0 0.2

Most of the time -3 -3.6 -3.3 -3.8 -4.2

From time to time -1.6 -1.7 -1.7 -2 -2

Almost never 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3

Sex

Age

Education (End of)

Respondent occupation scale

Difficulties paying bills

The most notable socio-demographic differences are related to employment status and economic circumstances as measured by people’s perceptions of difficulty in paying bills.

There is a strong relationship between how difficult people say they are finding it to pay their household bills and their overall social climate index. Thus those who say that they almost never find it difficult to pay their bills have a positive index in 2013 of 0.3, compared with an index of -2 for those who struggle some of the time, and -4.2 for those who almost always have difficulty paying household bills. Perceptions among those who almost always struggle to pay their bills have worsened somewhat since 2012 (by


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0.4 points), and the social climate index for this group is now the lowest in the series, down 1.2 points from -3 in 2009. Perceptions have also worsened since 2012, albeit to a lesser extent, among those who almost never struggle to pay their bills (by 0.2 points). This follows a small improvement in 2012 and the index is now at the same level it was in 2009.

In terms of employment status, the most marked difference is between the perceptions of the unemployed and all other occupational groups. Those who are unemployed have an overall social climate index of -3.1 in 2013, compared with the EU average of -0.9. The index of -3.1 remains similar to that in 2012, both the lowest in the series, although they represent only a small deterioration of 0.2 points on the baseline index of -2.9 in 2009. House persons (-1.9) have a somewhat lower index than all other groups with the exception of the unemployed. The index for this group shows a marginal improvement on the 2012 index (up 0.1 point), after a consistent pattern of decline since 2009. Nevertheless, the 2013 index is the second lowest in the series and 1 point below the score of -0.9 in 2009. Managers have the highest index (0.8, down from 1.1 in 2012). Along with students (0.2), managers are the only occupational groups with a positive score.

The overall social climate index is higher for young people aged 15-24 (-0.4), and at a similar lower level for each of the three other age groups. Since 2012, perceptions have worsened somewhat among those aged 40 or more with declines in the indices of: 0.2 points, from -0.8 in 2012 to -1 in 2013, among 40-54 year olds; and 0.2 points, from -0.7 to -0.9, among those aged 55 or older. Perceptions remain unchanged since 2012 among 25-39 year olds (-1), representing a slight worsening of opinion compared with the indices between 2009 and 2011 (down 0.2 points in each case). Among the youngest age group, 15-25 year olds, perceptions have improved since 2012, with the social climate index up 0.3 points from -0.7 to -0.4. This reverses the pattern of annual declines among this age group since 2009, most marked in 2012, and the current index of -0.4 is still more negative than the benchmark index of -0.1.

In terms of gender, men (-0.8) have a slightly higher index than women (-1), a consistent pattern since 2009. The index has declined slightly among men since 2012.

In terms of age of leaving full-time education, those still studying have the highest index (0.2), followed by those who left education at the age of 20 or older (-0.1), and those who left aged 15 or younger the lowest index (-2.3). The index has declined since 2012 among those leaving education aged 15 or under (by 0.5 points) and those leaving at the age of 20 or older (by 0.3 points), but has improved among those still studying (by 0.2 points).


15

II. CURRENT SITUATION

Having explored Europeans’ overall perceptions of the social climate, this chapter of the report looks at the different measures that feed into their overall perception. These are examined in three sections; the first examines four factors related to people’s personal situation, the second six (primarily economic) factors related to the national situation in their country and the third five factors related to social protection and social inclusion.

1. PERSONAL

This section focuses on people’s current perceptions of their personal situation in four areas: their life in general; the area in which they live; their personal job situation; and the financial situation of their household. The results are reported as indices following the method outlined in Chapter I. Each of the four aspects of people’s personal situation is examined in turn for the EU as a whole, and for each of the 27 Member States and Croatia for the latest wave and for the EU overall and the 27 Member States across the last five waves.


16

The table below summarises people’s satisfaction with their life in general, following the same logic used to calculate the social climate index.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 3.2 3.1 3.5 2.7 2.9

DK 8 7.7 7.5 7.8 7.9

SE 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.2

NL 6.4 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.2

LU 5.7 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.7

FI 5.9 5.6 5.8 5.2 5.5

UK 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.6 5.1

DE 3.9 3.9 4.5 4.2 4.8

BE 4.9 4.7 5.1 4.5 4.4

MT 3.9 3.9 4.6 3.2 4.3

IE 5.3 5.8 5.7 4.7 3.8

AT 3.6 4 3.9 3.9 3.8

SI 3.9 4 3.5 3.6 3.7

FR 3.4 3.4 3.6 3 3.1

CZ 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.7

CY 4.6 4.7 5.1 3.7 2.5

PL 2.9 3 2.7 2.2 2.4

ES 2.8 3.3 3.3 1.7 2.3

LT 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.8

LV 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.7

EE 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.3 1.4

SK 1.8 2.7 2.3 1.6 1.3

IT 1.6 1.4 2.7 0.8 0.8

HU -0.8 0 -0.3 -0.9 -0.5

RO -0.2 -2.4 -0.9 -0.7 -1

PT 0.5 -0.5 0.3 -1.2 -1.7

BG -1.9 -2.2 -0.9 -1.6 -2.2

EL -0.6 -0.7 -0.1 -1.8 -2.2

HR - - - - 1.7

Your life in general(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ overall evaluation of their life in general is positive, although not overwhelmingly so. This has been the pattern in each of the five survey waves. The index of 2.9 in 2013 has increased by 0.2 points from 2012, when it was the lowest in the series, and shows a decline of 0.6 points from the high of 3.5 in 2011. The score of 2.9 is, however, the second highest EU level index across the fifteen survey measures.


17

As in previous years the index varies considerably between countries. The highest indices are found in the Nordic and Benelux countries, the UK, Germany, Malta, Ireland and Austria. Denmark has the highest index (7.9), as it has done in the four previous years, followed by Sweden and the Netherlands (both 6.2), Luxembourg (5.7) and Finland (5.5).

There are only five Member States where the net perception is negative, with Greece and Bulgaria recording the lowest indices (both -2.2), followed by Portugal (-1.7), Romania (-1) and Hungary (-0.5).

Comparing the results at a national level with those from 2012, fourteen Member States show a year-on-year improvement in terms of people’s satisfaction with their life as a whole, Italy’s index remains unchanged and the remainder show a decline. The largest increase is in Lithuania (up 1.2 points), followed by Malta (up 1.1) and Germany, Spain and Latvia (all up 0.6). Latvia has seen the largest increase of all EU Member States over the whole survey period, up 1.2 points from 0.5 in 2009 to 1.7 in 2013. The next greatest improvements are in Germany (up 0.9 points) and Lithuania (up 0.7).

The largest declines since 2012 are in Cyprus (down 1.2 points), Ireland (down 0.9) and Sweden and Bulgaria (both down 0.6). Across the 2009-2013 period, the largest overall declines are in Portugal (from 0.5 to -1.7), Cyprus (from 4.6 to 2.5), Greece (from -0.6 to -2.2) and Ireland (from 5.3 to 3.8).

The graph below illustrates long term trends in the overall EU index score for satisfaction with life in general14. It shows there are signs of a recovery after the slump in 2012, which saw the index drop from its highest level (3.5) in June 201115 to its second lowest level in the series (2.7)16, with the lowest (2.5) recorded in January-February 2009 in the depths of the economic crisis. It now stands at 2.9, up 0.2 points on 2012.

14 Long term trend data prior to September 2009 taken from Standard Eurobarometer 15 Also recorded in Autumn 2001 and Autumn 2000 16 Also recorded in Autumn 2008 and Spring 2000


18

The next table below shows how people rate the area in which they live.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 4.2 4.2 4.4 3.8 3.9

SE 7.6 7 7.3 7.9 7.7

LU 6 6.5 6.8 6.9 6.3

NL 6.1 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.3

DE 5.1 5 5.2 5.2 5.7

BE 6.1 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.5

FI 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.4

IE 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.4

DK 5.7 4.9 5.5 5.1 5.2

AT 4.8 5 5.2 5.2 5.1

UK 5.2 5.4 5.3 4.8 5.1

FR 5.3 5 5.2 4.6 4.6

LT 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.5 4.6

MT 4.3 3.6 4.5 3.7 4.3

CY 5 4.7 4.7 3.7 3.7

EE 3.8 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.7

PL 3.7 3.7 4 3.4 3.5

LV 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.4

CZ 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.2

SI 3.6 3.6 2.7 3.1 3.1

ES 3.5 4.2 4.1 3.2 2.7

SK 3.2 4 3.3 2.9 2.7

PT 3 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.6

RO 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.6

HU 1.9 2.9 2.5 2 2

BG 1 1.2 0.7 0.2 1.6

IT 2.4 2.1 2.6 1.3 1.1

EL 1.7 1.4 1.5 0 0.6

HR - - - - 1.8

The area you live in(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ overall evaluation of the area in which they live is positive, more so than their satisfaction with life in general, and is the highest EU level index across all of the fifteen survey measures. The index of 3.9 has increased by 0.1 point since 2012. However, it is still lower than the indices in 2009-2011 and has declined by 0.5 points from the high of 4.4 in 2011.


19

The highest indices are again found in the Nordic and Benelux countries, along with Germany, Ireland, Austria, and the UK. Respondents in Sweden, as in each of the four earlier waves, have the most positive perception of the area they live in, with an index in 2013 of 7.7, followed by Luxembourg and the Netherlands (both 6.3), Germany (5.7), Belgium (5.5), Finland and Ireland (both 5.4), Denmark (5.2), and Austria and the UK (both 5.1).

No country has a net negative perception of the area in which people live. Greece is the most divided, with an index of 0.6, with the next most negative perceptions in southern and eastern European Member States. Greece (0.6) has the lowest index, followed by Italy (1.1), Bulgaria (1.6) and Croatia (1.8).

Comparing the results at a national level with those from previous waves, twelve Member States show a year-on-year improvement between 2012 and 2013 in terms of people’s perception of the area in which they live; four (France, Cyprus, Slovenia and Hungary) show no change; and the remainder show a decline.

The biggest improvements are in Bulgaria, up 1.4 points, after a decline of 0.5 points in 2012, to a five-year high index of 1.6; and Lithuania, up 1.1 points, following a decline of 0.3 points in 2012, to a five-year high of 4.6. The next greatest improvements are in Latvia (up 0.7 points), Malta and Greece (both up 0.6) and Germany (up 0.5). Lithuania has seen the largest increase of all EU Member States over the whole survey period, from 3.8 in 2009 to 4.6 in 2013. The next greatest improvements are in Germany, Latvia and Bulgaria (all up 0.6 points).

The largest declines since 2012 in people’s perceptions of the area they live in are in Luxembourg (down 0.6 points), Spain (down 0.5) and the Netherlands and Finland (both down 0.4). Across the 2009-2013 period, the largest overall declines are in Cyprus (from 5 to 3.7) and Italy (from 2.4 to 1.1) followed by Greece (from 1.7 to 0.6).


20

The next table summarises Europeans’ perceptions of their personal job situation.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 1.4 1.5 1.7 0.9 1.2

SE 4.7 5.1 5.7 5.7 5.7

DK 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.4

LU 4.5 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.9

FI 5 4.9 5.6 4.4 4.7

AT 3.1 3.6 4.2 4 3.8

DE 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.4 3.6

NL 4.3 4 3.8 4.1 3.3

BE 3.3 3.2 4 3.5 3.3

MT 1.8 1.9 2.4 1.8 2.8

EE 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.7

UK 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.7

FR 2 2.3 2.6 1.9 2.2

CZ 1.9 1.8 2 1.8 2

LV -0.2 0 0.1 0.3 1.1

SK 0.8 1.7 1.6 0.7 0.7

SI 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.5

PL 1 1.2 0.7 -0.3 0.3

LT -1.4 -1.2 -1.5 -0.9 0.3

IE 0 0.7 0.1 -0.6 -0.6

IT -0.3 0.2 0.8 -1.3 -0.8

PT 0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -1.6 -0.9

BG -1.5 -1.3 -1.2 -1.8 -1.6

ES 0.1 0.5 0.7 -1.2 -1.8

HU -3 -2.9 -3 -3.1 -1.8

CY 1.9 2.2 1.6 -0.7 -2.1

RO -0.5 -2.9 -2.7 -2.4 -2.1

EL -1 -2 -2.4 -4.5 -3.7

HR - - - - -2.2

Your personal job situation(Evaluation of the current situation)

At the EU level, the overall index of 1.2 for people’s personal job situation in 2013 is positive, and has increased by 0.3 points from 2012 when it was at its lowest point in the series. The EU level index for personal job situation is jointly the third highest among the fifteen survey measures17.

17 Along with the EU level index for the national healthcare system


21

The highest indices are found in the Nordic and Benelux countries, along with Austria, Germany, the UK, and Malta broadly reflecting the pattern seen to date in this section. However, on this measure they are joined by Estonia whilst Ireland ranks nineteenth out of the twenty-eight countries on personal job situation, compared with rankings of equal sixth on local area and equal tenth on life in general.

As in 2012, respondents in Sweden have the most positive perception of their job situation, with an index of 5.7, followed by Denmark (5.4), Luxembourg (4.9), Finland (4.7), Austria (3.8), Germany (3.6), the Netherlands and Belgium (both 3.3), Malta (2.8) and Estonia and the UK (both 2.7).

The most negative perceptions of the respondent’s personal job situation are seen in southern and eastern European Member States, with Ireland the only other country with a negative index. Greece (-3.7) has the lowest index in 2013, followed by Croatia (-2.2), Cyprus and Romania (both -2.1), Hungary and Spain (both -1.8), Bulgaria (-1.6), Portugal (-0.9), Italy (-0.8) and Ireland (-0.6).

Comparing the results at a national level with those from previous waves, seven Member States (Denmark, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Slovenia, Spain and Cyprus) show a year-on-year decline between 2012 and 2013 in terms of people’s evaluation of their personal job situation; three (Sweden, Slovakia and Ireland) show no change; and the remainder show an improvement.

The biggest improvements between 2012 and 2013 are in Hungary (up 1.3 points) and Lithuania (up 1.2 points) to five-year high indices of -1.8 and 0.3 respectively. They are followed by Malta (up 1 point), Latvia and Greece (both up 0.8), Portugal (up 0.7) and Poland and the UK (both up 0.6 points). Lithuania shows the largest improvement in index between 2009 and 2013 (up by 1.7 points), followed by Latvia (up 1.3), Germany and Hungary (both up 1.2), and Sweden and Malta (both up by 1 point).

The largest declines since 2012 in people’s perceptions of their job situation are in Cyprus (down 1.4 points), the Netherlands (down 0.8) and Spain (down 0.6). In spite of its inclusion in this group, the Netherlands still has the seventh highest index18 of all 28 countries on this measure.

Across the 2009-2013 period, the largest overall declines in people’s evaluation of their personal job situation are in Cyprus (down 4 points), Greece (down 2.7), Spain (down 1.9), Romania (down 1.6), Portugal (down 1.1) and the Netherlands (down 1 point).

18 Along with Belgium


22

The last of the four measures relating to Europeans’ personal situation concerns people’s perceptions of the current financial situation of their household.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.9

SE 5 4.8 5 5.4 5.3

DK 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.8

LU 4.1 4.5 4.6 4.1 3.9

NL 4.6 4 4.2 4.5 3.8

FI 3.7 3.8 4 3.1 3.2

BE 2.8 2.7 3.3 3 2.8

DE 2 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.8

AT 1.8 2.6 3 3 2.6

UK 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.4

MT 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.9

FR 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.4

EE 0.9 1.1 1.5 0.7 0.8

CZ 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

LT -0.7 -0.8 -1 -0.6 0.3

PL 0.2 0.1 0.1 -0.5 0.2

SI 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.1

LV -0.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2 0.1

IE 0.7 1.1 0.8 0 -0.3

SK 0 1.1 0.4 0.2 -0.4

ES 0.7 0.6 1.1 -0.6 -0.6

IT 0.5 0.4 1.5 -0.7 -0.7

PT -0.4 -1 -0.9 -2.1 -1.7

HU -3.2 -2.5 -2.5 -3.2 -1.9

RO -0.9 -2.8 -2.1 -1.9 -2

CY 0.5 1.1 0.2 -1 -2.2

BG -2.5 -2.3 -2.3 -2.8 -2.7

EL -0.8 -1.9 -2.1 -4.3 -3.9

HR - - - - -1.7

The financial situation of your household(Evaluation of the current situation)

With an EU level index of 0.9, Europeans’ overall assessment of their household’s current financial situation broadly reflects their view of their personal job situation (1.2), and is the fifth highest index among the fifteen survey measures. Whilst the index has increased by 0.1 points since 2012 when it was at its lowest level in the series, it is 0.6 points behind the high observed in 2011.


23

The similarity between people’s evaluation of their household finances and personal job situation are largely reflected at the individual country level, with the highest indices found in the Nordic and Benelux states, Germany, Austria, the UK and Malta.

Respondents in Sweden have the most positive perception of their household’s current financial situation, with an index of 5.3, followed by Denmark (4.8), Luxembourg (3.9), the Netherlands (3.8), Finland (3.2), Belgium and Germany (both 2.8), Austria (2.6), the UK (2.4) and Malta (1.9). Nine of these ten Member States have been ranked in the top ten on this measure in each of the five survey years, with France, ranked tenth from 2009 – 2012 dropping down to eleventh. It has been replaced by Malta which has shown a notable change in ranking with a gradual improvement from fifteenth in 2009 to tenth in 2013. The other notable changes are that Austria has dropped in ranking from sixth in 2012 to eighth in 2013, reversing a gradual improvement in Austria since 2009 when it was ranked ninth. Germany, in contrast, has improved its ranking from eighth in 2012 to equal sixth in 2013, its highest ranking in the series.

The most negative perceptions of household finances are again seen in southern and eastern European countries, along with Ireland. Greece (-3.9) has the lowest index in 2013, followed by Bulgaria (-2.7), Cyprus (-2.2), Romania (-2), Hungary (-1.9) and Portugal and Croatia (both -1.7).

Twelve Member States show a year-on-year improvement between 2012 and 2013 in terms of people’s evaluation of their household’s financial situation. In most cases the movements tend to be small, with the most notable improvements in Hungary (up 1.3 points), Malta (up 1.1), Lithuania (up 0.9) and Poland (up 0.7). Malta, Hungary and Lithuania have also seen the largest improvements of any Member State on this measure since the first wave in the series: in Malta, from a baseline of 0.6 in 2009 to 1.9 in 2013 (up 1.3 points); in Hungary, from -3.2 to -1.9 (also up 1.3); and in Lithuania, from -0.7 to 0.3 respectively (up 1 point).

The index for household financial situation has remained the same since 2012 in three Member States (the Czech Republic, Spain and Italy). Cyprus shows the greatest decline (down 1.2 points), followed by the Netherlands (down 0.7) and Slovakia (down 0.6).

Across the 2009-2013 period, the largest overall declines in people’s evaluation of their household’s financial situation are in Greece (down 3.1 points), Cyprus (down 2.7), Spain and Portugal (both down 1.3), Italy (down 1.2), Romania (down 1.1) and Ireland and Slovenia (both down 1 point).

This section concludes by providing an overview of the most notable socio-demographic differences on the four measures relating to people’s personal situation. As was the case in relation to the overall social climate index, the key factors that differentiate how people feel about their personal situation are their perception of how difficult it is to pay their household bills, their occupational status and, to a somewhat lesser extent, the age at which they left education.


24

There is a strong relationship between how difficult people are finding it to pay their household bills and their perceptions of their personal situation. Those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time, assess much higher their life in general, the area they live in and their personal job situation.

Special EB 408(2013) Your life in general The area you live in Your personal job

situation

The financial situation of your

household

EU27 2.9 3.9 1.2 0.9

Most of the time -1.6 1.2 -4 -4.8

From time to time 1.5 3 -0.4 -0.9

Almost never 4.3 4.8 3 2.8


Since 2012, there have been some improvements in perceptions, most notably among those who have difficulty paying bills from time to time who now have more positive views on all four measures, particularly their job situation (up 0.4 points). The only worsening of opinion is among those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time, and it is only on one indicator, the household financial situation, and only a marginal deterioration (down 0.1 point).

Change in index2013 vs. 2012 Your life in general The area you live in Your personal job

situation


household

Most of the time = +0.1 = -0.1

From time to time +0.3 +0.2 +0.4 +0.1

Almost never = = +0.1 =


Comparing the 2013 results with those from 2009 shows a deterioration in the perceptions of those who routinely struggle to pay their household bills across all four measures, with the most notable worsening of opinions in relation to life in general (down 1.3 points) and personal job situation (down 1.2). It also shows that those who almost never struggle to pay bills are starting to find things more difficult, with small deteriorations on all four indicators among this group as well:

Change in index2013 vs. 2009 Your life in general The area you live in Your personal job

situation


household

Most of the time -1.3 -0.9 -1.2 -0.8

From time to time -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3

Almost never -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1



25

In terms of the respondent’s occupational status, the largest differences in the 2013 indices are between the unemployed, who score lowest on all four measures, and managers, who score highest on each measure:


situation


household

EU27 2.9 3.9 1.2 0.9

Managers 4.9 5.2 4.3 3.4

Unemployed 0.4 2.6 -5.9 -3.1


In terms of age of leaving education, those who left-time education at 15 or younger, or between 16-19, are less satisfied with their personal situation than those who continued their education to age 20 or older and students:


situation


household

EU27 2.9 3.9 1.2 0.9

15- 1.4 3.1 -0.4 -0.4

16-19 2.6 3.8 0.8 0.6

20+ 4 4.6 2.4 2.2

Still studying 4.7 4.4 2.4 2

Education (End of)


26

2. COUNTRY

Having explored Europeans’ perceptions of their personal situation, this next section of the chapter looks at their views on the national picture, with a particular focus on economic indicators.

Respondents were asked to judge the current situation in relation to six aspects of life in their own country: the cost of living; the affordability of energy; the affordability of housing; the way public administration runs; the economic situation; and the employment situation.

As before, the results are reported as indices. Each of the six aspects is examined in turn for the EU as a whole, and for each country, for the latest wave and for the last four waves.


27

The table below summarises people’s satisfaction with the cost of living in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -3 -2.7 -3.4 -3 -3.1

SE 1.9 2.2 1.6 2.4 2.4

DK 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.6 1.1

NL 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.1 0.8

DE -0.5 -0.2 -0.7 0.7 0.5

AT 0.2 1.3 1 0.8 0.1

LU 0.4 -0.8 -1.5 -0.5 -0.8

BE -2 -1.1 -1.6 -0.8 -1

UK -2.3 -1.7 -3.2 -2.1 -2

FI -1.3 -1 -2 -1.9 -2.1

MT -5.6 -4.8 -6.1 -4.9 -3.8

FR -3.9 -3.6 -4.7 -3.1 -4

CZ -3.1 -3.1 -4.4 -4.3 -4.2

LT -4.3 -5.2 -5.9 -5.6 -4.7

LV -5.9 -5.1 -7.3 -5.4 -4.8

HU -6.1 -6.1 -6.3 -6.3 -4.8

ES -3.6 -2.7 -4.5 -3.6 -4.9

SI -4.1 -3.9 -4.4 -3.9 -4.9

IE -5.6 -4.9 -5.6 -4.9 -4.9

IT -4.7 -4.1 -3.5 -5.7 -4.9

SK -4.2 -3.3 -5.1 -4.9 -5

PL -4.2 -4 -5 -5.6 -5

BG -5.8 -5.5 -5.9 -5.9 -5.8

EE -3.2 -3.4 -5.6 -6 -6

PT -5.5 -5.2 -5.6 -5.8 -6.1

CY -4.3 -3.6 -4.9 -6.1 -6.5

RO -5.3 -6.5 -7 -6.6 -6.6

EL -6.1 -6.2 -6.7 -7.5 -6.8

HR - - - - -6.7

The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ net evaluation of the cost of living in their country is somewhat negative, with an index of -3.1 at the EU level. This is the third lowest overall index across the fifteen survey measures. The 2013 index represents a very slight decline on the overall score of -3 recorded in 2012, but remains slightly above the lowest point in the whole series of -3.4 in 2011.


28

The index varies considerably nationally, with the highest indices again found in the Nordic and Benelux countries, Germany, Austria, the UK and Malta. Having said this, only five countries have a positive index on this measure, and only two – Sweden (2.4) and Denmark (1.1) – have an index of one or higher. Six countries have an index of -6 or lower, with Greece having the lowest score (-6.8), followed by Croatia (-6.7), Romania (-6.6), Cyprus (-6.5), Portugal (-6.1) and Estonia (-6).

Comparing the results at a national level with those from 2012, eleven Member States show an improvement in terms of people’s satisfaction with the cost of living; four (Sweden, Ireland, Estonia and Romania show no change) and the remainder show a year-on-year decline. The largest improvements are in Hungary (up 1.5 points), moving its position in the rank order on this measure from twenty-fifth in 2012 to equal fourteenth place in 2013; Malta (up 1.1), moving it into the top ten, from an equal fourteenth ranking in 2012; and Lithuania (+0.9), now thirteenth in the rank order, compared with an equal eighteenth position in 2012. The next greatest improvements since 2012 are in Italy (up 0.8 points) and Greece (up 0.7), perhaps surprising given the problems facing their economies.

Malta and Hungary also show the largest improvements of any Member State on this measure since the first wave: Malta, from a baseline of -5.6 in 2009 to -3.8 in 2013 (up 1.8 points); and Hungary from -6.1 to -4.8 respectively (up 1.3). The only other Member States showing an improvement in 2013 of at least one point on the baseline index in 2009 are Latvia (-5.9 to -4.8), Germany (-0.5 to 0.5) and Belgium (-2 to -1).

The largest declines in perceptions of the cost of living since 2012 are in the Netherlands and Spain (both down 1.3 points) and Slovenia (down 1). These deteriorations have resulted in Spain and Slovenia both dropping their rankings from eleventh and twelfth places respectively in 2012 to equal sixteenth position in 2013. In spite of the worsening of opinion in the Netherlands, it only moves from second position in the ranking in 2012 to third place in 2013. Across the 2009-2013 period, the largest deteriorations on this measure are in Estonia (down 2.8 points), Cyprus (down 2.2), Spain and Romania (both down 1.3), Luxembourg (down 1.2) and the Czech Republic (down 1.1).


29

The next table summarises Europeans’ perceptions of how affordable energy is in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -2.2 -2 -2.6 -2.6 -2.5

CZ 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.7

EE 3.8 4.4 3.5 3.1 3.6

LV 3.2 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.7

NL 0.3 1.2 1.1 1.5 1

SE 0.1 -1.2 -2.2 0 0.8

DK 1.1 0.6 0 0.4 0.7

LU 0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0

AT 0.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 -0.2

ES 1.7 1.1 0.2 -0.5 -0.2

BG -5.9 -0.3 -0.5 -0.7 -1

FI -2.2 -1 -3 -2.3 -2.1

DE -2.1 -1.6 -1.4 -1.8 -2.2

SI -1.3 -2.2 -2.5 -2 -2.2

BE -2.8 -2.7 -3.7 -3 -2.4

PL -3.6 -3.4 -4.3 -3.8 -2.9

FR -2 -2.5 -3.9 -2.9 -3

SK -2.8 -1.6 -3.6 -3.3 -3.2

UK -3.3 -2.3 -4.1 -2.9 -3.3

MT -4.9 -4.8 -5.9 -5.2 -3.6

HU -5.9 -6 -5.9 -5.7 -3.8

IT -2.9 -2.7 -2.4 -4.6 -4

IE -3.7 -3.4 -4.4 -4.2 -4.2

LT -3.7 -5.3 -5.1 -5.1 -4.5

PT -4.7 -4.6 -5.1 -5.6 -5.7

RO -4 -5.3 -6.1 -5.8 -6.2

EL -5 -5.8 -6.3 -6.9 -6.8

CY -4.4 -4.8 -5.9 -7.7 -7.6

HR - - - - -3.8

How affordable energy is in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

People’s perceptions of how affordable energy currently is in their country are slightly better than their views of the overall cost of living, with an index of -2.5 at the EU level, the fifth lowest EU level index among the fifteen survey measures. The index shows a very small improvement since 2012 (up 0.1 points), but is still somewhat lower than in 2009 (-2.2) and 2010 (-2).


30

There is again a large amount of variation between individual countries, although this variation follows a somewhat different pattern from those seen earlier in the report. This is not unexpected, since energy prices in individual countries will reflect a range of different supply and demand conditions in each country that are not necessarily related to a country’s overall economic situation19.

The most positive perceptions of the affordability of energy are in the Czech Republic (3.7), Estonia (3.6) and Latvia (2.7). These Member States have occupied the first three positions on this measure in each of the five survey years. Three other countries have positive indices on this measure in 2013: the Netherlands (1), Sweden (0.8) and Denmark (0.7), with Luxembourg having a score of zero. It is worth noting in this context that the cost to consumers of gas and electricity in both Denmark and Sweden is high relative to other EU countries.

There is more similarity with earlier findings in terms of the countries with the most negative perceptions of the affordability of energy. Seven countries have an index of -4 or lower on this measure: Cyprus (-7.6), Greece (-6.8), Romania (-6.2), Portugal (-5.7), Lithuania (-4.5), Ireland (-4.2) and Italy (-4).

Sixteen Member States show an improvement in terms of people’s judgements of the affordability of energy relative to the position in 2012, opinion in Ireland remains unchanged, and the remaining countries show a year-on-year decline.

The largest improvements since 2012 are observed in Hungary (up 1.9 points), Malta (up 1.6), Poland (up 0.9) and Sweden (up 0.8). Between 2009 and 2013 the index on this measure has improved by one point or more in just three Member States: in Bulgaria the net increase is 4.9 points, although this is entirely accounted for by a huge shift in perceptions between 2009 and 2010, when the index moved from -5.9 to -0.320, followed by slight declines each year ever since then; in Hungary the index has increased by 2.1 points, from -5.9 in 2009 to -3.8 in 2013; and in Malta the net increase is 1.3 points from -4.9 in 2009 to -3.6 in 2013.

The largest declines in people’s judgements of the affordability of energy relative to the position in 2012 are in Austria (down 0.8 points), Luxembourg (down 0.6) and the Netherlands (down 0.5). Member States with the largest deterioration in perceptions of the affordability of energy since 2009 are Cyprus (down 3.2 points), followed by Romania (down 2.2), Spain (down 1.9), Greece (down 1.8), Italy (down 1.1), and France and Portugal (both down 1 point).

19 including the geopolitical situation, import diversification, network costs, environmental protection costs, severe weather conditions and levels of excise and taxation (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_price_statistics) 20 This may reflect the economic recovery in Bulgaria in 2010, following a rapid economic decline in 2009


31

The next table below shows respondents’ perceptions of the affordability of housing in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -3.1 -2.7 -3.3 -3.3 -2.9

DK 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.7

EE 1.1 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.9

LV 0.7 0.5 0 0.3 0.7

SE 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.5

CZ -1.3 -1.2 -1 -0.5 -0.1

DE 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.3 -0.3

NL 0.1 -0.2 -0.6 -0.2 -0.5

AT -0.2 0.6 0.8 0.1 -0.7

BG -6.4 -1.2 -2 -1.2 -1

IE -4.4 -3.1 -2.2 -1.6 -1.8

BE -2.9 -2.1 -2.8 -2.1 -1.9

FI -2 -1.7 -2.8 -2.5 -2.7

UK -3.6 -3.1 -4.4 -3.6 -3

FR -4 -3.3 -4.8 -3.9 -3.6

HU -5.1 -5.1 -5 -5.2 -3.6

IT -4.2 -3.6 -3.3 -5.2 -4

MT -5 -4.6 -5.6 -4.5 -4.1

SK -4 -3.4 -4.7 -4.2 -4.4

PL -5 -5.3 -5.5 -5.6 -4.5

LU -4.2 -4.2 -5.2 -5 -4.7

PT -4.3 -4.3 -5 -5 -4.8

SI -4 -4.4 -5.2 -4.5 -4.9

ES -5.3 -4.1 -5.8 -5.3 -5

EL -4.9 -5.1 -5.3 -5.8 -5

LT -5.6 -5.9 -6 -5.8 -5.2

RO -5.4 -5.7 -6.1 -5.5 -5.4

CY -7.5 -6.5 -7.3 -6.9 -6.8

HR - - - - -4.2

How affordable housing is in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ evaluation of the affordability of housing in their country is similar to their view of the overall cost of living, with an index of -2.9 at the EU level. This index has improved since 2012 (up 0.4 points from an index of -3.3), but is slightly lower than the high point of -2.7 in 2010. It is the fourth lowest EU level index among the fifteen survey measures.


32

The index varies nationally. As was the case in relation to perceptions of energy costs, there is a less discernible pattern than on previous measures in terms of the countries with the highest and lowest indices on this measure.

Only four of the 28 countries have a positive index on this measure, with the highest in Denmark (1.7), followed by Estonia (0.9), Latvia (0.7) and Sweden (0.5). The remainder have a negative index, with five having an index of -5 or lower: Cyprus (-6.8), Romania (-5.4) Lithuania (-5.2), and Spain and Greece (both -5). A further eight countries have an index of at least -4: Slovenia (-4.9), Portugal (-4.8), Luxembourg (-4.7), Poland (-4.5), Slovakia (-4.4), Croatia (-4.2), Malta (-4.1) and Italy (-4).

Nineteen of the 27 Member States have seen an improvement in perceptions of the affordability of housing since 2012, with the largest improvements being in Hungary (up 1.6 points), Italy (up 1.2), and Greece (up 0.8), and Lithuania and the UK (both up 0.6).

Between 2009 and 2013 the index on this measure has improved by one point or more in five Member States. The greatest improvement is in Bulgaria, with a net increase of 5.4 points, from an index of -6.4 in 2009 to -1 in 2013. As was the case in relation to the affordability of energy, this relates to a shift in perceptions between 2009 and 2010, when the index moved from -6.4 to -1.2. The other Member States showing the most marked improvements are: Ireland (up 2.6 points), Hungary (up 1.5), the Czech Republic (up 1.2), and Belgium (up 1 point).

There have been no dramatic declines in satisfaction with housing costs since 2012 with the largest in Austria (down 0.8 points), followed by Germany (down 0.6). Similarly, there have been no dramatic shifts towards more negative perceptions between 2009 and 2013, with Germany (down 1 point) the only Member State showing a decline of at least one point.


33

The fourth measure in this section concerns people’s views of the way that public administration runs in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -1.2 -1.3 -1.4 -1.5 -1.6

DE 1.2 1 1.4 2.2 2.1

LU 1.5 1.6 2.4 2.4 2

DK 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.9 1.7

AT 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7

SE 1.5 2 1.7 2 1.6

FI 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.2

BE 0.4 0.1 0.3 1 1.2

MT -1 -0.6 -1.4 -1 1.1

EE 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2 0.9

UK -1.5 -0.4 -0.9 0 -0.6

HU -2.4 -2.2 -2.1 -2.7 -0.9

NL -0.2 -0.6 -0.5 0 -1.2

SK -1.1 -0.9 -1.4 -1.6 -1.5

FR -1.1 -1.3 -1.6 -0.8 -1.6

CZ -1.1 -1 -1.8 -2.1 -1.7

LT -2 -3 -3.3 -3.2 -2

BG -2.4 -2.2 -1.5 -1.5 -2.1

PL -1.8 -1.7 -2 -3.1 -2.3

IE -4 -4.1 -3.8 -3.8 -2.6

LV -5 -5.6 -4.9 -3.2 -2.9

RO -3.6 -6 -5.8 -4.2 -3.2

SI 0.3 -1.2 -2.4 -2.3 -3.8

PT -3.1 -3.5 -3.4 -3.9 -3.8

CY -1.4 -1.1 -0.9 -3.4 -4

ES -1.2 -1.3 -2.8 -3.7 -4.5

IT -3.2 -2.8 -2.7 -5 -4.5

EL -5 -6 -5.9 -7.1 -6.6

HR - - - - -5

The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ overall judgement of the way that public administration runs in their country is slightly negative, but less so than for the five other measures covered in this section, with an index of -1.6 at the EU level. There has been a slight but consistent deterioration in perceptions on this measure over the last four years of the survey, with the index falling by 0.1 each year from a high of -1.2 in 2009.


34

As with other measures, there are large differences nationally in perceptions. The pattern tends to follow that seen for most of the measures, with the highest indices found in the Nordic and Benelux countries (with the exception on this measure of the Netherlands), Germany, Austria, the UK and Malta, with Estonia also having relatively positive views on public administration. Germany has the highest index (2.1), followed by Luxembourg (2), Denmark and Austria (both 1.7), Sweden (1.6), Finland and Belgium (both 1.2), Malta (1.1), Estonia (0.9) and the UK (-0.6).

Eight countries have an index of -3 or worse on this measure. Greece has the most negative perceptions (-6.6), followed by Croatia (-5), Spain and Italy (both -4.5), Cyprus (-4), Slovenia and Portugal (both -3.8) and Romania (-3.2).

Thirteen Member States show an improvement since 2012 in terms of people’s satisfaction with the way that public administration runs in their country, Austria shows no change, and the remainder show a year-on-year decline.

The largest improvement is in Malta (up 2.1 points), followed by Hungary (up 1.8), Lithuania and Ireland (both up 1.2) and Romania (up 1).

The largest improvements between 2009 and 2013 in terms of perceptions of the way that public administration is run are in Malta and Latvia (both up 2.1 points), Hungary (up 1.5) and Ireland (up 1.4).

Perceptions of the way that public administration runs have worsened since 2012 in thirteen Member States, with the largest declines in Slovenia (down 1.5 points), the Netherlands (down 1.2), and France and Spain (both down 0.8). The decline in Slovenia has moved its position in the rank order on this measure from sixteenth in 2012 to equal twenty-second position in 2013. The decline in the Netherlands has pushed it out of a top ten ranking for the first time since the survey began and it now holds twelfth position. Over the five survey years the single largest decline is in Slovenia, down 4.1 points from 0.3 in 2009 to -3.8 in 2013. The indices in Spain (down 3.3 points) and Cyprus (down 2.6) have also dropped by two points or more between 2009 and 2013.


35

The next table shows Europeans’ judgement of the economic situation in their country in 2012, and in the three previous survey years.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -4.1 -3.6 -2.9 -3 -3.5

SE -1 3.1 4.4 3.8 3.3

DE -3.2 -0.4 3.2 3.5 3.3

LU 1.4 2.3 3.4 2.8 2.7

DK 2.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.2 1.5

AT -1.4 0.7 2.5 1.9 1.2

MT -3.8 -2.1 -2.9 -2.3 0.2

FI -0.2 0.1 0.3 1.3 -0.2

BE -3.4 -2.6 -0.1 -0.1 -1.4

NL 0.1 0.3 1.5 0 -1.5

EE -4.7 -2.5 -1.5 -1.2 -1.7

PL -1.8 -1.4 -2.8 -2.6 -3.6

LT -5.2 -6.1 -5.1 -4.2 -3.6

UK -5.5 -5.2 -4.5 -4.3 -3.7

LV -8.3 -7.3 -7.1 -4.6 -4.4

HU -7.3 -6.5 -6.1 -6.4 -4.4

SK -3.7 -3.3 -4.7 -4 -4.9

CZ -4.4 -4.5 -5 -4.5 -5.1

FR -4.3 -4.2 -3.8 -3.1 -5.2

IT -4.8 -4.3 -3.9 -6.1 -6.1

IE -6.5 -7.1 -7.8 -7.3 -6.5

RO -5.1 -7.4 -7.3 -6.5 -6.6

BG -5.7 -6.2 -5.9 -5.7 -6.9

PT -5.9 -5.9 -6.3 -6.4 -7.2

SI -2.8 -3.6 -5.5 -5.5 -7.5

ES -5.3 -6.2 -6.8 -7.5 -7.8

EL -6.2 -7.9 -8.5 -8.6 -8.5

CY 0.4 -2.3 -3.4 -6.8 -8.9

HR - - - - -7

The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ perceptions of the current economic situation in their country are somewhat negative overall, and somewhat more negative than their views on the cost of living. The index of -3.5 at the EU level makes it the second lowest rated aspect of life among the fifteen measured in the survey. Perceptions have worsened since 2012 (down 0.5 points). Having said this, the index is an improvement on the score of -4.1 recorded in 2009, and similar to the score of -3.6 recorded in 2010.


36

The index varies between countries, with the distance between the most positive and most negative ratings higher than for any other of the 15 measures.

The highest indices are again found in the Nordic and Benelux countries, Germany, Austria, Malta and Estonia. Six countries have a positive index on this measure, with the highest index being found in Sweden and Germany (both 3.3), followed by Luxembourg (2.7), Denmark (1.5), Austria (1.2) and Malta (0.2).

Twelve countries have an index of -5 or lower, with Cyprus having the most negative perception of their country’s current economic situation, their index of -8.9 being the lowest recorded in the 2013 survey, and indeed the lowest recorded on any measure across the five survey years. Cyprus is followed by Greece (-8.5), Spain (-7.8), Slovenia (-7.5), Portugal (-7.2), Croatia (-7), Bulgaria (-6.9), Romania (-6.6), Ireland (-6.5), Italy (-6.1), France (-5.2) and the Czech Republic (-5.1).

Comparing the results at a national level with those from 2012, eight Member States show a year-on-year improvement in terms of people’s satisfaction with the current economic situation in their country. The largest improvement is in Malta (up 2.5 points), followed by Hungary (up 2 points), with the positive shifts in these two countries notably greater than anywhere else.

There are some notable improvements in perceptions of the national economic situation at country level across the five years of the survey, with net increases of at least three points recorded in five Member States:

Germany has seen a particularly strong improvement in perceptions, with large year-on-year increases in 2010 and 2011 followed by a slight improvement in 2012 and slight worsening in 2013. The overall net improvement between 2009 and 2013 is 6.5 points. This improvement has seen Germany rise in the ranking on this measure from tenth of the 27 Member States in 2009 to equal first in 2013.

Sweden has also seen a large increase between 2009 and 2013 of 4.3 points, with an increase of 4.1 points between 2009 and 2010 seeing it move from the sixth ranked Member State on this measure to the first, where it has remained since, although its index has fallen back by 0.5 points between 2012 and 2013.

Malta showed improvement between 2009 and 2010, a slight decline in 2011, followed by a small increase in 2012 and a much larger increase in 2013. The overall net improvement between 2009 and 2013 of 4 points has seen Malta rise in the ranking on this measure from thirteenth position in 2009 to sixth in 2013.

Like Germany, Latvia has seen a year-on-year improvement, from a low of -8.3 in 2009 (when it was ranked lowest of the 27 Member States) to a high of -4.4 in 2013 (and a ranking of equal fourteenth), a net gain of 3.9 points, reflecting a similar improvement in perceptions of the cost of living in the country reported earlier in this section.


37

Estonia has also seen a positive trend each year up until 2012, with a small decline since then (down 0.5 points) in terms of how its people view the economic situation in the country. The overall result is a 3 point net gain, from -4.7 in 2009 to -1.7 in 2013, and a rise from sixteenth position to tenth.

The largest decline in perceptions of the current economic situation between 2012 and 2013 is in Cyprus and France (both down 2.1 points), followed by Slovenia (down 2), Finland and the Netherlands (both down 1.5), Belgium (down 1.3), Bulgaria (down 1.2) and Poland (down 1). The declines in Finland and Belgium are surprising in the context of the other results reported to date. They reflect the actual economic situation – both Belgium and Finland had negative growth in the second and fourth quarter last year, with Belgium showing a small sign of recovery and weak growth in the first quarter of 2013 and Finland showing negative growth for the second consecutive quarter. The decline in the Netherlands is less surprising. It is in recession, and whilst the findings thus far show that it currently holds some of the most positive views of any Member State on many of the indicators, they also show that the Netherlands has some of the largest year-on-year declines in perceptions of job situation, household finances, the way the country runs public administration and energy affordability21.

By far the largest deterioration in satisfaction with the current national economic situation between 2009 and 2013 is to be seen in Cyprus where there has been a year-on-year decline, from an index of 0.4 in 2009 to -8.9 in 2013, a net drop of 9.3 points. This is the largest drop recorded in the 2013 survey on any of the fifteen measures. This has resulted in Cyprus, whose banks have a large exposure to Greek debt, plummeting dramatically in the rankings on this measure from third of 27 Member States in 2009 to twenty-eighth in 2013. Other than Cyprus, only three other Member States have seen their index drop by more than two points between 2009 and 2013, Slovenia dropping 4.7 points from an index of -2.8 in 2009 to -7.5 in 2013; Spain down 2.5 points from an index of -5.3 in 2009 to -7.8 in 2013; and Greece down 2.3 points, from -6.2 in 2009 to -8.5 in 2013.

21 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-15052013-AP/EN/2-15052013-AP-EN.PDF


38

The last measure examined in this section concerns people’s level of satisfaction with the employment situation in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -4.4 -4 -3.5 -4 -4.2

DE -4.1 -2.3 0.6 1.4 1.2

AT -1.7 0 2 1.7 0.9

LU -0.9 0.9 1.5 0.8 0.5

MT -3.4 -1.4 -2.2 -0.9 0.4

DK 0.6 0.1 -0.1 -0.9 -0.5

SE -2.4 -0.6 0.6 -0.3 -1.6

BE -2.8 -2.1 -0.1 -0.5 -1.6

FI -2.2 -1.6 0 -0.5 -1.7

EE -5.1 -4.8 -3.4 -3.3 -2.5

NL 0.8 0.6 1.6 -0.1 -3.1

UK -4.6 -3.5 -3.8 -4.3 -3.3

LT -5.6 -6.1 -5.3 -4.3 -3.4

LV -7.2 -6.9 -6.2 -5 -4.1

CZ -4.1 -4.4 -4 -4 -4.7

HU -6.3 -6 -5.8 -6.1 -4.7

PL -3.2 -3.2 -3.9 -4.9 -4.8

FR -5.3 -4.6 -4 -4.2 -5.9

SK -5.1 -4.8 -5 -5.2 -6.1

IT -4.8 -4.7 -4.1 -6.4 -6.1

IE -6.8 -7.4 -8.1 -7.5 -6.4

BG -4.9 -6.1 -6.2 -6.4 -6.9

PT -6.2 -5.8 -6.2 -6.7 -7.2

RO -4.9 -7.2 -7.1 -6.9 -7.3

CY -1.5 -2.5 -4.1 -6.2 -7.6

SI -4.1 -5.1 -5.9 -6.6 -7.9

EL -5.8 -6.6 -7.9 -8.2 -8.2

ES -6.4 -7 -7.7 -8.2 -8.3

HR - - - - -7.6

The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans assess the employment situation in their country more negatively than they do any of the other dimensions they are asked about in the survey, with an index of -4.2 at the EU level. The index has declined from -4 in 2012, and is at its second lowest level in the series, slightly better than the score of -4.4 recorded in 2009.


39

National variation in the index broadly reflects the pattern seen on most measures, with the highest indices found in Germany, Austria and the Benelux and Nordic countries, together with Malta and Estonia; and the lowest indices found in southern and eastern European states, together with Ireland.

Only four countries have a positive index on this measure, with Germany having the highest index (1.2), followed by Austria (0.9), and Luxembourg (0.5) and Malta (0.4).

Eleven countries have an index of lower than -6. Spain and Greece have the most negative perceptions of their countries’ current employment situation, with an index of -8.3 and -8.2 respectively, followed by Slovenia (-7.9); Cyprus and Croatia (both -7.6); Romania (-7.3); Portugal (-7.2); Bulgaria (-6.9); Ireland (-6.4); and Slovakia and Italy (both -6.1).

Not surprisingly, there is a strong relationship between the perceptions of individual countries of the employment situation in their country and the level of unemployment in the country concerned, with higher indices generally found in countries with relatively low levels of unemployment, and vice versa22. For example, Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Malta, which score highest on this measure, have the four lowest current unemployment rates in the EU27 (although not in the same rank order); and Spain and Greece, which score lowest on this measure, have the highest unemployment rates in the EU27. There are some exceptions to this rule, most notably in Romania, which has the eighth lowest unemployment rate in the EU27, but ranks twenty-third in terms of its perceptions of the employment situation in the country; and in Slovenia, which has the fourteenth lowest unemployment rate in the EU27, but ranks twenty-sixth on this indicator. Of course, people’s perceptions of the employment situation in their country may be influenced by a wider range of factors than simply the rate of unemployment.

People’s judgements of the employment situation in their country have improved in ten Member States since 2012; Greece shows no change; and the remainder show a worsening of perceptions.

The largest improvements are observed in Hungary (up 1.4 points), Malta (up 1.3), Ireland (up 1.1), the UK (up 1), and Lithuania and Latvia (both up 0.9). These improvements reflect recent reductions in the unemployment rate23 in each of these Member States.

Germany, which, as noted earlier, has seen a particularly strong improvement in people’s evaluation of its economic situation since 2009, has also seen the largest improvement in perceptions of the employment situation in the country between 2009 and 2013, with a net increase of 5.3 points over this period, although the index has declined slightly since 2012 (down 0.2 points). Similarly, Malta, Latvia and Estonia, which showed some of the greatest gains in relation to the economic situation since 2009, have also seen some of 22 Based on an analysis of the most recently published Eurostat unemployment statistics: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-31052013-BP/EN/3-31052013-BP-EN.PDF 23 This is based on comparisons of seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in April 2012 versus April 2013. In Latvia, Hungary and the UK, April 2013 data is not available and comparisons are based on April 2012 versus the most up to date data available


40

the most marked improvements in perceptions of the employment situation with net gains of 3.8 points, 3.1 and 2.6 respectively. In contrast, Sweden, in spite of showing the second greatest improvement since 2009 in perceptions of the economic situation, only shows a small net improvement on the employment index (up 0.8 points). The only other Member States in which the index on the employment situation has shown a net improvement of more than two points since 2009 are Austria (up 2.6 points) and Lithuania (up 2.2).

The largest deterioration in satisfaction with the current employment situation since 2012 is in the Netherlands (down 3 points), followed by France (down 1.7), Cyprus (down 1.4) and Sweden and Slovenia (both down 1.3). Whilst all these countries have seen a rise in unemployment over the last year, with the exception of Cyprus and Slovenia, they have not seen the largest relative increases in the rate of unemployment in the past year across the EU24.

The largest drops in satisfaction with the current employment situation between 2009 and 2013 are to be seen in Cyprus, the Netherlands and Slovenia, reflecting a similar pattern seen earlier in these countries in relation to judgements of the economic situation more generally. In Cyprus the index has declined 6.1 points from -1.5 in 2009 to -7.6 in 2013; in the Netherlands 3.9 points from 0.8 in 2009 to -3.9 in 2013; and in Slovenia 3.8 points from -4.1 in 2009 to -7.9 in 2013. The next greatest declines are in Romania, down 2.4 points from -4.9 to -7.3; Greece, also down 2.4 points from -5.8 in to -8.2; and Bulgaria, down 2 points from -4.9 to -6.9.

An analysis of demographic and socio-economic differences at the EU level in relation to these six country measures reflects the earlier finding that the key factors that differentiate how people feel about the situation in their country are their perception of how difficult it is to pay their household bills, their occupational status and, to a somewhat lesser extent, the age at which they completed their education.

Reflecting the pattern of findings concerning respondents’ personal situation, those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time have much lower indices than those who almost never struggle to do so on all six measures relating to the national situation. The most marked differences in perceptions between the two groups are in relation to the way public administration is run and the cost of living:

Special EB 408(2013)

The cost of living in (OUR

COUNTRY)

How affordable energy is in

(OUR COUNTRY)

How affordable housing is in

(OUR COUNTRY)

The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY)

The economic situation in (OUR

COUNTRY)

The employment situation in (OUR

COUNTRY)

EU27 -3.1 -2.5 -2.9 -1.6 -3.5 -4.2

Most of the time -6.5 -4.7 -5.4 -4.3 -6.7 -7.1

From time to time -4.5 -3.3 -3.6 -2.6 -4.8 -5.3

Almost never -1,9 -1,8 -2,2 -0,6 -2,3 -3,2


24 The largest increases are in Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia and Italy


41

In terms of the respondent’s occupational status, the largest differences in the 2013 indices are again between the unemployed, who score lowest on all of the measures, and managers, who generally score highest. The difference in perceptions between the two groups is particularly marked in relation to the employment situation and the economic situation:



COUNTRY)


(OUR COUNTRY)


(OUR COUNTRY)



COUNTRY)


COUNTRY)

EU27 -3.1 -2.5 -2.9 -1.6 -3.5 -4.2

Managers -1.3 -1.8 -2.3 -0.3 -1.5 -2.2

Unemployed -4.9 -3.2 -4.3 -2.8 -5.5 -6.6


The unemployed, together with other white collar workers and house persons, are also more likely than average to give lower scores on these measures than in previous years, while managers tend to report slightly improved scores.

In terms of age of leaving education, those who left education at 15 or younger, or aged 16-19, have more negative perceptions of the national situation than those who continued their education beyond the age of 19, and those who are currently studying:



COUNTRY)


(OUR COUNTRY)


(OUR COUNTRY)



COUNTRY)


COUNTRY)

EU27 -3.1 -2.5 -2.9 -1.6 -3.5 -4.2

15- -4.1 -3.6 -3.7 -2.4 -4.6 -5.4

16-19 -3.5 -2.9 -3,0 -1.6 -3.7 -4.3

20+ -2,2 -1,9 -2,6 -1,1 -2,7 -3,6

Still studying -1.9 -0.7 -1.7 -0.8 -2.4 -3.1

Education (End of)


42

3. SOCIAL PROTECTION AND INCLUSION

The final section in this chapter examines Europeans’ satisfaction with aspects of social protection and inclusion in their country. Respondents are asked to evaluate five specific areas: provision of healthcare; provision of pensions; unemployment benefits; relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds, or nationalities; and the way in which inequalities and poverty are addressed. As before, the results are reported as indices. Each of the five aspects of social protection and inclusion is examined in turn for the EU as a whole, and for each of the 27 Member States and Croatia for the latest wave, and for the 27 Member States for the last four waves.


43

The following table summarises people’s satisfaction with healthcare provision in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

LU 5 5.2 5.3 5.9 5.5

NL 5.1 4.6 5.3 6.1 5.4

BE 5.5 5.3 6.3 6.3 5.2

AT 4.7 4.6 5.2 4.9 4.2

UK 4.3 4.4 4 4.2 4

MT 2.7 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.8

SE 3.6 3.9 3.2 4.4 3.6

DK 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.9 3.4

FR 2.6 2.7 2.3 3.3 3.1

DE 1 1.3 1.5 3.2 3

FI 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.3 2.9

CZ 1.5 2.3 1.1 1.4 1.6

SI 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.3

ES 2.3 2.7 2.2 1.7 0.3

EE 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.1

LT -1.1 -1.2 -1.5 -1.4 0.1

CY 0.2 0.6 0.8 -0.3 0

SK -0.3 0.5 -1.6 -1.2 -0.5

PT -1 -1.5 -0.9 -1.9 -0.9

IE -1.7 -1.5 -1.3 -1.1 -1

HU -2.1 -1.9 -2.2 -2.5 -1.2

IT -0.1 -0.3 0.1 -1.8 -1.3

LV -1.8 -2.7 -2.6 -2.8 -1.6

PL -1.7 -2.3 -2.4 -4 -2.4

BG -3.4 -2.9 -2.8 -3.5 -2.6

RO -3 -4.2 -5.1 -3.9 -3.3

EL -3.1 -3.6 -3.7 -6.3 -5.3

HR - - - - -0.1

Healthcare provision in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ overall evaluation of healthcare provision in their country is positive, although only slightly, with an overall index of 1.2. Healthcare provision is the third highest rated of the fifteen dimensions covered in the survey, behind the area in which people live and their life in general. The index has remained stable since 2009.

Sixteen countries have a net positive perception of healthcare provision in their country, with the rank order of countries broadly reflecting the pattern seen in most of the earlier findings. The Benelux countries occupy the top three places, with Luxembourg (5.5)


44

having the highest index, followed by the Netherlands (5.4) and Belgium (5.2). These three Member States are then followed by Austria (4.2), the UK (4), Malta (3.8), Sweden (3.6), Denmark (3.4), France (3.1) and Germany (3).

Cyprus is divided over its healthcare system with an index of zero and the remaining eleven countries have a net negative perception of their healthcare provision. Greece has the lowest index (-5.3), followed by Romania (-3.3), Bulgaria (-2.6) and Poland (-2.4).

Comparing the results at a national level with those from 2012, thirteen Member States show a year-on-year improvement in terms of people’s satisfaction with healthcare provision in their country. The largest improvement is in Poland (up 1.6 points), followed by Lithuania (up 1.5), Hungary (up 1.3), Latvia (up 1.2), and Portugal and Greece (both up 1).

The largest decline in satisfaction with healthcare provision between 2012 and 2013 is in Spain (-1.4 points), followed by Belgium (-1.1). In spite of this deterioration Belgium remains one of the three most positive Member States, although it has dropped in its ranking from first place in 2012 to third position in 2013. Sweden (down 0.8 points), the Netherlands and Austria (both down 0.7) have also seen some of the worst deterioration since 2012 on this measure relative to other countries, although they, like Belgium, continue to hold some of the most positive views of any Member State in relation to healthcare provision in their country.

Across the 2009-2013 period, the greatest improvements in perceptions of the healthcare system are in Germany, up 2 points from 1 in 2009 to 3 in 2013; Lithuania, up 1.2 from an index of -1.1 in 2009 to 0.1 in 2013; and Malta, up 1.1 point from 2.7 to 3.8. The largest overall declines are in Greece (down 2.2 points), followed by Spain (down 2) and Italy (down 1.2).

The second measure in this section concerns people’s views of the provision of pensions in their country.


45

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -1 -1.2 -1.5 -1.4 -1.5

LU 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.7

DK 3.2 3.1 3 3.3 3.6

NL 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.6

AT 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.7 2

BE 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.7

FI 1.1 1 0.2 1.3 1.6

UK 0.1 0.6 -0.2 0.3 1.2

MT 0.5 0.8 -1.5 0.3 1.1

DE -0.3 -0.1 0.1 1.2 0.6

SE 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3

FR -0.1 -0.8 -1.2 0.3 -0.3

SI -0.1 -0.8 -1.1 -1.1 -1.3

IE -1.3 -1 -0.7 -0.5 -1.4

HU -3.6 -3.4 -3.8 -3.9 -1.8

CY -0.9 -0.4 -1 -1.4 -2

ES -0.5 -1.1 -2 -1.3 -2.8

LT -1.4 -4 -4.5 -3.3 -2.8

CZ -1.8 -1.8 -3.2 -3.2 -3.3

IT -2.3 -2.2 -1.5 -4.4 -3.8

SK -2.4 -2 -3.9 -4.2 -4.2

PL -3.4 -3.8 -4 -5.5 -4.3

LV -3.2 -4.2 -5.1 -4.6 -4.6

PT -4.3 -4 -4.2 -4.7 -4.8

EE -0.6 -1.5 -3.4 -4.4 -4.9

BG -4.7 -4.5 -4.9 -5.5 -5

RO -3.9 -6.1 -6.2 -5.5 -5.4

EL -5.4 -6 -6.3 -7.2 -7.3

HR - - - - -5.6

The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ net judgement of pension provision in their country is slightly negative, with an index of -1.5 at the EU level. Apart from a small improvement in the index in 2011, there has been a slight deterioration over the five years of the survey from a high of -1 in 2009. The 2013 index is at a similar level to the 2011 score (-1.5).

Differences in the levels of satisfaction with pension provision at country level broadly follow the pattern for most of the measures, with the highest index found in Luxembourg (4.7) followed by Denmark (3.6), the Netherlands (2.6), Austria (2), Belgium (1.7), Finland (1.6), the UK (1.2), Malta (1.1), Germany (0.6) and Sweden (0.3). No other country has a positive index. The lowest level of satisfaction with pension provision is


46

found in Greece (-7.3), followed by Romania (-5.4), Bulgaria (-5), Estonia (-4.9), Portugal (-4.8), Latvia (-4.6), Poland (-4.3) and Slovakia (-4.2).

Ten Member States show an improvement since 2012 in terms of people’s satisfaction with pension provision in their country, mostly relatively modest. The largest improvements are in Hungary (up 2.1 points), Poland (up 1.2), the UK (up 0.9), Malta (up 0.8) and Italy (up 0.6). Hungary and the UK have also seen the largest improvements of any of the EU27 between 2009 and 2013, with an increase of 1.8 points in Hungary from -3.6 in 2009 to -1.8 in 2013, and an increase of 1.1 points in the UK with the index rising from 0.1 to 1.2.

The index for pension provision is lower than in 2012 in thirteen Member States, with unchanged indices in Sweden, Slovakia and Latvia. The largest declines are in Spain (down 1.5), the Netherlands (down 1) and Ireland (down 0.9).

Over the five survey years, however, the single largest deterioration is in Estonia, where the index has dropped each year, falling 4.3 points in total from -0.6 in 2009 to -4.9 in 2013. The next greatest declines are in Spain, down 2.3 points from -0.5 in 2009 to -2.8 in 2013; Greece, down 1.9 points from -5.4 to -7.3; and Slovakia, down 1.8 from -2.4 to -4.2.


47

The next table summarises how Europeans rate unemployment benefits in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -1.2 -1.4 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6

LU 2.4 3.8 4.7 4.5 4.1

AT 3.1 2.9 3.7 3.5 3.2

DK 2.4 2.9 2.2 3.1 2.9

NL 3.5 3 3.1 3.6 2.5

BE 1.9 2 2.8 2.3 1.8

DE 0.2 0.2 1.6 1.7 1.8

FI 0.5 0.9 0.1 1.1 1.5

MT -1 -0.7 -0.8 0.7 0.7

FR 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.6

UK 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.5

IE 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.6 0

SE -0.5 -0.5 -1.1 -0.6 -1

LT -2.8 -4 -3.7 -2.5 -2

SI -0.3 -0.3 0.9 -0.9 -2.2

CY -0.9 -0.6 -1.5 -2.9 -3.3

CZ -2 -2.1 -3.6 -3.3 -3.4

LV -3.7 -3.3 -4.4 -3.7 -3.5

SK -3.2 -2.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.9

IT -3.4 -3.1 -2.4 -4.5 -4.2

EE -3.1 -3.4 -4.2 -4.2 -4.3

PL -3.4 -3.1 -3.5 -4.8 -4.3

HU -4.2 -4.3 -5 -5.7 -4.4

ES -1.6 -2.5 -3.4 -3 -4.7

PT -3.6 -3.8 -3.7 -4.5 -5

BG -5 -5 -4.9 -5.3 -5.1

RO -4.3 -5.9 -6.3 -5.7 -5.9

EL -5.3 -5.8 -6 -7.5 -7

HR - - - - -5.6

Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Europeans’ overall satisfaction with unemployment benefits in their country is at a similar level to their satisfaction with pension provision, with an index of -1.6 at the EU level. The index has declined slightly since 2012, when it was -1.4, and is now at its lowest level in the series.


48

Differences in perceptions at the national level broadly follow the pattern for most of the measures, with the highest index found in Luxembourg (4.1) followed by Austria (3.2), Denmark (2.9), the Netherlands (2.5), Belgium and Germany (both 1.8), Finland (1.5), Malta (0.7), France (0.6) and the UK (0.5). No other country has a positive index and in Ireland, respondents are evenly divided over the issue of unemployment benefits with an index of zero.

Ten countries have an index of -4 or lower: all are Southern and Eastern European countries. Greece has the lowest score (-7), followed by Romania (-5.9), Croatia (-5.6), Bulgaria (-5.1), Portugal (-5), Spain (-4.7), Hungary (-4.4), Estonia and Poland (both -4.3) and Italy (-4.2).

Ten Member States show an improvement since 2012 in terms of people’s satisfaction with unemployment benefits in their country, although increases tend to be small. Opinion remains unchanged in Malta and has deteriorated in the remaining sixteen Member States.

The greatest improvement since 2012 in perceptions of unemployment benefit provision is in Hungary (up 1.3 points), followed by Lithuania, Poland and Greece (all up by 0.5).

The largest declines in satisfaction with unemployment benefits between 2012 and 2013 are in Spain (down 1.7 points), Slovenia (down 1.3) and the Netherlands (down 1.1). The deterioration in Spain has moved its ranking down from sixteenth in 2012 to twenty-third in 2013, a significantly lower ranking than those held previously across the series. Whilst the worsening of opinion in the Netherlands has pushed it out of a top three position which it has held throughout the series, it has only dropped in ranking to fourth. Over the five survey years Spain also shows the single largest decline of any Member State in satisfaction with unemployment benefits (down 3.1 points) and Slovenia shows the third worst deterioration (down 1.9).

The largest improvements since 2009 are in Malta (up 1.7 points), Germany (up 1.6 points), and Lithuania (up 0.8 points). In addition to Spain and Slovenia, the greatest deteriorations are in Cyprus (down 2.4 points), Greece (down 1.7), Romania (down 1.6), the Czech Republic and Portugal (both down 1.4), Estonia (down 1.2) and the Netherlands (down 1).


49

The report looks next at how satisfied Europeans are with the national situation in terms of relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3

LU 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.7

LT 1.4 1.4 0.8 1 2.2

IE 1 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.1

EE 1.4 2 1.8 1.7 2

FI 1.5 0.3 0.5 1.4 1.7

MT -0.2 0.3 0.8 2.1 1.6

LV 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.5

UK 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3

SK 0.2 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3

DE 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.2

BG 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.2 1

AT 0.2 1 1.1 1.2 0.9

PT 0.6 0.4 0.5 -0.4 0.9

ES 0.8 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.8

PL 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.7

NL 0.1 0 0.1 1.3 0.6

RO 1.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.7 0.4

SI 0.3 0.5 0 -0.2 0.3

CY 0.3 0.3 -0.8 -0.6 0.2

DK -0.7 -0.6 -1 0.4 0.1

BE 0.4 -0.2 -0.6 -0.2 0

SE -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 0.1 -0.3

HU -0.7 -0.4 -1.1 -0.5 -0.3

CZ -1 -0.1 -1.3 -0.6 -1

IT -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 -0.8 -1.2

FR -0.6 -1.1 -1.4 -0.9 -1.2

EL -1.7 -1 -2 -3 -2.1

HR - - - - -0.7

Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

(Evaluation of the current situation)

Overall, Europeans’ are divided in their perceptions of the relations in their country between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, with an index of 0.3 at the EU level. This compares with an index of 0.4 in 2012, and 0.3 in both 2009 and 2010, and is slightly above the lowest level recorded in 2011 (0.1).


50

There is less national variation on this measure than on any of the other survey measures. As was the case in relation to perceptions of energy costs and housing affordability, there is a less discernible pattern than on most of the fifteen indicators in terms of the countries with the highest and lowest indices on this measure.

Twenty countries have a positive score. The most positive perceptions are held in Luxembourg (2.7), Lithuania (2.2), Ireland (2.1) and Estonia (2). Apart from Greece (-2.1), Italy and France (both -1.2) and the Czech Republic (-1), all other countries have an index better than -1.

The index on this measure has improved by at least one point between 2012 and 2013 in two Member States: Portugal (up 1.3 points), and Lithuania (up 1.2). The greatest deterioration since 2012 is in the Netherlands (down 0.7 points), followed by Malta (down 0.5).

In spite of the recent deterioration in Malta, it shows the largest improvement of any of the EU27 Member States since 2009 on this measure (up 1.8 points). The next greatest improvements are in Ireland and Slovakia (both up 1.1), followed by Lithuania and Denmark (both up 0.8). The largest decline since 2009 is in Romania (down 0.9 points), followed by France (down 0.6).


51

The last measure examined in this section is Europeans’ satisfaction with the way in which inequalities and poverty are addressed in their country.

Special EB 315

(2009)

Special EB 349

(2010)

Special EB 370

(2011)

Special EB 391

(2012)

Special EB 408

(2013)EU27 -2 -2.2 -2.5 -2.1 -2.4

LU 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.9 1.4

MT -0.1 -0.1 0 0.9 1.2

DK -0.3 -0.6 -0.9 0.9 0.7

AT -0.3 0.4 0 0.5 0.1

FI 0 -0.8 -1.4 -0.1 -0.2

NL 0.3 -0.1 -0.9 0.5 -0.5

BE -1 -1.5 -1.6 -0.5 -0.6

SE 0 -0.1 -1 -0.7 -0.9

UK -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 0 -1.1

DE -1.6 -1.9 -1.8 -0.7 -1.1

IE -1.9 -2.1 -2.4 -1.4 -2.1

CZ -2 -1.6 -3.2 -2.8 -2.6

IT -2.1 -2.3 -1.8 -2.8 -2.7

CY -1.1 -1.3 -2.3 -3.3 -3

PL -2.4 -2.1 -3 -3.7 -3.1

SK -2.7 -2.2 -3 -3 -3.2

FR -3.8 -4 -4.2 -2.9 -3.3

ES -1.7 -1.1 -2.2 -2.2 -3.5

HU -5 -4.6 -4.9 -5.1 -3.7

SI -2.2 -2.3 -2.6 -2.5 -3.8

PT -3.4 -3.4 -3.2 -3.6 -3.9

EE -3.2 -3.2 -3.9 -4 -4.1

LT -4 -5.1 -5.5 -4.6 -4.1

BG -4.6 -4 -4.5 -3.7 -4.5

RO -3.7 -5.8 -5.7 -5.2 -5.1

LV -5.2 -5.7 -6.1 -4.7 -5.2

EL -4.7 -4.8 -5.7 -6.3 -6

HR - - - - -4

The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY)(Evaluation of the current situation)

Overall, Europeans have a negative view of the way in which inequalities and poverty are addressed in their country, with an index of -2.4 at the EU level, a decline on the index of -2.1 in 2012, and only a slight improvement on the low point of -2.5 recorded in 2011.


52

Only four Member States have a positive score on this measure: Luxembourg (1.4), Malta (1.2), Denmark (0.7) and Austria (0.1). Seven countries have an index of -4 or lower, with Greece having the lowest index (-6), followed by Latvia (-5.2), Romania (-5.1), Bulgaria (-4.5), Estonia and Lithuania (both -4.1) and Croatia (-4).

Ten Member States show an improvement in their evaluation of the way in which inequalities and poverty are addressed relative to 2012. The greatest improvement is recorded in Hungary (up 1.4 points), followed by Poland (up 0.6), and Luxembourg and Lithuania (both up 0.5). Hungary also shows the largest improvement on this measure since 2009, along with Malta (both up 1.3 points). The only other Member State showing an improvement of at least 1 point since 2009 is Denmark (up 1), although since 2012 there has been a small decline of 0.2 points in its index.

The largest declines in the index between 2012 and 2013 are in Spain and Slovenia (both down 1.3 points) followed by the UK (down 1.1) and the Netherlands (down 1). Spain and Slovenia also show some of the largest declines of any Member State on this measure since 2009, with their indices dropping by 1.8 and 1.6 points respectively. Only one other country, Cyprus, shows a greater deterioration (down 1.9 points) and only two further Member States show a deterioration since 2009 of at least 1 point: Romania (down 1.4) and Greece (down 1.3).

The most notable socio-demographic differences in relation to these five measures are again related to difficulty paying household bills, occupational status and age of leaving education.

Reflecting earlier findings, those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time have lower indices than those who almost never struggle to do so on all five measures, with the most marked variation between the two groups on satisfaction with pension provision and unemployment benefits:


Healthcare provision in (OUR

COUNTRY)

The provision of pensions in (OUR

COUNTRY)

Unemployment benefits in (OUR

COUNTRY)

Relations in (OUR COUNTRY)

between people from different

cultural or religious backgrounds or

nationalities

The way inequalities and

poverty are addressed in (OUR

COUNTRY)

EU27 1.2 -1.5 -1.6 0.3 -2.4

Most of the time -1.4 -4.6 -4.8 -1.1 -4.9

From time to time 0.3 -2.8 -2.8 0.1 -2.9

Almost never 2.1 -0.3 -0.5 0.7 -1.7



53

In terms of occupational status, the largest differences are again between the unemployed, who have the least positive perceptions of the occupational groups, and managers, who have the most positive views:



COUNTRY)


COUNTRY)


COUNTRY)




nationalities



COUNTRY)

EU27 1.2 -1.5 -1.6 0.3 -2.4

Managers 2.4 -0.3 0.4 0.8 -1.3

Unemployed 0.4 -2.9 -3.4 0.2 -3.5


In terms of age of leaving education, those who left-time education at 15 or younger, or at age 16-19, have more negative perceptions of the national situation than those who continued with their education beyond the age of 19, and those who are still in education:



COUNTRY)


COUNTRY)


COUNTRY)




nationalities



COUNTRY)

EU27 1.2 -1.5 -1.6 0.3 -2.4

15- 0.4 -2.2 -3,0 -0.3 -3.1

16-19 1,0 -1.7 -1.9 0.3 -2.7

20+ 1.9 -0.8 -0.6 0.5 -1.9

Still studying 2.3 -1.2 -0.8 1,0 -1.4

Education (End of)


54

III. EXPECTATIONS FOR THE NEXT 12 MONTHS

The final two chapters of the report examine whether Europeans think that things will improve, get worse or remain the same in the forthcoming year, and how they perceive the current situation compared with five years ago - is it better, worse or similar? For both chapters the results for the 15 measures used in the survey are analysed at overall EU and Member State levels, with comparisons made between the results of the 2013 wave and those from the 2012 survey only. The results are presented in percentage terms rather than as indices. Comparisons are also made between EU15 and NMS12 Member States and socio-demographic groups on the 2013 results.

This chapter begins with an overview of Europeans’ perceptions of what they think will happen over the course of the next year in terms of their personal situation, before examining perceptions in relation to national issues and concluding with a review of what Europeans think the short-term future holds in relation to aspects of social protection and inclusion.

1. PERSONAL SITUATION

On each of the measures relating to respondents’ personal circumstances, most Europeans expect things to remain unchanged in the next twelve months, with a broadly even balance of opinion among the remainder between those who expect things to be get better and those who think they will get worse25.

Personal situation(Expectations for the next

12 months)

EU27Special EB 391(2012)






General life situation 22% 23% 17% 16% 58% 58%

Residential area 13% 14% 11% 12% 73% 73%

Personal job situation 16% 17% 14% 13% 59% 60%

Household financial situation 17% 17% 20% 21% 59% 59%

SameWorseBetter

Around three quarters of Europeans (73%) anticipate no change in their local area, with 14% expecting things to get better and 11% things to get worse. Around three in five (58%) expect no change in their life in general, with around one in four (23%) anticipating an improvement and one in six (16%) believing that their life will get worse. 25 Q3 “What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to….? (ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) Your life in general, The area you live in, …….Your personal job situation, The financial situation of your household….Better, Worse, Same, Don’t know” NB The statements relating to national situation and social protection and inclusion are also asked in this question


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Similar proportions expect no change in their job situation and household finances (60% and 59% respectively). Those who expect their job situation to change are divided between those expecting things to get better (17%) and those thinking that they will worsen (13%), with the remainder (10%) unsure how the situation will change. Fewer respondents (3%) are uncertain how their household finances will change, with one in five (21%) expecting them to get worse and one in six (17%) thinking that they will improve.

These figures are very similar to those reported in 2012.

The differences between EU15 and NMS12 are that:

People in EU15 are more optimistic than those in NMS12 in relation to:

o their job situation (19% thinking it will improve, 12% expecting it to get worse, compared with 13% and 16% respectively in NMS12);

o their life in general (24% expecting it to improve, 16% believing it will get worse, compared with 20% and 20% respectively in NMS12);

o and their household finances (18% thinking it will improve, 20% expecting it to get worse, compared with 16% and 24% respectively in NMS12);

Those in NMS12 are more positive in relation to:

o their local area (17% expecting it to improve, 12% thinking it will get worse), compared with 13% and 11% of those in EU15).

At a national level, the Member States that tend to have the most consistently positive views in terms of their current personal situation are Sweden, Estonia and Latvia, followed by Denmark and Malta.

In terms of the balance of opinion on each of the four measures26, respondents in Sweden have the most positive outlook on life in general, with over four in ten (43%) expecting their life to improve and only 3% thinking it will get worse; on job situation, with a third (32%) expecting it to get better and 4% thinking it will get worse; and on household finances, with just under a third (31%) expecting them to improve and 8% expecting them to get worse. They are also among the most positive of the Member States in terms of their expectations for the area in which they live.

Estonia has the second most positive views on job situation, with 30% expecting it to improve and 6% thinking it will get worse; and on household finances, with a third (34%) expecting them to get better and 13% expecting them to get worse. It also has the second most positive views on the local area, with 27% expecting it to get better and 6% thinking it will get worse.

26 i.e. the difference between the proportion of respondents who say things will improve and the proportion who say they will get worse on a particular measure


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Respondents in Latvia have the most positive views in relation to the area in which they live, 27% expecting it to improve and only 3% expecting it to get worse. They also have the third most positive views on job situation, with 27% expecting it to get better and 4% thinking it will get worse; and on household finances, with 30% thinking they will improve and 10% expecting them to get worse. They have the fourth most positive views on life in general.

Estonia has a particularly positive outlook on life in general, second only to Sweden, with a third (43%) of respondents expecting their life to improve and 3% thinking it will get worse. People in the UK, Latvia and Malta are also among the most positive of the Member States in terms of their expectations for the area that they live in.

Respondents in Greece have by far the most negative outlook in relation to their personal situation, followed by those in Cyprus, Portugal and Slovenia.

Greece has the most negative outlook of any EU Member State in relation to life in general, the local area and the household financial situation:

They are particularly pessimistic about household finances, with three fifths (59%) thinking they will get worse and only one in ten (10%) expecting them to improve.

In relation to life in general, more than four in ten (45%) think it will get worse and only 14% expect it to improve.

In terms of the area where they live, almost two fifths (37%) think their area will deteriorate with only 9% expecting an improvement.

In terms of job situation, Greece has the most negative outlook, with a third (33%) expecting things to get worse and 8% anticipating an improvement.

Respondents in Cyprus hold the second most pessimistic views about their job situation, with 30% thinking it will get worse and only 4% expecting an improvement. Together with Greece, Cyprus is the only Member State where a majority expect the household financial situation to get worse, with 51% thinking this and only 4% expecting an improvement. Respondents in Cyprus also have the third most negative outlook on life in general, with around one in three (36%) expecting their life to get worse and 12% thinking it will get better; and the fourth most negative views in relation to the area in which they live.

Portugal has the second most negative views in relation to life in general, with two fifths (39%) expecting their life to deteriorate and 10% thinking it will improve. It has the third most negative opinions on the three other measures, and is particularly pessimistic about household finances, with 44% of respondents expecting this situation to get worse and 9% anticipating an improvement.

Slovenia has the second most negative views on the local area, with around one in four (23%) believing the area in which they live will deteriorate and 7% thinking there will be an improvement. It has the fourth most negative opinions on the three other measures


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and is particularly pessimistic about household finances, with over a third (36%) expecting the situation to get worse and 9% thinking they will improve.

Looking at shifts in opinion between 2012 and 2013, respondents in Greece, despite having the most negative outlook of any Member State, stand out in terms of a notable shift in the balance of opinion on how their personal situation will change in the next 12 months. However, there is little sign in these findings of growing optimism in Greece – rather, the shift in opinion is from thinking things will get worse to believing they will stay the same. Other Members States which have seen notable shifts in expectation are Hungary and Malta, and, on some measures, Lithuania. In these countries – in contrast to Greece – there is a shift towards people thinking things will get better.

The balance of opinion in Greece has improved particularly in relation to expect to expectations about the local area (9% expecting it to improve, and 37% expecting it to get worse, compared with 8% and 49% respectively in 2012) and in relation to the respondent’s job situation (8% expecting this to improve, and 33% expecting it to get worse, compared with 7% and 46% respectively in 2012).

In Lithuania, the most positive shift is in relation to job situation, with 20% anticipating improvement and 9% a deterioration, compared with 13% and 16% in 2012.

Malta, followed by Hungary, shows the greatest improvements in the balance of opinion in the area of household finances, much more marked than in any other country. In Malta 23% expect household finances to improve, and 8% anticipate they will get worse (vs. 10% and 21% respectively in 2012), whilst in Hungary 16% expect improvement, 29% a deterioration (vs. 10% and 44%). Malta also shows the greatest improvement in the balance of opinion on life in general, again notably more marked than anywhere else across the EU, with 32% expecting their life to improve and 5% expecting it to get worse (vs. 21% and 15%).

Romania stands out as having the most negative shifts of opinion since 2012, with the balance of opinion deteriorating more than in any other country on all four measures. However, in 2012 respondents in Romania stood out as having the most notable positive shift in outlook on their personal circumstances, with the balance of opinion improving from 2011 more than any other EU Member State on all four indicators. The 2013 results show that the shift in opinion is, for the most part, away from thinking things will improve to believing they will stay the same. Now, in 2013:

23% expect their life to get better, and 21% expect it to get worse, compared with 33% and 18% in 2012;

21% expect their local area to improve, 12% expect it to deteriorate, (vs. 30% and 11%);

14% expect an improvement in their job situation, 19% think it will get worse (vs. 24% and 16%);

20% expect their household’s financial situation to become better, while 25% expect it to become worse (vs. 30% and 22%).


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France also has a particularly large negative shift of opinion on household finances, with 25% expecting their financial situation to improve, and 21% anticipating it to get worse (compared with 28% and 12% in 2012).

There are some notable socio-demographic differences in relation to how respondents expect their personal situation to change in the next 12 months. Younger people, in particular those aged 15-24, are relatively optimistic and older people (particularly those aged 55+) tend to be more pessimistic.

In terms of age of leaving education, those leaving aged 20 or older have the most positive views, whilst those leaving education aged 15 or younger have the most negative expectations. The differences by age are reflected in terms of occupational status with students being more optimistic and those who are retired more pessimistic. Managers are also relatively optimistic, in particular when compared with house persons. Reflecting the findings in Chapter II, those who almost never have difficulties paying their household bills are much more optimistic than those who find it difficult to pay them most of the time.


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2. COUNTRY

This section covers Europeans’ perceptions of what they think will happen in the next 12 months in six areas relating to their own country: the cost of living; how affordable energy is; how affordable housing is; the country’s economic situation; its employment situation; and the way in which public administration is handled27.

As in 2012, the large majority of Europeans expect either no change in these areas or think things will get worse, with few believing the situation will improve.

Country situation(Expectations for the next

12 months)







Economic situation 16% 15% 42% 42% 38% 40%

Employment situation 16% 15% 42% 43% 38% 39%

Cost of living 9% 8% 57% 57% 32% 33%

Affordability of energy 10% 10% 52% 48% 35% 39%

Affordability of housing 11% 11% 43% 43% 42% 42%

The way public administration is run

11% 9% 25% 27% 59% 59%

Better Worse Same

Most Europeans (57%) expect the cost of living in their country to get worse, with a third (33%) thinking it will stay the same and less than one in ten (8%) expecting it to get better. Expectations concerning the affordability of energy are broadly similar, with just under half of respondents (48%) saying it will worsen, just under two fifths (39%) anticipating no change and one in ten (10%) expecting it to improve.

27 Q3 “What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse, or the same, when it comes to ….? (ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) ….. The cost of living, How affordable energy is in (COUNTRY), How affordable housing is in (COUNTRY), The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY), The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY), ….The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY) Better, Worse, Same, Don’t know” NB The statements relating to personal situation and social protection and inclusion are also asked in this question


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In relation to the economy, the employment situation and the affordability of housing Europeans are divided between those thinking things will get worse and those thinking the situation will stay the same:

42% expect the economy to get worse, 40% it will stay the same, 15% expect it to improve ;

43% expect the employment situation to get worse, 39% think it will stay the same, 15% anticipate improvement;

43% expect the affordability of housing to get worse, 42% expect no change, 11% expect it to become better.

The majority (59%) expect no change in the way public administration is run, although the balance of opinion is negative, with just over a quarter (27%) expecting things to get worse and less than one in ten (9%) thinking they will improve.

Europeans’ views on how things will change in the short term are similar to those found in 2012. Europeans are slightly more optimistic about energy affordability remaining the same (+4 percentage points from 35% to 39%), with a corresponding decrease in the proportion expecting energy to become less affordable in the next 12 months (-4 points from 52% to 48%). Europeans are slightly more pessimistic in relation to the way in which public administration will be run, with a small increase (+2 points) in the proportion expecting things to get worse (from 25% to 27%) and corresponding drop in the proportion thinking things will improve (from 11% to 9%).

The differences between EU15 and NMS12 are that:

People in EU15 are more pessimistic than those in NMS12 in relation to:

o energy affordability (9% thinking it will improve, 52% expecting it to become worse compared with 12% and 36% respectively in NMS12);

o housing affordability (10% expecting it to improve, 46% believing it will get worse, compared with 11% and 33% respectively in NMS12).

Those in NMS12 are somewhat more positive in relation to:

o the way public administration will be run (11% expecting it to improve, 23% thinking it will get worse, compared with 9% and 29% respectively in EU15);

o the cost of living (9% expecting it to get better, 53% expecting it to get worse, compared with 8% and 58% respectively in EU15).

Analysis of these findings at a national level reveals some consistent patterns of relative optimism and pessimism in the different countries. Those that stand out as being the most optimistic are Malta, Estonia and Latvia. Respondents in Denmark have the most optimistic views on employment and the second most optimistic views on the economy.


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In terms of the balance of opinion on each of the six measures28, respondents in Malta have the most positive outlook of any country on four: the economy, with two fifths (39%) expecting an improvement and under one in ten (9%) expecting a deterioration; on the affordability of energy, with a similar proportion (39%) thinking it will get better and 13% expecting it to get worse; on the way in which public administration is run, with a third (32%) expecting an improvement and just 6% thinking it will get worse; and on cost of living, even though the balance of opinion is negative, with just over a fifth (22%) expecting the situation to improve and a quarter (25%) thinking living costs will get worse. The net negative balance of opinion on this indicator is significantly lower than in any other country. Respondents in Malta also hold the second most positive views on the employment situation and the third most positive opinions on housing affordability, although on this indicator the balance of opinion is negative.

Estonia and Latvia are the only two Member States with a positive overall balance of opinion on housing affordability, albeit relatively small, with 18% of respondents in Estonia expecting improvement and 14% anticipating a worsening, compared with 14% and 9% respectively in Latvia. They are also the only other Member States, in addition to Malta, with a positive balance of opinion on energy affordability, although net positive balances are much lower than in Malta.

Estonia has the second most positive views of any Member State on the way in which public administration is run; the third most positive views on the national economy; and the third most positive opinions on the employment situation. However, the net positive balances on these indicators are much lower than in the leading countries. Respondents in Estonia are far less optimistic about the cost of living, holding eighteenth position in the rank order.

Latvia holds the third most positive views on employment, with a net positive balance similar to that in Estonia; and the fourth most positive opinions in relation to the running of public administration. Respondents in Latvia are not as positive about the cost of living (ranked twelfth) or the economy (ranked sixth) where the balance of opinion on both is negative.

As noted above, Denmark has the most positive views about the employment situation, with around two in five respondents (38%) expecting improvement and 11% thinking the situation will get worse, and the second most positive outlook in relation to the national economy, with a similar proportion (36%) anticipating it will get better and 13% thinking it will get worse.

28 i.e. the difference between the proportion of respondents who say things will improve and the proportion who say they will get worse on a particular measure


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The only other Member States with a net positive balance of opinion – albeit it relatively low - on any of the six national indicators are:

Bulgaria, Luxembourg and Lithuania in relation to expectations about the way public administration is run;

Lithuania and Sweden on the economy;

Lithuania on employment.

The most pessimistic Member States on these measures are Portugal, Slovenia, Greece, and Cyprus. Among the Member States that tend to have more positive views of the current situation (see Chapter II), the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the UK are the most pessimistic about the future.

Portugal has the most negative outlook on housing costs, with three fifths (60%) thinking things will get worse and only 6% expecting an improvement; and the second most negative balance of opinion on each of the five other measures, particularly the cost of living (75% and 4% respectively), employment (75% and 7%) and the economy (74% and 7%).

Slovenia has the most negative views about the cost of living, with 78% believing things will get worse and only 2% anticipating an improvement. It also has the third most negative outlook in relation to both the way in which public administration is run (47% and 6% respectively) and the economy (70% and 6%); and the fourth most negative opinions on both the affordability of housing (56% and 11%) and the employment situation (70% and 7%).

Respondents in Greece are the most pessimistic about the way in which public administration is run, with more than half (56%) expecting things to get worse and 9% anticipating an improvement. They hold the third most negative views in relation to energy affordability (66% and 7% respectively) and employment (73% and 9%) and the third most negative opinions on the economy (68% and 9%).

Cyprus has the most negative balance of opinion on two indicators: the economy, with three quarters (74%) anticipating that things will get worse and only 4% expecting an improvement; and employment, with eight in ten (79%) thinking things will get worse and 4% expecting the situation to get better. It is more pessimistic than most other countries about the cost of living and energy affordability and is about half way down the ‘league table’ in terms of countries’ outlooks on housing affordability and the way public administration is run.

Respondents in Germany are particularly pessimistic about energy affordability, and have the most negative outlook of any country, with 70% thinking it will worsen and 4% thinking the cost will improve. They also have the fifth most negative views on housing affordability (51% and 4% respectively). Respondents in Luxembourg also hold particularly negative opinions on housing affordability (54% and 6%), behind only Portugal and Slovenia.


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Reflecting the findings in relation to personal situation outlook (outlined in the previous section of this chapter), the most notable positive shifts in opinion since 2012 on these national measures are in Malta, Hungary and Greece. The balance of opinion in Malta has improved on all six measures more than in any other country. Those indicators that have seen the most dramatic shifts, and a reversal from a net negative balance of opinion in 2012 to a net positive balance in 2013, are:

39% of respondents expect the cost of energy to improve, and 13% expect it to get worse, compared with 6% and 61% respectively in 2012;

39% expect the economy to improve, 9% expect it to get worse (vs. 9% and 43%);

28% expect the employment situation to improve, and 7% expect it to get worse (vs. 10% and 26%);

32% expect the way public administration is run to improve, and 6% expect it to get worse (vs. 7% and 15%).

On the remaining two indicators, whilst the overall balance of opinion remains pessimistic there has been a significant increase in the proportion of respondents with a more optimistic outlook and reduction in the net negative balance:

22% anticipate the cost of living will get better, 25% that it will get worse (vs. 4% and 62%);

16% think housing will become more affordable, 20% that it will become less affordable (vs. 5% and 47%).

Hungary has the second largest improvements in opinion across all Member States on all six measures, although the overall balance of opinion remains negative. The largest shifts in Hungary concern: the affordability of energy, with 23% expecting the affordability of energy to get better and 35% expecting it to become worse, compared with 5% and 66% respectively in 2012; the affordability of housing, with 18% expecting the cost to improve, and 38% anticipating it will get worse (vs. 5% and 62%); and the economy, with 22% expecting improvement and 36% a deterioration (vs. 12% and 59%).

The shifts in the balance of opinion in Greece are much less marked than those in Malta and Hungary, strongest in relation to energy affordability, with 7% expecting it to become more affordable and 66% anticipating it will become less so (vs. 6% and 77% respectively in 2012), followed by outlook on the economy, with 9% expecting improvement and 68% a worsening (vs. 9% and 79%). The weakest improvement relates to outlook on the employment situation, with 9% expecting it to improve and 73% believing it will worsen (vs. 9% and 80%). As seen on the measures relating to the outlook on personal situation, the shift in opinion on national indicators is from thinking things will get worse to believing they will stay the same, not that they will improve.


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The only other countries showing positive shifts in the balance of opinion across all six measures are Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic.

There are four countries with a particularly marked improvement on certain national measures, where they show the third largest positive shift in opinion, although the overall net balance remains negative:

In Cyprus, 13% of respondents expect the cost of housing to improve, and 48% expect it to get worse, compared with 7% and 58% respectively in 2012; and 9% anticipate improvement in the way public administration runs, 24% expect it to get worse (vs. 5% and 33%).

In the Netherlands, 10% expect the cost of energy to improve, and 37% expect it to get worse (vs. 3% and 54%).

In Denmark, 8% think the cost of living will improve, and 30% that it will get worse (vs. 5% and 45%).

In the UK, 21% expect the economy to improve, 37% expect it to get worse (vs. 16% and 47%).

The most negative shifts are in France where opinion on all six measures has become more negative and has deteriorated more than in any other Member State, followed by Romania. This is a reversal of the trend seen in 2012, where Romania and France showed the most notable positive shifts in opinion on these measures since 2011. Now in France:

16% expect the employment situation to improve, with 55% expecting it to get worse, compared with 29% and 33% respectively in 2012;

13% expect the economy to improve, 55% expect it to get worse (vs. 25% and 35%);

9% think the cost of living will get better, and 62% expect it to get worse (vs. 21% and 43%);

12% expect the affordability of housing to improve, 47% that it will become worse (vs. 25% and 30%);

10% expect the cost of energy will improve, 57% that it will get worse (vs. 20% and 39%);

10% anticipate the way public administration is run will improve, 25% expect it to get worse (vs. 21% and 13%).

Deterioration is much less marked in Romania across all six measures with the most notable shift on the cost of living, 12% of respondents expecting it to improve, and 49% anticipating it will get worse, compared with 22% and 40% respectively in 2012.


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The only other countries where opinion has become more negative on all six measures are: Luxembourg, most notably on cost of living and energy affordability; and Slovenia, particularly in relation to employment, the economy and cost of living.

Other notable shifts in opinion are:

Latvia and Lithuania have (along with Luxembourg) the fourth largest negative shifts in opinion on the cost of living. In Lithuania 12% think it will improve, and 40% that it will get worse, compared with 16% and 28% respectively in 2012. In Latvia 7% think living costs will get better and 51% that they will get worse (vs. 10% an 38%).

Ireland has the second largest negative shift on housing affordability, with 16% expecting it to improve, and 32% that it will get worse (vs. 22% and 26%). Germany has the third largest negative shift, with 4% anticipating improvement, and 51% a worsening (vs. 3% and 39%).

Belgium and Poland have the second largest negative shifts on the economy. In Belgium 19% expect it to improve, 43% expect it to get worse (vs. 23% and 31%). In Poland 7% expect the economy to improve and 41% anticipate a deterioration (vs. 14% and 32%).

Belgium also has the second largest negative shift and Poland the third largest on expectations of employment. In Belgium 16% expect employment to improve and 47% think it will get worse (vs. 18% and 35%). In Poland 7% think it will get better and 43% anticipate it will worsen (vs. 11% and 35%).

The Netherlands has the second largest negative shift in opinion on the way public administration is run, with 4% expecting it to improve, 34% expecting it to get worse (vs. 11% and 26%).

The socio-demographic differences in relation to how respondents expect the national situation to change in the next 12 months generally reflect those found in relation to the respondent’s personal situation, with younger people (aged 15-24) relatively optimistic and older people (those aged 55+, but also, in this case, those aged 40-54) more pessimistic.

There are less pronounced differences in terms of age of leaving education than was the case for personal indicators. Those leaving aged 20 or older have only slightly more positive views in relation to the economy, employment, energy affordability and housing affordability, with those leaving education aged 15 or younger having slightly more negative expectations on these indicators. There are also less pronounced differences in relation to occupational status than was the case for measures relating to personal situation. Students remain more optimistic than other groups. The unemployed, the retired and those who are self-employed tend to be the most pessimistic.

Those who almost never have difficulties paying their household bills are again more positive than those who find it difficult to pay them most of the time.


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The final section of this chapter examines Europeans’ expectations as to what will happen to areas of social protection and inclusion over the next year29.

As in 2012, most Europeans expect no change in the five areas of social protection and inclusion or think things will get worse, with small minorities anticipating improvements. When compared with perceptions of the national situation, Europeans are more likely to expect things to remain the same and less likely to think they will get worse.

Social protection and inclusion(Expectations for the next 12

months)







Healthcare system 12% 11% 32% 33% 53% 53%

Provision of pensions 11% 8% 40% 41% 44% 44%

Unemployment benefits 9% 8% 37% 38% 46% 45%

Relations between people from different cultural backgrounds

13% 12% 25% 28% 57% 56%

The way inequalities and poverty are addressed

13% 11% 31% 32% 52% 53%

Better Worse Same

Just over half of Europeans (53%) think the healthcare system in their country will remain the same in the next 12 months, with a third (33%) thinking it will get worse and 11% that it will get better.

In relation to pension provision, Europeans are divided between thinking it will stay the same (44%) and thinking it will deteriorate (41%), with 8% expecting it to improve. Views on unemployment benefits are broadly similar, with 45% anticipating no change, 38% expecting them to get worse and 8% thinking they will improve.

In terms of relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, most (56%) think there will be no change, around a quarter (28%) expect relations to worsen and 12% think they will get better.

29 Q3 “What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to…..? (ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) ….The healthcare system in (OUR COUNTRY), The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY), Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY), Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY)? Better. Worse, Same, Don’t know” NB Measures relating to personal situation and the national picture are also included in this question


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A small majority (53%) expect the way their country addresses inequality and poverty to remain unchanged, with three in ten (32%) thinking that this will deteriorate and 11% believing it will improve.

On these five measures the most notable differences compared with 2012 are a small increase from 25% to 28% of respondents expecting relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities to worsen; a small decrease, from 11% to 8%, in the proportion expecting pensions provision to improve; and a small drop, from 13% to 11%, in the proportion anticipating that there will be an improvement in the way their country addresses inequality and poverty.

The main differences between EU15 and NMS12 are that respondents in EU15 are more pessimistic than those in NMS12 on all five social protection and inclusion indicators, most notably in relation to:

relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities (30% expecting them to get worse, 12% expecting them to improve, compared with 19% and 12% respectively in NMS12);

pension provision (43% expecting it will get worse, 8% believing it will improve, compared with 33% and 10% respectively in NMS12);

unemployment benefits (39% thinking they will get worse, 7% that they will improve, compared with 33% and 9% respectively in NMS12).

Across the 28 countries, Malta stands out as being the most optimistic in terms of the balance of opinion on these indicators, and is the only Member State in which there is a positive balance of opinion on each of the five measures. After Malta, Estonia and Latvia have the next most positive outlook.

Malta has notably more positive opinions than any other country on four indicators:

39% expect the healthcare system to improve, 5% that it will worsen;

27% expect the way the country addresses inequality and poverty to get better, 6% that it will get worse;

23% expect pension provision to improve, 7% expect it to get worse;

20% expect unemployment benefits to get better, 4% think they will get worse.

On the fifth indicator – relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities – the positive balance of opinion in Malta is broadly similar to that in Estonia:

24% of respondents in Malta expect them to improve and 9% expect them to worsen, compared with 20% and 7% respectively in Estonia.


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The only other indicator where there is a net positive balance of opinion in Estonia, albeit relatively modest, is the way the country addresses inequality and poverty, with 20% anticipating improvement and 18% a worsening. Nevertheless Estonia holds the second most positive outlook of any country on this indicator, pension provision, unemployment benefits and its healthcare system.

Relative to most other countries, respondents in Latvia hold particularly positive expectations on relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities, with 15% expecting them to improve and 7% thinking they will get worse; and on their healthcare system, where 14% expect improvement and 11% a worsening of the system. They also hold the third most positive views in relation to pension provision and the way their country addresses inequality and poverty, although the net balance of opinion on these measures is not positive.

Lithuania has the third most positive outlook of any country on its healthcare system, with 18% expecting it to improve and 13% anticipating it will get worse, and the sixth most positive expectations on relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities, with 16% expecting them to improve and 7% expecting them to get worse.

Sweden has the third most positive outlook of all 28 countries on unemployment benefits and the third most positive outlook on the way the country addresses inequality and poverty.

Most countries have a negative balance of opinion on all or most of the indicators, with the most pessimistic views again being found in Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus and Portugal joined by the Netherlands.

Greece has the most negative outlook on both the national healthcare system, with 60% expecting it will get worse and 7% anticipating it will improve, and on pension provision (70% and 6% respectively). It has the second most negative balance of opinion on each of the other three measures, particularly on unemployment benefits (70% and 6%).

Respondents in Slovenia have the most negative views on the way their country addresses inequality and poverty, with 59% thinking things will get worse and only 4% expecting an improvement; the second most negative opinions in relation to their healthcare system (48% and 4% respectively); and the third most negative expectations of unemployment benefits (63% and 3%). Their views on the other measures are significantly more pessimistic than opinions held in most other countries.

Respondents in Cyprus are the second most pessimistic about relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities, with 42% expecting them to get worse and only 2% anticipating relations will improve. They hold the fourth most negative perceptions of pension provision (62% and 2%) and on the way in which their country addresses inequality and poverty (49% and 5%), and the fourth most negative views on unemployment benefits (59% and 2%). They are less pessimistic than respondents in some other countries about their healthcare system.


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Portugal has the most negative view of unemployment benefits, with just over two thirds (68%) anticipating they will deteriorate and 4% expecting improvement. It has the second most negative opinions on its healthcare system (48% and 5%), and the fourth most negative views on both pension provision (63% and 5%) and the way the country addresses inequality and poverty (48% and 5%). It is less pessimistic than some other countries about relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities.

The Netherlands has a particularly pessimistic view on pension provision, behind only Greece, with 64% expecting the situation to get worse and only 2% anticipating an improvement. Respondents here are also, relative to most other countries, particularly negative about their healthcare system and unemployment benefits.

Moving on to look at shifts in the balance of opinion on these measures between 2012 and 2013, the most notable positive shifts, as was the case in relation to both personal and national indicators, are in Malta, Hungary and Greece. Malta has improved more than any other Member State on four of the five measures30:

23% expect pension provision to get better, and 7% expect it to get worse, compared with 10% and 25% respectively in 2012;

20% expect unemployment benefits to improve, and 4% expect them to get worse (vs. 7% and 17%);

39% expect the healthcare system to improve, and 5% expect it to worsen (vs. 23% and 8%);

27% expect the way the country addresses inequality and poverty to improve, 6% a worsening (vs. 12% and 10%).

Hungary has the second largest improvements in opinion of any Member State on four measures, although the overall balance of opinion remains negative – the healthcare system, pension provision, unemployment benefits and the way the country addresses inequalities and poverty. The largest shift relates to pension provision, with 13% anticipating it will get better and 31% that it will get worse (vs. 6% and 48% respectively in 2012).

Similarly, whilst the overall balance of opinion remains negative in Greece, it shows the greatest improvement of any Member State on relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, with 7% now believing they will get better and 45% expecting them to get worse (vs. 6% and 65% in 2012); and the third largest improvement in relation to healthcare expectations, with 7% thinking the system will improve and 60% expecting it to get worse (vs. 8% and 75%). As seen on both personal and national indicators, this shift in opinion is away from thinking things will get worse towards thinking things will stay the same, not that they will improve.

30 It has the second largest improvement on relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities


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The only other country showing positive shifts in opinion across all five indicators is Spain. This contrasts with the trend seen in 2012 where Spain showed some of the most negative shifts in opinion on these measures since 2011. The largest improvements are on relations between people from different cultural, religious or national backgrounds, where now 11% expect them to improve and 27% think they will worsen (vs. 7% and 36% in 2012), and on the way the country addresses inequalities and poverty, with 9% expecting improvement and 38% a worsening (vs. 6% and 47%). On both these indicators Spain shows the third largest improvements in opinion of any Member State.

Other notable positive shifts in opinion that things will improve are:

In Latvia, in relation to pension provision, unemployment benefits, and, to a somewhat lesser extent, the healthcare system;

In Bulgaria, in the areas of unemployment benefits and pension provision;

In Slovakia in terms of its healthcare system.

The most negative shifts are in France, followed by Romania. Again, this is a reversal of the trends seen in 2012 where France and Romania showed the most notable positive shifts. The balance of opinion in France has deteriorated more than in any other EU Member State on all five measures:

9% expect pension provision to improve, and 50% expect it to get worse (vs. 28% and 23% respectively in 2012);

12% expect the way inequalities and poverty are addressed to get better, and 37% anticipate it will get worse (vs. 33% and 18%);

8% expect unemployment benefits to improve, and 38% expect they will worsen (vs. 19% and 18%);

11% expect relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities to improve, 36% think they will get worse (vs. 20% and 23%);

12% anticipate the healthcare system will get better and 32% that it will get worse (vs. 19% and 22%).

Deterioration in the balance of opinion is less marked in Romania, particularly in relation to expectations about pension provision and the way the country addresses inequalities and poverty.

Estonia is the only other Member State with negative shifts on all five measures, although they are much smaller than those in France and Romania.


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Respondents in Cyprus have become notably more negative on three indicators:

pension provision, with only 2% expecting it to improve and 62% thinking it will deteriorate (vs. 6% and 41% respectively in 2012);

unemployment benefits, with only 2% thinking they will improve and 59% that they will get worse (vs. 5% and 46%); and

the healthcare system, with 8% expecting improvement and 38% expecting it to get worse (vs. 10% and 25%).

Other notable negative shifts in opinion are in:

the UK, with 16% expecting relations between people from different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities to become better, and 39% expecting them to get worse (vs. 14% and 25% respectively in 2012);

Slovenia, with 4% expecting improvement in the way the country addresses inequalities and poverty, and 59% thinking it will get worse (vs. 6% and 51%).

The socio-demographic differences in relation to how respondents expect these measures to change over the next year reflect those found in relation to the national situation, with younger people (aged 15-24) relatively optimistic and those aged 40+ more pessimistic.

Again, there are less pronounced differences in terms of age of leaving education. Those leaving aged 20 or older have only slightly more positive views about relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities, and the way the country addresses inequality and poverty, with those leaving education aged 15 or younger having slightly more negative expectations on all five indicators.

There are also less pronounced differences in relation to occupational status as was the case for measures relating to the national situation. Students remain more optimistic than other groups. There is no consistent pattern in terms of occupations with the most pessimistic views and there is far less variance between groups on all but one indicator – unemployment benefits, where, not surprisingly, the unemployed show a marked stronger tendency to think things will get worse over the next 12 months.

Respondents who almost never have difficulties paying bills are more positive than those who find it difficult to pay them most of the time.


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IV. CHANGES IN THE LAST 5 YEARS

This final chapter examines Europeans’ perceptions of whether the current situation is better or worse, or unchanged, relative to the situation five years ago for each of the 15 measures31. The first part of this chapter explores how Europeans perceive their personal situation compared to five years ago. It then examines Europeans’ perceptions in relation to national issues, before concluding with a review of opinions on areas of social protection and inclusion.

1. PERSONAL SITUATION

Europeans are most likely to think that their personal situation is similar to five years ago in relation to their local area and personal job situation. In terms of general life and household financial situation Europeans are divided between those thinking things have stayed the same and those believing the situation has got worse. Across all four measures, where respondents do perceive things to have changed, they are more likely to say that they have got worse than that they have improved:

Personal situation(Changes in the last 5 years)







General life situation 22% 23% 37% 37% 40% 39%

Residential area 16% 17% 24% 23% 58% 58%

Personal job situation 15% 15% 28% 29% 47% 47%

Household financial situation 15% 16% 40% 41% 43% 42%

Improved Got worseStayed about the

same

The majority of Europeans (58%) think that the area they live in has not changed compared with five years ago, with about one in six (17%) thinking it has got better and one in four (23%) that it has become worse.

Just under half of Europeans (47%) perceive no change in their personal job situation in recent years, while 15% say that their situation has improved in this respect, compared with almost twice as many (29%) reporting that it has got worse. One in eleven (9%) are unable to offer a view on this measure by spontaneously answering ‘don’t know’. Europeans present a more negative view of how the financial situation of their household has changed compared with five years ago. While more than two in five (42%) say that

31 Q4 “Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to….? (ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) Your life in general, The area you live in, Your personal job situation, The financial situation of your household” Improved, Got worse, Stayed about the same, Don’t know


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it has not changed, a similar proportion (41%) perceive it to have deteriorated, whilst only 16% say that it has improved.

In terms of their life in general, just under two in five Europeans (39%) say that things have stayed about the same compared with five years ago, with a broadly similar proportion (37%) saying that they have got worse and just over one in five (23%) that they have improved.

The results are very similar to those in 2012.

The differences between EU15 and NMS12 are:

People in EU15 are more likely than those in NMS12 to think that their personal situation has improved in relation to:

o their life in general (24% thinking it has improved, 36%% that it has got worse, compared with 17% and 42% respectively in NMS12);

o their job situation (17% thinking it has improved, 28% believing it has got worse, compared with 11% and 31% respectively in NMS12);

o and their household finances (17% thinking they have improved, 39% that they have got worse, compared with 13% and 47% respectively in NMS12).

Those in NMS12 are more positive in relation to:

o their local area (23% seeing improvement, 20% a worsening), compared with 16% and 24% of those in EU15).

Nationally, respondents in Sweden and Luxembourg have the most positive perceptions across all 28 countries of how their personal situation has changed compared with five years ago. Respondents in Finland and Denmark are also relatively positive in their assessment of how their lives have changed.

Respondents in Sweden have the most positive views of any of the 28 countries on three of the four measures. It is the only country where a majority of respondents (59%) think their life in general has improved, with one in seven (14%) feeling it has got worse. Sweden is also most positive in relation to job situation, with 43% saying it has improved and one in eight (13%) reporting it to have got worse; and household finances, which nearly half (46%) say have improved and 17% say have got worse.

After Sweden, the most positive views are in Luxembourg, where 47% say that their life in general has improved and 18% that it has got worse; 28% say their job situation has improved, with 11% saying it has got worse; 32% think that their household finances have improved, with 14% saying they have got worse; and 34% say that the area in which they live has improved and 9% that it has got worse, the most positive finding for any of the 28 countries.


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Respondents in Finland hold the third most positive views about both life in general and their job situation being better than five years ago, and the fourth most positive opinions on the local area having improved. Respondents in Denmark hold the fourth most positive perceptions that life in general and household finances have improved.

Respondents in Latvia hold the second most positive perceptions, and those in Estonia the third most positive, of improvements in the last five years in their local area. Respondents in Austria hold the third most positive views on improvements in their job situation.

In contrast, perceptions of change are much more negative in Greece than in any other Member State. After Greece, Spain has the least positive views, with those in Portugal, Cyprus and Croatia also having relatively negative perceptions.

In Greece the perception that household finances have worsened is almost universal, with around nine in ten (89%) reporting this to be the case. A large majority also believe their life in general is worse (82%). It is the only country where a majority think that their local area has worsened (64%). Nearly three in five report a worsening of their job situation (58%).

In Spain, the majority think their life in general, household finances and job situation are worse (61%, 65% and 53% respectively) and just under half believe the local area has worsened (46%).

In Portugal, fewer than seven in ten think their life in general and household finances are worse (68% and 69% respectively), nearly half believe their personal job situation is worse (46%) and three in ten say the local area has deteriorated (31%).

In Cyprus, the majority think their life in general, household finances and job situation are worse (60%, 74% and 51% respectively) and three in ten believe the local area has worsened (30%).

In Croatia, around three in five believe that their life in general and household finances are worse (57% and 61% respectively), half think their job situation has deteriorated (51%) and a slightly smaller proportion say the local area is worse (46%).

Among the other countries, a majority in Slovenia (60%), Bulgaria (57%), Hungary (55%), Italy (53%) and Romania (51%) say their household financial situation has worsened and a majority in Slovenia (54%), Bulgaria and Romania (both 51%) think their life in general has deteriorated.

In terms of shifts in perceptions between 2012 and 2013, the most positive are observed in Lithuania and Latvia, followed by Hungary and Malta.

Lithuania has seen the most positive shift of any Member State on job situation, notably greater than anywhere else, with 17% thinking things have improved and 25% saying they have got worse, compared with 9% and 40% respectively in 2012. It also shows the second strongest improvement in relation to opinions about life in general, where 28% of respondents perceive things to have improved and 35% think they have got worse (vs.


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19% and 46%) and one of the biggest shifts on household finances, where 20% think the situation has got better and 38% that it has got worse (vs. 14% and 48%).

Latvia shows a similar level of improvement to Lithuania on household finances, with 22% thinking they have improved and 36% that they have deteriorated (vs. 17% and 47%). It shows greater improvement in relation to the local area, where 34% perceive it has got better and 10% that it has got worse (vs. 26% and 20%). It is just behind Lithuania in terms of a positive shift relating to life in general, with 31% thinking it has improved and 36% that it has worsened (vs. 24% and 45%). The shift towards more positive opinions on job situation is bigger than in most other countries but is much less marked than in Lithuania, with 20% seeing improvement and 25% a deterioration (vs. 16% and 32%).

Malta shows the most positive shifts of any Member State on two measures: household finances, where 17% think the situation has got better and 25% that it has got worse (vs. 10% and 40%); and life in general, with 36% seeing improvement and 22% a worsening (vs. 30% and 38%). It has the second most positive shift of any Member State in relation to job situation, where 22% perceive things to have improved and 15% think they have got worse (vs. 15% and 23%).

The most notable improvements in Hungary are on household finances, where 11% perceive improvement and 55% a worsening (vs. 4% and 67%); life in general, where 11% see improvement and 47% a deterioration (vs. 7% and 58%); and job situation, with 9% thinking this has got better and 41% that it has got worse (vs. 5% and 49%).

Whilst Portugal shows the greatest overall shift in the balance of opinion on the local area – with 11% seeing improvement and 31% a deterioration (vs. 10% and 50% in 2012) – the shift in opinion is from thinking things have got worse to believing they have stayed the same rather than thinking the local area has got better.

The most negative shifts overall are seen in Cyprus and Spain and Ireland.

In Cyprus perceptions have deteriorated more than in any other EU Member State in relation to household finances and the respondent’s personal job situation. It has the second greatest negative shift of opinion in relation to life in general. The actual shifts on each measure are:

5% of respondents say their job situation has improved and 51% think it has got worse (vs. 6% and 40%);

4% say their household’s financial situation has become better, while 74% say it has got worse (vs. 6% and 65%);

13% say their life has improved and 60% that it has got worse (vs. 17% and 52%).


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The shift in opinion in Spain is on a similar scale in relation to life in general, but less marked in the areas of job situation and household finances:

9% report that their life has improved, and 61% think it has got worse, (vs. 13% and 54%);

5% think their job situation has improved and 53% think it has got worse, (vs. 7% and 48%);

4% feel the financial situation of their household has improved, while 65% think it has deteriorated (vs. 5% and 59%).

In Ireland perceptions have deteriorated more than in any other EU Member State in relation to life in general and the local area:

23% report that their life has improved, and 47% think it has got worse, (vs. 25% and 34%);

20% think their local area has improved, 23% that it has worsened (vs. 17% and 13%).

There are some notable socio-demographic differences in relation to how respondents perceive their current situation compared with five years ago.

As was found in Chapter II, there is a strong relationship between how difficult people are finding it to pay their household bills and their perceptions of their personal situation: those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time are much more likely to think their personal situation has got worse than those who almost never struggle to do so.

In terms of occupation, unsurprisingly, the unemployed have exceptionally negative perceptions of how their personal situation has changed, particularly in relation to job situation, household finances and life in general. Managers have the most positive perceptions and students hold particularly positive views about changes in the local area and life in general.

Younger people, in particular those aged 15-24, are relatively positive, particularly about their life in general, and older people (aged 40+) tend to be more negative, particularly about life in general and household finances. In terms of age of leaving education, those leaving aged 20 or older have the most positive views, those leaving education aged 15 or younger the most negative perceptions.


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2. COUNTRY

This section covers Europeans’ perceptions of six areas: the cost of living, energy and housing affordability, the national economy and employment situation, and the way public administration is handled32.

Europeans widely perceive the national situation to have deteriorated compared with five years ago across five of the six indicators. Opinions on the way in which public administration is run are more evenly divided between those who think it has got worse and those who think it has not changed:

Country situation(Changes in the last 5 years)







Economic situation 10% 10% 70% 71% 18% 17%

Employment situation 9% 8% 70% 71% 18% 18%

Cost of living 2% 3% 82% 81% 14% 15%

Affordability of energy 4% 5% 73% 69% 20% 23%

Affordability of housing 5% 6% 67% 66% 24% 24%

The way public administration is run 5% 5% 41% 43% 49% 47%


same

Most respondents think the situation is worse than it was five years ago in terms of the cost of living (81%), the national economy and employment situation (both 71%), the affordability of energy (69%) and housing (66%). A large minority (43%) think the way public administration is handled has got worse, while only 5% think it has improved.

The results are broadly similar to those in 2012. There has been a small drop in the proportion of Europeans thinking energy affordability has become less affordable from 73% to 69% and corresponding increases in the proportions thinking energy affordability remains the same as it did five years ago (from 20% to 23%) and those believing it is now more affordable (from 4% to 5%). Europeans are slightly more negative about the way public administration operates with a very small increase in the proportion believing things have worsened from 41% to 43%.

32 Q4 “Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…….? (ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) The cost of living, How affordable energy is in (COUNTRY), How affordable housing is in (COUNTRY), The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY), The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY), The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY) Improved, Got worse, Stayed about the same, Don’t know” NB The statements relating to personal situation and social protection and inclusion are also asked in this question


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The most notable differences between EU15 and NMS12 are:

People in EU15 are more likely than those in NMS12 to think that the national situation has worsened in relation to:

o housing affordability (69% thinking it has worsened, 5% that it has improved, compared with 50% and 10% respectively in NMS12);

o energy affordability (73% thinking it has worsened, 4% believing it has improved, compared with 57% and 7% respectively in NMS12);

o the way public administration is run (44% thinking it has got worse, 5% that it has improved, compared with 36% and 9% respectively in NMS12).

They are more positive than NMS12 in relation to:

o the economy (11% seeing improvement, 71% a worsening, compared with 5% and 70% respectively in NMS12);

o the employment situation (10% seeing improvement, 72% a worsening, compared with 4% and 70% respectively in NMS12).

Nationally, the countries that stand out as having the most negative views on how the situation has changed are Greece, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain and Slovenia. More than nine in ten perceive the national situation to have deteriorated in relation to:

the economy and employment (both 98%), and cost of living and affordability of energy (both 95%) in Greece;

the economy (99%), employment (98%), affordability of energy (95%) and cost of living (91%) in Cyprus;

the economy (94%), employment (95%), and cost of living (93%) in Portugal;

the economy (96%), employment (95%) and cost of living (91%) in Spain;

the economy and employment situation (both 93%) and cost of living (94%) in Slovenia.

In terms of Member States that have relatively positive views on these measures, perhaps the most striking finding concerns the difference between perceptions of the national economy and employment situation in Germany and those in all other EU Member States and in Croatia. Respondents in Germany have much more positive perceptions than any other country of their economy relative to five years ago, and by far the most positive perceptions in terms of the employment situation. This is consistent with the finding in Chapter II that Germany has seen a particularly strong improvement between 2009 and 2013 in perceptions of its economy and employment situation.


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In terms of its economy, 37% of respondents in Germany perceive things to have improved, while 24% think they have got worse. Sweden and Estonia have the second most positive perceptions, but with a negative balance of opinion with 27% seeing it as having improved and 40% thinking it has got worse in Sweden, and 27% and 50% respectively in Estonia.

In terms of the employment situation, 37% of respondents in Germany think things have got better and 26% think they have got worse. This compares with Malta, which has the next most positive balance of opinion on employment, with 20% perceiving the situation to have improved and 23% seeing it as having got worse. Estonia’s relatively positive view of its economy is not quite matched in terms of its views of the employment situation (18% improved and 48% worsened) although it holds the third most positive views of any country. Sweden’s relatively positive outlook on its economy is not matched in terms of its views of the employment situation (8% improved and 69% worsened), although this is still a more positive judgement than in most other countries.

Other notable findings are that:

Sweden has by far the least negative perceptions in relation to the cost of living, although still only one in eight respondents (13%) think it has improved, compared with 42% who think it has worsened. Estonia and France have notably poor perceptions of the cost of living, with around nine in ten respondents thinking it has deteriorated (88% and 90% respectively).

Estonia is the only country where there is a positive balance of opinion concerning the affordability of energy, with 23% perceiving it to have become more affordable and 17% thinking it has become less so. Greece and Cyprus hold particularly negative views, with at least nine in ten thinking energy is less affordable now (both 95%).

Estonia (18% improved, 25% worsened) and Latvia (16% and 24%) have considerably less negative views about housing costs than any other country. Spain has a particularly poor perception, with 87% believing costs have worsened.

Malta (17% improved, 14% worsened), Estonia (16% and 13%) and Luxembourg (12% and 9%) are the only countries where there is a positive balance of opinion on the way public administration is handled. Italy has a notably negative view on this measure, with around seven in ten (69%) thinking the way it is handled has deteriorated.

The Netherlands has particularly poor perceptions of both the economy and employment situation now compared with five years ago, with more than nine in ten believing they have worsened (94% and 92% respectively).

The shifts in perceptions of how the national situation has changed compared with five years ago do not follow as clear a pattern as on other measures, particularly in relation to negative shifts.


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In part, this is because Member States that already had extremely negative readings in 2012 cannot fall much further on certain measures. Hence, for example, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia and Spain, while their perceptions have generally deteriorated since 2012, do not feature among those showing the largest drops.

The main patterns that emerge in terms of positive shifts are that Malta and Hungary (reflecting some of the earlier findings) stand out as showing the most notable improvement, followed by Latvia and, to a lesser extent, Denmark.

Malta shows the most positive shifts of any Member State on three measures: the economy, where 19% think it has got better and 33% that it has got worse, compared with 11% and 64% respectively in 2012; the employment situation, with 20% seeing an improvement and 23% a worsening (vs. 13% and 47%); and the cost of living, where 5% perceive things to have improved and 66% think they have got worse (vs. 2% and 88%). Malta also shows the second greatest improvement in opinion on the running of public administration, only just behind Hungary, and much stronger than positive shifts in any other Member State; and the third greatest improvement in relation to views about energy affordability.

Hungary shows the most positive shifts of any Member State on the other three measures: energy affordability, where 16% think it is more affordable than five years ago and 60% think it is less so (vs. 2% and 85% respectively in 2012); housing affordability, where 11% see improvement and 63% a worsening (vs. 0% and 80%); and the running of public administration, with 15% thinking it has improved and 32% that it has worsened (vs. 8% and 50%). It has the second most positive shifts in relation to the economy and cost of living, and the third greatest shifts in relation to the employment situation.

In Latvia, the largest positive shifts are in relation to the employment situation, where 13% perceive improvement and 53% a worsening (vs. 5% and 71%). It also shows a marked improvement in perceptions of the economy, with 16% thinking it has got better and 59% that it has worsened (vs. 7% and 72%). There are positive shifts across the other four measures although these are relatively small.

Denmark has the third largest positive shift in relation to both the cost of living, where 7% think it has improved and 59% say it has got worse (vs. 4% and 67%), and its economy with 13% seeing improvement and 66% a deterioration (vs. 4% and 80%).

Other notable positive shifts are:

In Lithuania in terms of the economy, where 12% see improvement, 59% a worsening (vs. 6% and 71%);

In Bulgaria, Sweden and Poland in terms of the affordability of energy;

In Poland and, to a lesser extent in Bulgaria, in relation to housing affordability;

In Romania on the way the public administration is run;;

In Estonia and Lithuania on the employment situation.


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Austria has seen the greatest overall worsening of opinion, followed by Finland, France and the Netherlands, although there are not declines in perceptions across all six indicators.

Austria has seen the largest overall decline in perceptions of energy affordability: 4% think it is now more affordable and 67% less so (vs. 6% and 58%), and the second largest worsening of opinion in relation to the cost of living and housing affordability. Perceptions have worsened on all but one other measure – there has been a small improvement in opinion on the way public administration is run.

Finland shows the largest negative shift of any Member State on the employment situation, with 6% seeing an improvement and 72% a worsening (vs. 8% and 56%) and the second largest negative shift in relation to opinion on the economy, where 8% think it has got better and 68% that it has got worse (vs. 8% and 54%). Perceptions have worsened, albeit much less so, on all other indicators apart from energy affordability where there is a very small improvement.

In France, the largest negative shifts are in relation to employment, the economy and the way that public administration is run. It shows very small improvements in perceptions of both energy and housing affordability.

The Netherlands has seen the largest decline of any Member State in perceptions of the way public administration is run, with 5% thinking it has improved and 49% that it has got worse (vs. 5% and 39%). It shows a similar level of decline in relation to both the employment situation and the economy. Perceptions of energy and housing affordability show small improvements.

Other notable negative shifts are:

In Lithuania, in relation to the cost of living, showing the largest decline of any Member State, with 4% seeing improvement and 74% thinking it has got worse (vs. 6% and 65%);

In Romania and Luxembourg on energy affordability, behind only Austria;

In Germany in relation to housing affordability, showing the largest decline of any Member State, with 6% seeing improvement, 62% a worsening (vs. 4% and 49%);

In Bulgaria and Spain in relation to the way public administration is run, behind only the Netherlands;

In Poland on the economy, showing the largest decline of any Member State and significantly more marked than elsewhere, with 6% perceiving it to be better and 60% that it is worse (vs. 15% and 49%);

In Belgium and Sweden on the employment situation, behind only Finland.


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Socio-demographic differences on these measures are less marked than in relation to respondents’ personal situation. Those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time have somewhat more negative views than those who almost never struggle to do so, most notably in relation to the economy and employment situation, but the differences are much less pronounced than in relation to their personal situation. In terms of occupation, there are no consistent patterns - the unemployed have somewhat more negative perceptions in relation to most indicators, with the retired having the most negative views on energy affordability. Students have somewhat more positive opinions, although they are joined by other occupational groups on certain indicators: managers in relation to the employment situation and the economy; managers and the self-employed in relation to housing affordability; and other white collar workers in relation to energy affordability.

Those aged 15-24 are more positive than other age groups and those who left education aged 20 or older have more positive views than those leaving at an earlier age, though not markedly so.


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The final section of this chapter focuses on Europeans’ views on the situation now compared with five years ago in relation to social protection and inclusion: the healthcare system, state provisions in terms of pensions and unemployment benefits; relations in the country between people from different cultural, religious or national backgrounds; and the way inequalities and poverty are addressed33.

As was the case in 2012, the large majority of Europeans perceive the five areas of social protection and inclusion to have got worse or remained the same compared with five years ago, with few respondents perceiving them to have improved.

Social protection and inclusion(Changes in the last 5 years)







Healthcare system 8% 8% 50% 49% 40% 40%

Provision of pensions 4% 4% 58% 56% 32% 32%

Unemployment benefits 6% 5% 49% 50% 33% 32%

Relations between people from different cultural backgrounds

11% 10% 37% 40% 47% 46%

The way inequalities and poverty are addressed

7% 7% 46% 47% 43% 41%


same

Around half of Europeans (49%) think that the healthcare system in their country has got worse in the last five years. Four in ten (40%) think it has stayed the same and less than one in ten (8%) think it has improved.

Perceptions concerning unemployment benefits are similar, with half of respondents (50%) thinking they have got worse, a third (32%) that they have remained the same and only 5% that they have got better. Around one in eight respondents (13%) are unable to offer a view on this question, and instead spontaneously answer ‘don’t know’.

In relation to pension provision, the balance of opinion is more negative, with more than half of Europeans (56%) believing that provision has deteriorated, a third (32%) that it has stayed the same and only 4% that it has got better.

33 Q4 “Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…….? (ONE ANSWER PER LINE) (READ OUT) The healthcare system in (OUR COUNTRY), The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY), Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY), Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY) Improved, Got worse, Stayed about the same, Don’t know” NB The statements relating to personal and national situation are also asked in this question


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In terms of relations between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities, the most common view (46%) is that there has been no change, but the overall balance of opinion is negative, with four in ten (40%) thinking things have got worse, compared with 10% who think that relations have improved.

In relation to the way that inequality and poverty are addressed, almost half (47%) of Europeans think things have got worse, a slightly smaller proportion (41%) believe they have remained unchanged, with only 7% thinking they have got better.

The overall picture of Europeans’ perceptions on these measures remains broadly similar to that presented in 2012. There has been a small increase in the proportion of Europeans thinking that relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities have worsened compared with five years ago, from 37% in 2012 to 40% in 2013. There has been a small decrease in the proportion thinking that pension provision has worsened, from 58% to 56%.

People in EU15 are more likely than those in NMS12 to think that the situation has worsened in relation to:

relations between people from different cultural, religious or national backgrounds (43% thinking they have worsened, 10% that they have improved, compared with 28% and 9% respectively in NMS12);

pension provision (58% thinking it has worsened, 4% that it has improved, compared with 51% and 5% respectively in NMS12);

the way the country addresses inequality and poverty (48% thinking it has worsened, 8% believing it has improved, compared with 43% and 6% respectively in NMS12).

Across the EU, Malta stands out as having the most positive perceptions of change on these indicators, with Luxembourg, Finland and Estonia also tending to have less negative perceptions than other countries.

Malta has the most positive balance of opinion on four measures, and is joined by Estonia on the fifth – cultural relations. Malta has a particularly positive view on its healthcare system, with nearly half of respondents (47%) thinking the system has improved, compared with only 9% who say it has got worse. This is a considerably more positive result than for any other country, with Belgium, where 18% see improvement and 15% deterioration, the next most positive, followed by Luxembourg (15% and 13% respectively). This result for Malta chimes with the earlier finding (see Chapter III) that Malta has a particularly optimistic view relative to all other countries of how its healthcare system will change in the next 12 months.

Luxembourg holds the third most positive perceptions of any country about the situation relative to five years ago in relation to pension provision and the way inequalities and poverty are addressed and the fourth most positive perceptions of improved relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds and nationalities (along with Lithuania).


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Finland has the second most positive views on improvements in the areas of unemployment benefits, and the fourth most positive perceptions of improved relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds and nationalities, the way the country addresses inequalities and poverty and pension provision. It is somewhat less optimistic than some other countries about improvements in its healthcare system.

As already noted, Estonia, along with Malta, has the most positive perceptions of improvements in relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds and nationalities. It holds the second most positive views on the situation relative to five years ago in the areas of healthcare and for national unemployment benefits third for pension provision.

By far the most strongly negative views are again found in Greece, followed by Spain, Slovenia, Portugal, Italy and Cyprus.

Greece has the most negative perceptions on all five measures. Almost all respondents think that pension provision (97%), unemployment benefits (94%) and the healthcare system (91%) are worse than five years ago; nearly nine in ten (86%) that the way that the country addresses inequality and poverty has deteriorated; and seven in ten (72%) that relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities have got worse.

Spain has particularly negative views in relation to unemployment benefits (1% thinking they have improved, 85% that they have got worse), pension provision (1% and 79% respectively) and its healthcare system (3% and 76%).

Portugal has particularly negative views in relation to pension provision (1% thinking it has improved, 83% that it has got worse) and unemployment benefits (1% and 82% respectively) and, to a somewhat lesser extent, its healthcare system (5% and 65%). Similar views on pension provision are held in the Netherlands, where eight in ten (80%) perceive it to be worse than five years ago and only 2% to feel that it has improved. This is a notably more negative view than for the other four measures in the Netherlands. Similar views on the national healthcare system are held in Ireland, where two thirds (65%) believe the system is worse now compared with five years ago and 7% think it has improved. Again, this is a notably more negative view than for the other four measures in Ireland.

Slovenia has the most negative perceptions after Greece on the way in which the country handles inequalities and poverty (4% thinking it has improved, 69% that it has got worse), with a similar balance of opinion in both Spain (4% and 68% respectively) and Cyprus (4% and 66%). Slovenia also has particularly negative views on relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities (3% thinking they have improved, 51% that they have worsened), with a similar balance of opinion in both Cyprus (5% and 53% respectively) and France (4% and 55%).


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The most notable positive shifts between 2013 and 2012 on these measures are in Hungary, followed by Latvia and Malta. The balance of opinion in Hungary has improved markedly on all five indicators, and more than in any other Member State on three:

11% think that pension provision is better, and 44% think it is worse, compared with 2% and 65% respectively in 2012;

11% believe relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities have improved, 34% that they have got worse (vs. 7% and 43%);

9% think that the way the country addresses inequality and poverty has improved, 52% that it has got worse (vs. 2% and 65%);

Latvia shows the most positive improvement of any Member State on two indicators: 11% perceive the healthcare system has got better, 35% that it is now worse (vs. 9% and 50%); and 6% believe unemployment benefits have improved, 32% that they have got worse (vs. 4% and 51%). Perceptions have also improved on the other three indicators, most notably in relation to pension provision, with 5% of respondents seeing improvement and 40% a worsening (vs. 3% and 55%).

Malta has the second largest improvement of any Member State on two measures: pension provision, where 27% think things are better and 12% that they are worse (vs. 16% and 27%); and unemployment benefits, where 21% see improvement and 8% say they have worsened (vs. 14% and 20%). There has been improvement in perceptions on the other three indicators, but the scale of change is much smaller.

Other notable positive shifts in opinion are:

In Lithuania, Slovakia, Romania, Germany and the Czech Republic in relation to the healthcare system;

In the UK, Lithuania and Romania in opinions on pension provision;

In Romania on unemployment benefits;

In Portugal and Greece concerning relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities;

In Portugal and Greece in relation to the way the country addresses inequality and poverty.

The most negative shifts are in the Netherlands, Cyprus, France, Denmark and the UK.

The Netherlands is the only Member State where the balance of opinion has deteriorated across all five indicators, although shifts are less marked than in other Member States. The greatest decline is in relation to unemployment benefits, where 3% perceive there has been an improvement and 60% a worsening, compared with 3% and 47% respectively in 2012.


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In Cyprus, the balance of opinion has deteriorated more than in any other EU Member State in relation to pension provision, unemployment benefits and the healthcare system:

7% think pension provision has improved, and 72% think it has got worse, compared with 16% and 45% respectively in 2012;

3% believe unemployment benefits have improved, 66% that they have deteriorated (vs. 7% and 50%);

11% think the healthcare system has improved, 46% that it has deteriorated (vs. 20% and 37%).

Pensions and unemployment benefits are the two social protection and inclusion indicators that respondents in Cyprus feel will worsen the most over the next 12 months (see Chapter III).

In France the largest worsening of opinion is on pension provision, where 2% perceive improvement and 67% a deterioration (vs. 5% and 56%), followed by unemployment benefits, where 4% believe things have got better and 45% that they have got worse (vs. 5% and 35%).

Denmark shows the second largest negative shifts in opinion on two indicators: the way the country addresses inequality and poverty, with 13% perceiving improvement and 33% a worsening (vs. 13% and 24%); and relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities, with 18% believing they have improved and 36% thinking they have worsened (vs. 22% and 24%).

In the UK, the balance of opinion has deteriorated more than in any other Member State on two indicators:

13% think relations between people with different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities have improved, 46% that they have worsened (vs. 15% and 31%);

8% believe the way the country addresses inequality and poverty has got better, 41% that it has got worse (vs. 12% and 33%).

As noted earlier, there has been a marked improvement in perceptions of pension provision in the UK.

Other notable negative shifts in opinion are:

In Spain and Sweden on the healthcare system, behind only Cyprus;

In Spain and Ireland on unemployment benefits.


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Socio-demographic differences on these measures are similar to those noted in relation to the national situation. Those who struggle to pay their bills most of the time have somewhat more negative views than those who almost never struggle to do so. In terms of occupation, students have the least negative perceptions, whilst the unemployed have somewhat more negative perceptions than other groups. Those aged 15-24 are more positive than other age groups and those who left education aged 20 or older have slightly more positive views than those leaving at an earlier age.


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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

The Social Climate survey, conducted for DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion for the fifth time, provides an overview of the social climate in the European Union. It measures the nature of the current situation regarding key social concerns of EU citizens, their expectations for the coming twelve months and their evaluations of how things have changed compared with five years ago. The survey explores three broad components of the social climate: Europeans’ perceptions on different aspects of their personal lives, their opinions of the general situation in their country, and their view of the state of social protection and inclusion. The survey enables analysis of how the public mood varies between the 27 Member States within the EU34 and between different socio-demographic groups across the EU, and monitors how public opinion and perceptions change over time.

The first in this series of surveys was conducted in June 2009, eight months after the financial and economic crisis within Europe began, and the survey has been undertaken each June since then, enabling the passage of EU citizens through the turbulent period that has followed the autumn 2008 crisis to be charted on an annual basis. The latest wave of the survey, in June 2013, was conducted against a backdrop of progress with policy reforms and economic adjustments, headway in the reduction of fiscal deficits, improvements in bank funding and the removal of the risk of a break-up of the Eurozone with the European Central Bank’s promise last year to do what it takes to defend the common currency. There has been negative GDP growth across the last four consecutive quarters (from Q2 2012) in the Euro Area (EA17) and across three of the last four in the EU27, although the most recent GDP figures show signs that the economy may have ‘bottomed out’ and begun to stabilise. However, unemployment has continued to rise and some Member States face a youth unemployment crisis.

Against this mixed background, the overall 2013 EU social climate, which summarises Europeans’ views across the three areas of personal circumstance, the national picture and social protection and inclusion, has declined, albeit marginally, from -0.8 in 2012 to -0.9 in 2012. The index is now at a low point in the five year series, with indices of -0.7 recorded in 2009 and 2010 and -0.6 in 2011. Nonetheless, the index, based on a scale from +10 to -10, still presents Europeans as a whole are divided in their evaluation of the current situation.

However, the overall picture masks very substantial differences between the evaluations of citizens in the different Member States, and also between the perceptions of respondents in different socio-demographic groupings.

At a national level the social climate index ranges from a high of 2.8 (in Denmark) to a low of -5.4 (in Greece), with the most positive perceptions being found in the Benelux and Nordic countries, along with Austria, Germany, Malta and the UK, and the least positive among southern and eastern Member States. This pattern is consistent with the earlier surveys in the series, but the 2013 survey shows the gap between the higher and

34 With Croatia included for the first time in the 2013 survey


90

lower ranked Member States narrowing after a widening in 2012. Thus, among the ten Member States with a positive social climate index in 201335, only two show an improvement in their index since 2012 and eight show a deterioration, compared with eight showing improvement and only one a deterioration since 2009. In contrast, among the eleven with the lowest index in 201336, the social climate index has improved in four and declined in seven since 2012, compared with improvements in two and declines in nine since 2009.

It is notable that the single largest decline in the social climate index, relative to 2012, is in a country with a top ten ranking - the Netherlands (down 0.9 points) - and only Slovenia and Spain (both down 0.6) and Cyprus (down 0.5) show larger declines than Austria and Belgium (down 0.4), reflecting the fact that the challenging economic climate is not just being experienced in some southern European Member States. The single largest improvement in the social climate index since 2012 is in Hungary (up 1.4 points) followed by Malta (up 0.9).

Among the lower ranking Member States in terms of overall social climate indices in 2013, the four showing improvements over their 2012 index are Hungary, Poland (up 0.6 points), Greece (up 0.4) and Italy (up 0.2) and Greece. Lithuania has also seen a strong improvement (up 0.8).

In terms of socio-demographics there are also wide disparities between groupings, most notably in relation to how difficult respondents say they are finding it to pay their household bills. Thus, those who say that they almost never find it difficult to pay their bills have a positive index in 2013 of 0.3, compared with an index of -4.2 for those who almost always have difficulty paying household bills. Here the gap is widening slightly, with the index worsening since 2012 for those who always struggle (by 0.4 points), and among those who almost never struggle (by 0.2 points).

Similarly, in terms of employment status, there are marked differences between the perceptions of the unemployed, who have an overall social climate index of -3.1 in 2013, similar to the level in 2012, and those in managerial jobs, who have the highest index (0.8), down from 1.1 in 2012, and who are one of only two occupational groups with a positive score in 201337.

As in the four previous surveys, Europeans assess their personal situation positively on balance, especially in relation to the area in which they live and their life in general, but less so in terms of their job situation and the financial situation of their household. This contrasts with their assessment of most of the national and social protection indicators, where the balance of opinion is generally negative. There are two exceptions to this rule – there is a positive balance of opinion on both healthcare provision and relations between people from different cultural and religious backgrounds or nationalities. Europeans are particularly critical in their assessment of the harder economic indicators – 35 Denmark (2.8), Luxembourg (2.6), Sweden (2.3), Austria (2.1), the Netherlands and Germany (both 1.9), Finland (1.5), Belgium (1.1), Malta (1) and the UK (0.4) 36 Greece (-5.4), Romania (-4), Portugal and Cyprus (both -3.4), Bulgaria (-3.3), Italy (-2.9), Spain (-2.7), Hungary (-2.4), Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia (all -2). Croatia, included for the first time in the 2013 survey has an index of -3.5. 37 Students have a positive index of 0.2


91

especially the employment situation, as well as their national economy, the cost of living, the affordability of housing, and, to a slightly lesser extent the affordability of energy. They are also relatively critical about the way in which inequalities and poverty are addressed in their country.

While the finding that Europeans assess their personal situation more positively than the national situation holds true across all socio-demographic groups, it again masks differences between those who are struggling in their personal situation and those who are in a stronger position. For example, the unemployed score their own job situation and the national employment situation much more similarly than managers do; and those who almost always struggle to pay bills score their household financial situation and the national economy more similarly than those who almost never struggle to pay bills. Thus, the extent to which people assess their own situation as being worse than the national situation depends strongly on how their own circumstances are affected by what is happening in their country.

Europeans’ assessment of their personal situation has improved relative to 2012 on all four of the measures. This upward trend is a reversal of a downward trend seen in 2012 relative to 2011, suggesting that the sense of emerging optimism contained in the 2011 study may be returning after being quashed following a particularly challenging economic and political climate in the period between the 2011 and 2012 surveys. All four indices still remain slightly below their 2009 levels.

It is a slight worsening, relative to 2012, of Europeans’ assessment of the national situation and areas related to social protection and inclusion that is driving the overall slight decline in the social climate index. Opinion has worsened on all but two national indicators – housing and energy affordability – with the most marked deterioration in relation to the economy. Europeans’ perceptions of areas related to social protection and inclusion have worsened since 2012 on all but one – the healthcare system where opinions remain unchanged. Again, most of the indices have not declined by much, with the greatest worsening of opinion on the way poverty and inequalities are addressed.

These findings may suggest that Europeans have now become accustomed to the effects on their personal lives of the difficult macroeconomic situation over the past few years.

Looking to the future, the majority of Europeans do not expect their personal circumstances to change in the next twelve months. Among those expecting their personal situation to change, they are a little more likely to think things will improve than that they will get worse, except in relation to household finances, where the reverse is true.

However, Europeans are much more pessimistic in their predictions of what will happen in their country in the next twelve months. The majority think that the cost of living will increase, around half that energy will become less affordable. Opinion on the economy, the employment situation and housing affordability is more evenly divided between those who think the situation will worsen and those who think it will remain the same. On all but one social protection and inclusion indicator, Europeans are most likely to think things will not change. In the area of pension provision, opinion is divided between those


92

thinking things will get worse and those thinking pension provision will remain unchanged.

The results on what Europeans expect to happen across the 15 indicators in the next 12 months reveal some interesting findings at Member State level, with some consistent optimism about the future in Malta, Estonia and Latvia and a more positive outlook in Malta and Hungary relative to 2012. Denmark is also one of the most optimistic Member States on personal and national situations. There may be a ‘bottoming out’ of dissatisfaction in Greece, where people are now somewhat less likely to expect things to worsen and more likely to think things will remain the same – perhaps because they feel they cannot get any worse. These findings reflect improvements in the social climate index in Malta, Hungary, Latvia and Greece, although Greece still has the lowest score of any Member State. Expectations of the short-term future have worsened most notably in France and Romania, a reversal of the trends seen in 2012 where both countries showed some of the most notable positive shifts.

Overall, there has not been a lot of change since 2012. There are some signs that the gap between the most positive and most negative countries is narrowing, reflecting that the impact of the economy is being felt across all of Europe, and is not just concentrated in Member States with weaker economies. Whilst there is still a sense that there is worse to come, there are signs of optimism in some countries and signs of ‘stability’ in others. There is no strong sense anywhere that things have turned a corner – the prevailing mood is still one of realism and concern about what the immediate future holds.

ANNEXES

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS


TS1

EUROBAROMETER SP408 Social Climate

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Between the 24 May and 9 June 2013, TNS opinion & social, a consortium created between TNS plc and TNS opinion, carried out the wave 79.4 of the EUROBAROMETER survey, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Communication, “Research and Speechwriting”. The EUROBAROMETER survey wave 79.4 covers the population of the respective nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The EUROBAROMETER survey wave 79.4 has also been conducted in Croatia where the survey covers the national population of citizens and the population of citizens of all the European Union Member States that are residents in this country and have a sufficient command of the national languages to answer the questionnaire. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density.

In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available. For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion & Social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed below.


TS2

Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits:

various sample sizes are in rows various observed results are in columns

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%

N=50 6,0 8,3 9,9 11,1 12,0 12,7 13,2 13,6 13,8 13,9 N=50

N=500 1,9 2,6 3,1 3,5 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,4 N=500

N=1000 1,4 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 N=1000

N=1500 1,1 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5 N=1500

N=2000 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 N=2000

N=3000 0,8 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 N=3000

N=4000 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 N=4000

N=5000 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 N=5000

N=6000 0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3 N=6000

N=7000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 N=7000

N=7500 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=7500

N=8000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=8000

N=9000 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=9000

N=10000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=10000

N=11000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=11000

N=12000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=12000

N=13000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 N=13000

N=14000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=14000

N=15000 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=15000

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%

Statistical Margins due to the sampling process

(at the 95% level of confidence)


TS3

ABBR. COUNTRIES INSTITUTES N° INTERVIEWS

FIELDWORK DATES

POPULATION 15+

BE Belgium TNS Dimarso 1.006 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 8.939.546 BG Bulgaria TNS BBSS 1.025 25/05/2013 02/06/2013 6.537.510 CZ Czech Rep. TNS Aisa 1.026 24/05/2013 06/06/2013 9.012.443 DK Denmark TNS Gallup DK 1.010 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 4.561.264 DE Germany TNS Infratest 1.505 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 64.336.389 EE Estonia Emor 1.008 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 945.733 IE Ireland IMS Millward Brown 1.001 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 3.522.000 EL Greece TNS ICAP 1.002 25/05/2013 08/06/2013 8.693.566 ES Spain TNS Demoscopia 1.008 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 39.127.930 FR France TNS Sofres 1.053 24/05/2013 08/06/2013 47.756.439 IT Italy TNS Italia 1.025 25/05/2013 07/06/2013 51.862.391 CY Rep. of Cyprus Synovate 506 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 660.400 LV Latvia TNS Latvia 1.018 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 1.447.866 LT Lithuania TNS LT 1.023 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 2.829.740 LU Luxembourg TNS ILReS 502 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 434.878 HU Hungary TNS Hoffmann Kft 1.033 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 8.320.614 MT Malta MISCO 500 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 335.476 NL Netherlands TNS NIPO 1.013 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 13.371.980

AT Austria Österreichisches Gallup-Institut 1.034 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 7.009.827

PL Poland TNS OBOP 1.000 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 32.413.735 PT Portugal TNS EUROTESTE 1.007 28/05/2013 09/06/2013 8.080.915 RO Romania TNS CSOP 1.053 25/05/2013 04/06/2013 18.246.731 SI Slovenia RM PLUS 1.005 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 1.759.701 SK Slovakia TNS Slovakia 1.000 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 4.549.955 FI Finland TNS Gallup Oy 1.003 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 4.440.004 SE Sweden TNS GALLUP 1.000 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 7.791.240 UK United Kingdom TNS UK 1.314 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 51.848.010

TOTAL EU27 26.680 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 408.836.283

HR Croatia Puls 1.000 25/05/2013 09/06/2013 3.749.400 TOTAL EU28 27.680 24/05/2013 09/06/2013 412.585.683

QUESTIONNAIRE


QA1

12345

On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with the life you lead?

EB77.4 QB1

(ONE ANSWER ONLY) (M)

Very satisfiedFairly satisfiedNot very satisfied Not at all satisfied DK

Q1


QA2

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

EB77.4 QB2

4 5

4 5

4 5

2

4 5

4 5

The financial situation of your household

1 2 3

The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 3

The situation of the (NATIONALITY) economy

1 2 3

Your personal job situation 1 2 3

4 5

How affordable housing is in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3


1 2 3

The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY)

1

How affordable energy is in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3

2 3

4 5

4 5

4 5

The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3

4 5

Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

1 2 3

The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY)

1

Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3

2 3

4 54 5

4 5

The area you live in 1 2 3

4 5

Health care provision in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3

How would you judge the current situation in each of the following?

(SHOW CARD WITH SCALE - ONE ANSWER PER LINE)

(READ OUT) Very good Rather good

Rather bad

Very bad DK

Q2


QA3

123

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

EB77.4 QB3

4


1 2 3 4

The financial situation of your household 1 2 3

4

Your personal job situation 1 2 3 4

The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3

4


1 2 3 4


1 2 3

4


1 2 3 4


1 2 3

4Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

1 2 3 4The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY) 1 2 3

4


1 2 3 4


1 2 3

4The healthcare system in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3 4The area you live in 1 2 3

DK

Your life in general 1 2 3 4

(READ OUT) Better Worse Same

What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...?

(ONE ANSWER PER LINE)

Q3


QA4

123

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

EB77.4 QB4

4


1 2 3 4

The financial situation of your household 1 2 3

4

Your personal job situation 1 2 3 4

The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3

4


1 2 3 4


1 2 3

4


1 2 3 4


1 2 3

4Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

1 2 3 4The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY) 1 2 3

4


1 2 3 4


1 2 3

4The healthcare system in (OUR COUNTRY)

1 2 3 4The area you live in 1 2 3

DK

Your life in general 1 2 3 4

(READ OUT) Improved Got worse Stayed about the

same

Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…?

(ONE ANSWER PER LINE)

Q4


QA5

1,2,3,4,

5,6,7,8,9,

10,11,12,

QA6

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,

10,11,12,13,14,

EB73.5 QB2

DK

Access to employmentOther (SPONTANEOUS)None (SPONTANEOUS)

Social securityCultureFighting discriminationMore effective public administrationResearch and innovationIntegration of people excluded from the society

When it comes to social and employment issues, in your opinion, in which three of the following areas should the EU invest its resources as a priority?

(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MAX. 3 ANSWERS)

Education and trainingHealthcareEntrepreneurshipJob creation

EB73.5 QB1

DK

Climate changeCrimeEducation and trainingOther (SPONTANEOUS)None (SPONTANEOUS)

Ageing populationUnemploymentPovertyEqual opportunities for allIntegration of minorities (ethnic minorities, disabled, migrants, etc.)

Health

In your opinion, which three of the following issues should the European Union address as a priority?

(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MAX. 3 ANSWERS)

Q5


QA7

1234

QA8

1234DK

EB73.5 QB4

Have you heard of the European Social Fund (ESF)?

(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)

Yes, and you know what it isYes, but you do not really know what it isNo

EB73.5 QB3

The whole EUMainly on the poorest countries\ regions of the EUIt depends of the issue (SPONTANEOUS)DK

In your opinion, when it comes to social and employment issues, should the European Union focus on…?

(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)

Q6

TABLES


% SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391

EU 27 22 2 55 -1 17 -1 6 1 0 -1 77 1 23 0

BE 28 0 61 -1 9 0 2 1 0 0 89 -1 11 1

BG 3 1 33 -5 39 2 23 6 2 -4 36 -4 62 8

CZ 13 4 66 -2 17 -2 3 0 1 0 79 2 20 -2

DK 72 2 26 -2 2 0 0 0 0 0 98 0 2 0

DE 32 5 59 -2 8 -1 1 -2 0 0 91 3 9 -3

EE 8 0 60 1 27 1 5 -2 0 0 68 1 32 -1

IE 30 -4 53 -1 11 3 6 4 0 -2 83 -5 17 7

EL 4 0 34 -4 38 3 24 1 0 0 38 -4 62 4

ES 18 5 55 -1 21 -4 6 0 0 0 73 4 27 -4

FR 18 1 65 1 13 0 4 -1 0 -1 83 2 17 -1

IT 9 4 54 -3 28 -3 9 3 0 -1 63 1 37 0

CY 23 -7 51 2 17 2 9 4 0 -1 74 -5 26 6

LV 10 0 61 6 23 -4 6 -2 0 0 71 6 29 -6

LT 14 4 55 6 23 -7 7 -3 1 0 69 10 30 -10

LU 42 0 53 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 95 0 5 0

HU 6 1 42 0 40 3 12 -3 0 -1 48 1 52 0

MT 27 3 61 7 12 -5 0 -5 0 0 88 10 12 -10

NL 48 -7 47 7 5 1 0 -1 0 0 95 0 5 0

AT 23 0 63 0 12 0 2 1 0 -1 86 0 14 1

PL 12 1 64 3 18 -1 3 -1 3 -2 76 4 21 -2

PT 1 -1 41 -2 40 1 18 3 0 -1 42 -3 58 4

RO 6 3 42 -2 32 -9 20 10 0 -2 48 1 52 1

SI 22 2 63 -2 12 -1 3 1 0 0 85 0 15 0

SK 11 1 56 -3 25 -2 8 4 0 0 67 -2 33 2

FI 38 2 57 -1 4 -1 1 0 0 0 95 1 5 -1

SE 47 -7 49 5 3 1 1 1 0 0 96 -2 4 2

UK 36 4 54 -3 8 0 2 -1 0 0 90 1 10 -1

HR 15 52 25 7 1 67 32

Total 'Pas satisfait(e)'

Total 'Not satisfied'

Gesamt 'Nicht zufrieden'

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Satisfait(e)'

Total 'Satisfied'

Total 'Satisfait(e)'

Plutôt pas satisfait(e)

Not very satisfied

Nicht sehr zufrieden

Pas du tout satisfait(e)

Not at all satisfied

Überhaupt nicht zufrieden

Très satisfait(e)

Very satisfied

Sehr zufrieden

Plutôt satisfait(e)

Fairly satisfied

Ziemlich zufrieden

QA1 D'une façon générale, êtes-vous très satisfait(e), plutôt satisfait(e), plutôt pas satisfait(e) ou pas du tout satisfait(e) de la vie que vous menez ?

QA1 On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with the life you lead?

QA1 Sind Sie insgesamt gesehen mit dem Leben, das Sie führen, …?

T1



EU 27 27 1 58 0 12 0 3 0 0 -1 85 1 15 0

BE 40 -1 52 -1 8 2 0 0 0 0 92 -2 8 2

BG 15 8 50 0 27 -3 7 -5 1 0 65 8 34 -8

CZ 18 1 65 -4 14 1 3 2 0 0 83 -3 17 3

DK 35 -2 58 5 5 -4 1 0 1 1 93 3 6 -4

DE 40 4 56 1 4 -3 0 -1 0 -1 96 5 4 -4

EE 19 -2 68 4 11 -3 2 1 0 0 87 2 13 -2

IE 41 -3 49 0 7 1 2 1 1 1 90 -3 9 2

EL 9 1 53 4 27 -1 11 -4 0 0 62 5 38 -5

ES 18 -2 60 -1 16 1 6 3 0 -1 78 -3 22 4

FR 30 -1 60 1 8 1 2 -1 0 0 90 0 10 0

IT 6 -1 62 -2 24 4 8 0 0 -1 68 -3 32 4

CY 34 3 46 -4 11 -3 9 4 0 0 80 -1 20 1

LV 18 0 67 10 12 -8 2 -2 1 0 85 10 14 -10

LT 29 7 61 0 7 -7 2 -1 1 1 90 7 9 -8

LU 48 -8 49 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 97 0 3 0

HU 10 -1 62 0 24 3 4 -1 0 -1 72 -1 28 2

MT 28 5 60 -2 9 -4 3 1 0 0 88 3 12 -3

NL 49 -5 48 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 97 0 3 0

AT 37 1 54 -2 8 1 1 0 0 0 91 -1 9 1

PL 19 0 65 2 12 -2 2 0 2 0 84 2 14 -2

PT 5 -3 81 7 13 -3 1 -1 0 0 86 4 14 -4

RO 19 6 56 -5 18 -1 6 0 1 0 75 1 24 -1

SI 19 4 61 -8 15 1 4 2 1 1 80 -4 19 3

SK 16 1 62 -4 19 3 3 1 0 -1 78 -3 22 4

FI 36 -4 60 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 96 -1 4 1

SE 67 -2 31 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 98 -1 2 1

UK 37 3 54 -2 7 -1 2 0 0 0 91 1 9 -1

HR 16 52 23 8 1 68 31

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut

Très bonne Plutôt mauvaise Ne sais pas Total

'Mauvaise'

QA2.1 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? L’endroit où vous habitez

QA2.1 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The area you live in

QA2.1 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Gegend, in der Sie leben

T2



EU 27 13 -2 50 3 26 0 9 -2 2 1 63 1 35 -2

BE 38 -11 52 6 9 5 1 0 0 0 90 -5 10 5

BG 3 2 25 4 48 -2 21 -5 3 1 28 6 69 -7

CZ 11 3 59 -1 25 -1 5 0 0 -1 70 2 30 -1

DK 21 -6 61 5 14 0 3 1 1 0 82 -1 17 1

DE 16 -3 64 2 17 0 2 0 1 1 80 -1 19 0

EE 4 0 52 -6 34 6 8 0 2 0 56 -6 42 6

IE 8 2 36 -2 35 0 18 -1 3 1 44 0 53 -1

EL 1 1 12 3 45 8 42 -12 0 0 13 4 87 -4

ES 8 -1 47 -13 33 6 10 7 2 1 55 -14 43 13

FR 15 -6 67 7 15 -1 2 -1 1 1 82 1 17 -2

IT 2 -1 42 4 39 1 16 -4 1 0 44 3 55 -3

CY 5 -2 50 6 30 -1 12 -3 3 0 55 4 42 -4

LV 2 0 34 6 44 0 14 -9 6 3 36 6 58 -9

LT 5 3 50 13 33 -13 9 -4 3 1 55 16 42 -17

LU 38 -6 54 5 5 -1 0 0 3 2 92 -1 5 -1

HU 3 2 40 9 41 -5 14 -7 2 1 43 11 55 -12

MT 19 -6 67 10 9 -7 2 1 3 2 86 4 11 -6

NL 39 -11 54 13 6 -2 1 0 0 0 93 2 7 -2

AT 26 -7 61 3 12 3 1 1 0 0 87 -4 13 4

PL 2 1 27 7 49 4 18 -14 4 2 29 8 67 -10

PT 1 0 47 13 40 -9 11 -4 1 0 48 13 51 -13

RO 2 1 24 6 44 -6 27 -2 3 1 26 7 71 -8

SI 7 -1 60 -3 25 1 6 1 2 2 67 -4 31 2

SK 3 -1 45 6 40 -1 11 -4 1 0 48 5 51 -5

FI 15 -5 66 4 17 1 2 0 0 0 81 -1 19 1

SE 23 -6 58 0 16 5 2 0 1 1 81 -6 18 5

UK 30 0 53 -3 11 1 4 0 2 2 83 -3 15 1

HR 6 50 29 14 1 56 43

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.2 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Les prestations des services de santé en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.2 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? Health care provision in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.2 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Das Gesundheitswesen in (UNSEREM LAND)

T3



EU 27 5 0 33 -2 37 0 17 -1 8 3 38 -2 54 -1

BE 11 -3 52 0 28 0 4 0 5 3 63 -3 32 0

BG 1 1 9 2 45 -2 32 -5 13 4 10 3 77 -7

CZ 2 1 22 -5 44 1 26 0 6 3 24 -4 70 1

DK 17 -3 58 2 11 -4 2 0 12 5 75 -1 13 -4

DE 5 -3 52 -4 30 3 7 1 6 3 57 -7 37 4

EE 1 0 12 -1 46 -5 35 5 6 1 13 -1 81 0

IE 6 1 28 -9 28 4 17 3 21 1 34 -8 45 7

EL 0 0 2 -1 36 1 61 -1 1 1 2 -1 97 0

ES 2 0 25 -11 46 -1 21 11 6 1 27 -11 67 10

FR 4 -1 42 -6 35 2 8 0 11 5 46 -7 43 2

IT 2 1 17 2 51 3 27 -6 3 0 19 3 78 -3

CY 4 0 26 -8 44 6 15 -1 11 3 30 -8 59 5

LV 1 1 11 -4 48 2 29 -4 11 5 12 -3 77 -2

LT 1 0 23 6 45 -13 19 1 12 6 24 6 64 -12

LU 22 -6 51 -1 6 1 0 -1 21 7 73 -7 6 0

HU 1 0 35 17 42 -5 16 -12 6 0 36 17 58 -17

MT 5 -2 47 6 26 -3 4 -4 18 3 52 4 30 -7

NL 17 -8 54 2 18 3 4 1 7 2 71 -6 22 4

AT 11 -7 59 4 22 1 4 1 4 1 70 -3 26 2

PL 1 0 15 6 48 4 30 -12 6 2 16 6 78 -8

PT 0 0 9 1 56 -5 30 2 5 2 9 1 86 -3

RO 0 0 11 4 40 -9 38 0 11 5 11 4 78 -9

SI 3 0 39 -2 38 -1 17 3 3 0 42 -2 55 2

SK 1 0 15 -2 48 1 29 -2 7 3 16 -2 77 -1

FI 5 0 59 1 26 -2 2 -2 8 3 64 1 28 -4

SE 6 0 45 -4 35 3 6 -2 8 3 51 -4 41 1

UK 10 2 41 -4 22 -6 7 -4 20 12 51 -2 29 -10

HR 1 9 43 43 4 10 86

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.3 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Le système des retraites en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.3 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.3 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Rentenversorgung in (UNSEREM LAND)

T4



EU 27 6 0 29 -3 32 -1 19 0 14 4 35 -3 51 -1

BE 13 -3 50 -3 28 6 3 -2 6 2 63 -6 31 4

BG 0 0 9 1 43 -2 30 -3 18 4 9 1 73 -5

CZ 3 1 20 -3 42 0 27 0 8 2 23 -2 69 0

DK 15 -4 58 4 15 -2 3 0 9 2 73 0 18 -2

DE 11 1 52 -4 22 0 4 -2 11 5 63 -3 26 -2

EE 1 0 12 -4 41 -1 24 -5 22 10 13 -4 65 -6

IE 12 0 37 -8 24 4 16 2 11 2 49 -8 40 6

EL 0 0 4 2 35 3 59 -6 2 1 4 2 94 -3

ES 2 1 14 -10 43 -6 37 16 4 -1 16 -9 80 10

FR 5 -2 39 -9 23 -1 7 2 26 10 44 -11 30 1

IT 1 -1 15 1 42 2 30 -3 12 1 16 0 72 -1

CY 2 0 19 -6 36 0 23 0 20 6 21 -6 59 0

LV 0 -1 16 -3 41 1 20 -6 23 9 16 -4 61 -5

LT 2 -1 24 4 36 -11 13 -2 25 10 26 3 49 -13

LU 17 -8 50 4 8 0 1 0 24 4 67 -4 9 0

HU 2 2 13 6 46 -1 32 -10 7 3 15 8 78 -11

MT 5 -2 33 -2 19 -3 6 0 37 7 38 -4 25 -3

NL 14 -8 51 -3 18 5 4 1 13 5 65 -11 22 6

AT 19 -3 57 1 15 0 2 0 7 2 76 -2 17 0

PL 1 0 12 2 48 2 27 -6 12 2 13 2 75 -4

PT 0 0 8 -1 53 -5 31 4 8 2 8 -1 84 -1

RO 0 0 6 1 35 -10 36 0 23 9 6 1 71 -10

SI 3 -3 30 -10 37 4 20 4 10 5 33 -13 57 8

SK 2 0 14 -2 50 3 26 -1 8 0 16 -2 76 2

FI 5 -2 55 4 24 -3 3 -2 13 3 60 2 27 -5

SE 5 1 32 -8 36 -3 12 3 15 7 37 -7 48 0

UK 10 -1 34 -2 20 -3 11 -2 25 8 44 -3 31 -5

HR 1 9 40 42 8 10 82

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.4 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Les allocations chômage en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.4 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.4 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Arbeitslosenunterstützung in (UNSEREM LAND)

T5



EU 27 2 -1 26 0 44 1 27 0 1 0 28 -1 71 1

BE 3 -2 38 -1 49 3 10 0 0 0 41 -3 59 3

BG 0 0 8 2 46 -2 44 -1 2 1 8 2 90 -3

CZ 1 0 17 1 51 1 31 -2 0 0 18 1 82 -1

DK 6 -2 58 8 32 -1 3 -4 1 -1 64 6 35 -5

DE 4 -1 55 1 34 0 6 0 1 0 59 0 40 0

EE 0 0 8 -1 42 0 49 1 1 0 8 -1 91 1

IE 2 1 14 -1 43 -1 41 2 0 -1 16 0 84 1

EL 0 0 4 1 39 7 57 -8 0 0 4 1 96 -1

ES 1 0 13 -4 47 -11 38 15 1 0 14 -4 85 4

FR 0 0 17 -6 55 0 26 6 2 0 17 -6 81 6

IT 2 1 9 1 52 7 37 -8 0 -1 11 2 89 -1

CY 0 0 9 -2 35 0 56 3 0 -1 9 -2 91 3

LV 1 0 12 2 47 1 37 -5 3 2 13 2 84 -4

LT 1 1 13 6 51 1 34 -8 1 0 14 7 85 -7

LU 4 0 39 -4 48 3 8 0 1 1 43 -4 56 3

HU 1 1 10 5 54 10 34 -16 1 0 11 6 88 -6

MT 1 1 18 6 50 0 26 -10 5 3 19 7 76 -10

NL 6 -6 54 -7 35 13 4 0 1 0 60 -13 39 13

AT 5 -4 48 -1 41 5 6 1 0 -1 53 -5 47 6

PL 1 1 11 1 49 4 37 -7 2 1 12 2 86 -3

PT 0 0 5 1 48 -7 47 6 0 0 5 1 95 -1

RO 0 0 6 1 37 -1 55 0 2 0 6 1 92 -1

SI 0 0 13 -5 50 -6 37 11 0 0 13 -5 87 5

SK 0 -1 11 0 50 -2 38 2 1 1 11 -1 88 0

FI 0 -1 32 -2 54 3 13 -1 1 1 32 -3 67 2

SE 9 0 68 0 20 1 1 -1 2 0 77 0 21 0

UK 3 0 35 0 40 0 21 0 1 0 38 0 61 0

HR 0 6 36 57 1 6 93

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.5 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Le coût de la vie en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.5 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.5 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Lebenshaltungskosten in (UNSEREM LAND)

T6



EU 27 6 1 48 -3 33 2 8 0 5 0 54 -2 41 2

BE 6 2 44 0 44 0 5 -1 1 -1 50 2 49 -1

BG 6 0 57 -2 23 2 7 0 7 0 63 -2 30 2

CZ 4 0 36 -6 47 5 10 0 3 1 40 -6 57 5

DK 4 0 47 -5 43 6 5 0 1 -1 51 -5 48 6

DE 5 0 57 -4 30 4 3 0 5 0 62 -4 33 4

EE 4 -1 71 5 18 -2 2 -2 5 0 75 4 20 -4

IE 13 7 55 -4 22 0 4 -1 6 -2 68 3 26 -1

EL 3 -1 34 6 41 6 21 -11 1 0 37 5 62 -5

ES 8 5 51 -2 29 -3 7 -1 5 1 59 3 36 -4

FR 2 0 37 -2 43 1 11 2 7 -1 39 -2 54 3

IT 3 1 40 -5 41 7 13 -1 3 -2 43 -4 54 6

CY 9 4 46 1 32 -3 11 -3 2 1 55 5 43 -6

LV 7 1 60 0 26 1 4 -2 3 0 67 1 30 -1

LT 9 4 63 7 18 -9 4 -2 6 0 72 11 22 -11

LU 12 2 67 1 18 0 2 -2 1 -1 79 3 20 -2

HU 3 -1 48 6 35 -1 10 -1 4 -3 51 5 45 -2

MT 9 0 53 -6 25 4 4 2 9 0 62 -6 29 6

NL 4 0 52 -10 37 8 4 1 3 1 56 -10 41 9

AT 8 -2 53 1 30 0 7 2 2 -1 61 -1 37 2

PL 6 1 49 -3 30 4 7 -3 8 1 55 -2 37 1

PT 5 3 56 10 21 -8 8 -3 10 -2 61 13 29 -11

RO 6 1 47 -5 21 -2 11 2 15 4 53 -4 32 0

SI 6 3 51 1 31 -6 9 0 3 2 57 4 40 -6

SK 8 1 57 0 27 -2 5 2 3 -1 65 1 32 0

FI 4 0 66 2 25 -1 1 -2 4 1 70 2 26 -3

SE 5 2 43 -6 44 2 7 3 1 -1 48 -4 51 5

UK 10 2 53 -6 26 2 7 2 4 0 63 -4 33 4

HR 5 46 27 18 4 51 45

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.6 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Les rapports entre les personnes d’origines culturelles ou religieuses différentes ou de nationalités différentes en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.6 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

QA2.6 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Beziehungen zwischen Menschen mit unterschiedlichem kulturellen oder religiösen Hintergrund oder verschiedener Nationalitäten in (UNSEREM LAND)

T7



EU 27 2 0 27 -2 48 0 18 2 5 0 29 -2 66 2

BE 4 1 39 -4 48 3 7 0 2 0 43 -3 55 3

BG 1 0 14 -3 43 -4 31 7 11 0 15 -3 74 3

CZ 3 2 23 -3 53 4 18 -4 3 1 26 -1 71 0

DK 8 0 48 -2 35 1 7 2 2 -1 56 -2 42 3

DE 3 0 35 -3 48 1 9 3 5 -1 38 -3 57 4

EE 0 -1 15 -1 54 2 26 0 5 0 15 -2 80 2

IE 4 0 29 -4 42 4 19 4 6 -4 33 -4 61 8

EL 1 0 8 2 42 1 49 -3 0 0 9 2 91 -2

ES 2 1 21 -5 48 -9 26 14 3 -1 23 -4 74 5

FR 1 0 19 -2 56 -2 20 4 4 0 20 -2 76 2

IT 1 -1 26 2 52 3 18 -2 3 -2 27 1 70 1

CY 4 2 22 0 48 -1 25 0 1 -1 26 2 73 -1

LV 0 -1 9 -3 50 0 35 3 6 1 9 -4 85 3

LT 1 1 14 3 52 -5 27 -3 6 4 15 4 79 -8

LU 6 0 53 1 25 -3 2 -3 14 5 59 1 27 -6

HU 1 1 18 9 54 2 25 -11 2 -1 19 10 79 -9

MT 5 -1 51 3 27 -2 3 -2 14 2 56 2 30 -4

NL 4 -3 42 -7 43 8 8 1 3 1 46 -10 51 9

AT 5 -3 46 2 37 0 7 2 5 -1 51 -1 44 2

PL 2 0 19 3 54 2 20 -5 5 0 21 3 74 -3

PT 0 0 15 -2 55 -2 23 2 7 2 15 -2 78 0

RO 1 0 9 1 47 -2 36 0 7 1 10 1 83 -2

SI 1 0 20 -8 49 -3 29 12 1 -1 21 -8 78 9

SK 1 0 21 1 52 -7 22 5 4 1 22 1 74 -2

FI 2 -1 47 0 44 2 5 -1 2 0 49 -1 49 1

SE 5 1 36 -3 46 0 10 2 3 0 41 -2 56 2

UK 5 1 35 -11 39 3 13 5 8 2 40 -10 52 8

HR 2 16 48 30 4 18 78

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.7 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? La manière dont les inégalités et la pauvreté sont traitées en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.7 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.7 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Art und Weise der Auseinandersetzung mit sozialer Benachteiligung und Armut in (UNSEREM LAND)

T8



EU 27 3 1 27 0 45 -1 22 0 3 0 30 1 67 -1

BE 3 0 23 2 58 4 14 -8 2 2 26 2 72 -4

BG 5 1 38 -5 36 1 15 1 6 2 43 -4 51 2

CZ 29 4 50 -2 17 -2 3 0 1 0 79 2 20 -2

DK 5 1 54 3 34 -2 5 -1 2 -1 59 4 39 -3

DE 2 1 30 -3 52 0 15 3 1 -1 32 -2 67 3

EE 25 5 56 -2 12 -1 5 0 2 -2 81 3 17 -1

IE 2 1 18 1 41 -7 34 3 5 2 20 2 75 -4

EL 0 0 4 0 39 1 56 -2 1 1 4 0 95 -1

ES 6 3 47 1 30 -5 13 2 4 -1 53 4 43 -3

FR 1 0 23 1 50 -5 21 3 5 1 24 1 71 -2

IT 1 -1 16 4 53 4 27 -6 3 -1 17 3 80 -2

CY 0 0 3 -2 28 5 69 -2 0 -1 3 -2 97 3

LV 14 2 63 0 15 -3 4 -1 4 2 77 2 19 -4

LT 1 1 13 5 52 -3 31 -4 3 1 14 6 83 -7

LU 3 -1 47 -5 36 1 6 2 8 3 50 -6 42 3

HU 1 0 18 11 54 5 26 -17 1 1 19 11 80 -12

MT 1 1 19 8 52 5 25 -15 3 1 20 9 77 -10

NL 6 -4 53 -2 31 6 5 0 5 0 59 -6 36 6

AT 5 -2 46 -5 40 5 8 2 1 0 51 -7 48 7

PL 1 0 24 6 49 -3 20 -6 6 3 25 6 69 -9

PT 0 0 6 0 50 -4 42 3 2 1 6 0 92 -1

RO 0 0 7 1 41 -7 49 6 3 0 7 1 90 -1

SI 1 0 32 2 47 -9 19 7 1 0 33 2 66 -2

SK 1 0 21 2 56 -1 21 0 1 -1 22 2 77 -1

FI 2 0 29 1 54 2 14 -3 1 0 31 1 68 -1

SE 7 2 51 4 28 -7 7 -2 7 3 58 6 35 -9

UK 2 0 24 -3 43 -1 28 3 3 1 26 -3 71 2

HR 2 18 48 29 3 20 77

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.8 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Le caractère abordable des coûts de l’énergie en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.8 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? How affordable energy is in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.8 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Bezahlbare Energie in (UNSEREM LAND)

T9



EU 27 2 0 25 2 44 -2 24 -2 5 2 27 2 68 -4

BE 3 0 29 0 55 4 12 -4 1 0 32 0 67 0

BG 5 1 38 0 33 -3 15 -1 9 3 43 1 48 -4

CZ 8 1 45 2 33 -2 13 -1 1 0 53 3 46 -3

DK 6 0 64 1 24 -2 3 1 3 0 70 1 27 -1

DE 5 1 41 -8 40 3 9 3 5 1 46 -7 49 6

EE 8 1 52 4 28 -3 7 -2 5 0 60 5 35 -5

IE 4 1 32 -5 37 1 19 0 8 3 36 -4 56 1

EL 1 1 13 4 45 1 40 -6 1 0 14 5 85 -5

ES 1 0 13 6 43 -9 41 3 2 0 14 6 84 -6

FR 0 0 18 3 52 -5 23 -1 7 3 18 3 75 -6

IT 1 0 15 5 52 5 27 -11 5 1 16 5 79 -6

CY 0 0 6 -2 35 8 58 -4 1 -2 6 -2 93 4

LV 7 1 50 2 29 -5 8 0 6 2 57 3 37 -5

LT 0 0 13 5 41 -4 40 -4 6 3 13 5 81 -8

LU 1 0 12 -1 50 5 33 -6 4 2 13 -1 83 -1

HU 1 1 17 8 57 6 23 -15 2 0 18 9 80 -9

MT 1 0 17 0 46 2 29 -5 7 3 18 0 75 -3

NL 2 -1 45 -2 42 1 9 2 2 0 47 -3 51 3

AT 4 -1 40 -7 43 6 11 3 2 -1 44 -8 54 9

PL 1 1 15 5 46 3 33 -10 5 1 16 6 79 -7

PT 0 0 10 4 55 -6 32 1 3 1 10 4 87 -5

RO 0 -1 12 3 38 -5 41 0 9 3 12 2 79 -5

SI 1 1 14 0 44 -9 38 7 3 1 15 1 82 -2

SK 0 -1 15 -1 51 0 32 1 2 1 15 -2 83 1

FI 0 -1 26 -2 57 5 16 -2 1 0 26 -3 73 3

SE 6 2 50 -6 33 1 7 2 4 1 56 -4 40 3

UK 2 0 26 5 39 -6 26 -2 7 3 28 5 65 -8

HR 2 16 47 32 3 18 79

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.9 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Le caractère abordable du coût du logement en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.9 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? How affordable housing is in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.9 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Erschwinglicher Wohnraum in (UNSEREM LAND)

T10



EU 27 4 1 36 -1 37 0 18 0 5 0 40 0 55 0

BE 6 -1 59 3 27 -4 6 1 2 1 65 2 33 -3

BG 2 0 27 -6 40 2 16 3 15 1 29 -6 56 5

CZ 5 3 33 -2 42 2 17 -4 3 1 38 1 59 -2

DK 9 -2 62 2 24 1 4 0 1 -1 71 0 28 1

DE 10 -1 63 1 21 2 4 0 2 -2 73 0 25 2

EE 4 0 54 -3 25 3 5 0 12 0 58 -3 30 3

IE 3 2 27 8 38 -4 23 -4 9 -2 30 10 61 -8

EL 0 0 6 3 37 1 56 -4 1 0 6 3 93 -3

ES 1 1 16 -3 44 -9 36 11 3 0 17 -2 80 2

FR 1 0 38 -11 39 7 16 2 6 2 39 -11 55 9

IT 1 0 13 1 50 3 34 -4 2 0 14 1 84 -1

CY 2 0 20 -4 42 2 33 5 3 -3 22 -4 75 7

LV 1 0 25 3 44 -6 21 0 9 3 26 3 65 -6

LT 1 1 28 9 37 -9 14 -4 20 3 29 10 51 -13

LU 12 0 56 -8 21 6 5 0 6 2 68 -8 26 6

HU 3 2 39 12 38 -8 12 -9 8 3 42 14 50 -17

MT 3 0 51 15 21 -11 5 -8 20 4 54 15 26 -19

NL 2 -1 38 -12 43 6 12 5 5 2 40 -13 55 11

AT 7 -3 62 4 25 -1 4 0 2 0 69 1 29 -1

PL 1 0 29 8 46 -2 17 -4 7 -2 30 8 63 -6

PT 0 0 16 2 55 0 23 0 6 -2 16 2 78 0

RO 1 0 25 9 39 -9 25 -4 10 4 26 9 64 -13

SI 1 -1 24 -7 39 -6 33 14 3 0 25 -8 72 8

SK 2 0 37 2 43 -1 14 0 4 -1 39 2 57 -1

FI 4 -1 62 -1 27 2 4 0 3 0 66 -2 31 2

SE 9 0 57 -6 25 4 4 1 5 1 66 -6 29 5

UK 4 1 41 -8 31 2 13 3 11 2 45 -7 44 5

HR 1 15 41 40 3 16 81

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.10 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Le fonctionnement de l’administration publique en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.10 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.10 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Das Funktionieren der öffentlichen Verwaltung in (UNSEREM LAND)

T11



EU 27 4 0 23 -3 38 -1 33 4 2 0 27 -3 71 3

BE 2 0 35 -14 52 10 10 5 1 -1 37 -14 62 15

BG 0 -1 3 -3 38 -11 57 16 2 -1 3 -4 95 5

CZ 1 0 9 -6 52 2 38 4 0 0 10 -6 90 6

DK 10 3 56 -1 29 -1 3 -1 2 0 66 2 32 -2

DE 15 -4 69 4 12 -1 2 1 2 0 84 0 14 0

EE 2 1 33 -8 50 6 12 1 3 0 35 -7 62 7

IE 0 0 9 5 32 -1 57 -5 2 1 9 5 89 -6

EL 0 0 1 1 21 1 78 -2 0 0 1 1 99 -1

ES 1 1 3 2 26 -8 70 6 0 -1 4 3 96 -2

FR 0 0 7 -13 55 -4 34 17 4 0 7 -13 89 13

IT 2 0 7 1 39 -3 52 3 0 -1 9 1 91 0

CY 0 0 1 -6 14 -20 85 26 0 0 1 -6 99 6

LV 0 0 13 0 54 1 30 -2 3 1 13 0 84 -1

LT 0 0 20 9 53 -10 24 -1 3 2 20 9 77 -11

LU 11 3 64 -10 19 4 1 1 5 2 75 -7 20 5

HU 1 1 12 7 56 12 30 -20 1 0 13 8 86 -8

MT 1 -2 53 24 27 -14 7 -14 12 6 54 22 34 -28

NL 3 -1 33 -15 50 11 13 6 1 -1 36 -16 63 17

AT 5 -3 60 -5 32 9 2 -1 1 0 65 -8 34 8

PL 1 0 17 -10 54 7 24 5 4 -2 18 -10 78 12

PT 0 0 2 0 39 -9 59 9 0 0 2 0 98 0

RO 0 0 5 1 39 -2 53 1 3 0 5 1 92 -1

SI 0 0 4 -4 29 -22 66 25 1 1 4 -4 95 3

SK 0 0 11 -5 53 -3 35 8 1 0 11 -5 88 5

FI 2 -1 50 -16 40 14 7 4 1 -1 52 -17 47 18

SE 17 -1 64 -5 15 5 2 1 2 0 81 -6 17 6

UK 1 0 21 5 46 -2 28 -4 4 1 22 5 74 -6

HR 0 5 34 60 1 5 94

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.11 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? La situation de l’économie (NATIONALITE)

QA2.11 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The situation of the (NATIONALITY) economy

QA2.11 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Lage der (NATIONALEN) Wirtschaft

T12



EU 27 13 1 41 1 18 -1 11 0 17 -1 54 2 29 -1

BE 21 2 48 -6 14 3 4 2 13 -1 69 -4 18 5

BG 2 0 38 3 29 -1 20 1 11 -3 40 3 49 0

CZ 12 3 45 -1 16 -2 6 2 21 -2 57 2 22 0

DK 47 -1 32 0 8 2 5 0 8 -1 79 -1 13 2

DE 20 0 50 2 9 -2 4 0 17 0 70 2 13 -2

EE 12 2 39 1 10 0 4 0 35 -3 51 3 14 0

IE 12 5 35 -3 21 2 22 3 10 -7 47 2 43 5

EL 1 0 20 3 29 0 26 -6 24 3 21 3 55 -6

ES 5 1 32 -5 23 0 23 4 17 0 37 -4 46 4

FR 10 2 47 0 12 0 5 -1 26 -1 57 2 17 -1

IT 5 3 40 0 34 2 14 -3 7 -2 45 3 48 -1

CY 7 0 23 -2 13 -1 25 10 32 -7 30 -2 38 9

LV 9 2 48 3 19 2 9 -5 15 -2 57 5 28 -3

LT 7 2 41 7 17 -9 12 -2 23 2 48 9 29 -11

LU 29 1 50 7 7 0 1 -2 13 -6 79 8 8 -2

HU 4 2 30 6 32 3 18 -7 16 -4 34 8 50 -4

MT 12 3 63 14 13 0 3 -4 9 -13 75 17 16 -4

NL 22 -5 40 1 12 3 5 1 21 0 62 -4 17 4

AT 25 1 55 -2 12 3 3 0 5 -2 80 -1 15 3

PL 5 0 45 5 26 0 10 -2 14 -3 50 5 36 -2

PT 1 0 44 10 30 -6 13 -1 12 -3 45 10 43 -7

RO 3 1 28 4 17 -11 21 4 31 2 31 5 38 -7

SI 12 3 45 1 18 -5 17 7 8 -6 57 4 35 2

SK 8 2 43 -3 19 -4 11 3 19 2 51 -1 30 -1

FI 37 0 37 1 9 0 5 -1 12 0 74 1 14 -1

SE 50 5 31 -4 6 -1 6 3 7 -3 81 1 12 2

UK 24 3 36 -1 13 1 9 -2 18 -1 60 2 22 -1

HR 5 33 27 26 9 38 53

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.12 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? Votre situation professionnelle

QA2.12 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? Your personal job situation

QA2.12 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Ihre persönliche berufliche Situation

T13



EU 27 9 1 54 0 26 0 9 0 2 -1 63 1 35 0

BE 14 1 66 -4 16 2 3 1 1 0 80 -3 19 3

BG 1 0 30 1 42 -2 24 1 3 0 31 1 66 -1

CZ 5 1 56 -1 31 1 7 0 1 -1 61 0 38 1

DK 36 2 52 -5 9 3 3 1 0 -1 88 -3 12 4

DE 14 2 66 0 16 0 3 0 1 -2 80 2 19 0

EE 3 0 62 1 27 0 7 -1 1 0 65 1 34 -1

IE 6 1 46 -5 32 2 14 3 2 -1 52 -4 46 5

EL 1 0 22 2 44 1 33 -3 0 0 23 2 77 -2

ES 4 3 45 -4 36 3 12 -1 3 -1 49 -1 48 2

FR 5 0 65 -2 23 3 5 0 2 -1 70 -2 28 3

IT 3 1 45 -2 38 3 12 0 2 -2 48 -1 50 3

CY 3 0 38 -7 32 -2 27 10 0 -1 41 -7 59 8

LV 2 -1 55 4 33 -1 9 -1 1 -1 57 3 42 -2

LT 3 1 56 11 29 -14 10 1 2 1 59 12 39 -13

LU 21 -1 68 3 9 0 1 0 1 -2 89 2 10 0

HU 2 2 32 8 49 -2 15 -8 2 0 34 10 64 -10

MT 6 1 70 12 18 -9 4 -4 2 0 76 13 22 -13

NL 25 -4 60 1 11 3 3 1 1 -1 85 -3 14 4

AT 15 -2 61 -1 18 0 4 2 2 1 76 -3 22 2

PL 4 2 51 4 30 -5 9 -2 6 1 55 6 39 -7

PT 1 1 35 5 50 -4 12 -1 2 -1 36 6 62 -5

RO 2 1 39 3 36 -7 22 5 1 -2 41 4 58 -2

SI 4 2 54 -5 31 -1 11 4 0 0 58 -3 42 3

SK 3 0 47 -6 38 2 10 4 2 0 50 -6 48 6

FI 14 -1 72 4 12 -1 2 -1 0 -1 86 3 14 -2

SE 41 2 49 -3 7 1 2 0 1 0 90 -1 9 1

UK 14 1 62 -1 18 1 5 -1 1 0 76 0 23 0

HR 4 39 34 22 1 43 56

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.13 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? La situation financière de votre ménage

QA2.13 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The financial situation of your household

QA2.13 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die finanzielle Situation Ihres Haushalts

T14



EU 27 2 0 19 -1 40 -2 37 3 2 0 21 -1 77 1

BE 2 -1 32 -10 55 6 10 5 1 0 34 -11 65 11

BG 0 -1 3 -1 40 -4 55 6 2 0 3 -2 95 2

CZ 1 0 14 -4 48 -3 36 6 1 1 15 -4 84 3

DK 2 1 44 4 46 -4 7 0 1 -1 46 5 53 -4

DE 7 -1 57 0 29 2 4 -1 3 0 64 -1 33 1

EE 0 -1 24 4 57 2 13 -8 6 3 24 3 70 -6

IE 1 1 7 4 37 7 54 -12 1 0 8 5 91 -5

EL 0 0 1 0 26 1 73 -1 0 0 1 0 99 0

ES 1 1 2 1 19 -5 78 3 0 0 3 2 97 -2

FR 0 0 4 -5 52 -14 43 20 1 -1 4 -5 95 6

IT 2 1 9 3 36 -2 53 -1 0 -1 11 4 89 -3

CY 0 0 4 -3 29 -12 67 16 0 -1 4 -3 96 4

LV 1 1 15 4 54 3 27 -9 3 1 16 5 81 -6

LT 1 1 21 12 51 -13 24 0 3 0 22 13 75 -13

LU 4 1 51 -6 36 2 5 2 4 1 55 -5 41 4

HU 1 1 11 6 54 7 33 -13 1 -1 12 7 87 -6

MT 1 -1 51 9 31 -2 4 -9 13 3 52 8 35 -11

NL 1 -3 19 -26 60 17 18 12 2 0 20 -29 78 29

AT 6 -1 53 -9 37 10 3 1 1 -1 59 -10 40 11

PL 1 0 11 0 51 1 35 0 2 -1 12 0 86 1

PT 0 0 2 -1 37 -5 61 6 0 0 2 -1 98 1

RO 0 0 4 0 31 -6 62 6 3 0 4 0 93 0

SI 0 0 4 -1 23 -18 73 19 0 0 4 -1 96 1

SK 1 1 5 -5 46 -4 47 8 1 0 6 -4 93 4

FI 0 -1 34 -13 55 11 10 3 1 0 34 -14 65 14

SE 3 -1 33 -10 51 5 12 6 1 0 36 -11 63 11

UK 1 0 23 7 48 -1 25 -8 3 2 24 7 73 -9

HR 0 3 29 68 0 3 97

Total 'Bad'

Gesamt 'Schlecht'

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Total 'Bonne'

Total 'Good'

Gesamt 'Gut'

Rather bad

Ziemlich schlecht

Très mauvaise

Very bad

Sehr schlecht

Very good

Sehr gut

Plutôt bonne

Rather good

Ziemlich gut


'Mauvaise'

QA2.14 Comment jugez-vous la situation actuelle de chacun des domaines suivants ? La situation de l’emploi en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA2.14 How would you judge the current situation in each of the following? The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

QA2.14 Wie beurteilen Sie die gegenwärtige Lage in den Bereichen auf dieser Liste? Die Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in (UNSEREM LAND)

T15


% SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391 SP 408 SP 391

EU 27 23 1 16 -1 58 0 3 0

BE 27 0 18 3 54 -4 1 1

BG 18 2 16 1 61 -5 5 2

CZ 15 4 24 1 59 -6 2 1

DK 30 2 4 0 66 -2 0 0

DE 18 2 9 -1 72 1 1 -2

EE 37 2 13 -1 49 -1 1 0

IE 26 3 18 10 54 -11 2 -2

EL 14 2 45 -9 39 7 2 0

ES 21 2 18 -4 57 1 4 1

FR 29 -2 17 3 52 0 2 -1

IT 16 -1 21 1 56 1 7 -1

CY 12 -2 36 4 44 -4 8 2

LV 34 0 9 0 54 -1 3 1

LT 30 6 13 -4 55 -1 2 -1

LU 31 4 8 -5 60 2 1 -1

HU 20 6 22 -8 57 3 1 -1

MT 32 11 5 -10 53 0 10 -1

NL 25 4 13 -2 61 -2 1 0

AT 19 3 10 -3 69 1 2 -1

PL 18 -3 18 -2 60 4 4 1

PT 10 2 39 6 45 -6 6 -2

RO 23 -10 21 3 51 7 5 0

SI 15 1 27 2 56 -4 2 1

SK 20 0 19 -3 58 2 3 1

FI 29 4 4 -1 66 -3 1 0

SE 43 2 3 0 53 -3 1 1

UK 36 5 12 0 51 -5 1 0

HR 22 21 56 1

Meilleurs Sans change-ment

Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.1 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Ihr Leben im Allgemeinen

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.1 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Votre vie en général

QA3.1 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? Your life in general

T16



EU 27 14 1 11 -1 73 0 2 0

BE 18 3 10 -1 72 -2 0 0

BG 17 2 8 -2 72 -1 3 1

CZ 11 3 14 3 74 -6 1 0

DK 14 4 4 -1 81 -3 1 0

DE 9 3 6 1 85 -3 0 -1

EE 27 -1 6 1 66 0 1 0

IE 16 6 10 5 72 -10 2 -1

EL 9 1 37 -12 52 10 2 1

ES 11 0 15 -3 72 3 2 0

FR 18 1 5 1 75 -2 2 0

IT 14 1 21 2 62 -2 3 -1

CY 7 -1 15 -3 77 5 1 -1

LV 27 3 3 -2 68 -2 2 1

LT 22 3 4 -1 73 -2 1 0

LU 18 3 4 0 76 -4 2 1

HU 18 6 17 -5 65 0 0 -1

MT 21 6 6 -1 69 -5 4 0

NL 12 2 9 1 78 -3 1 0

AT 8 -3 8 -3 83 6 1 0

PL 16 -1 11 2 72 0 1 -1

PT 7 1 22 -6 68 7 3 -2

RO 21 -9 12 1 64 9 3 -1

SI 7 -2 23 2 69 0 1 0

SK 14 -1 15 0 70 1 1 0

FI 12 2 4 1 84 -2 0 -1

SE 19 6 4 0 76 -7 1 1

UK 18 1 8 -2 73 1 1 0

HR 18 17 64 1


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.2 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Gegend, in der Sie leben

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.2 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? L’endroit où vous habitez

QA3.2 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The area you live in

T17



EU 27 11 -1 33 1 53 0 3 0

BE 16 2 20 6 63 -9 1 1

BG 16 5 20 -2 56 -5 8 2

CZ 8 1 28 -8 63 6 1 1

DK 12 2 23 8 64 -10 1 0

DE 6 1 28 -2 65 1 1 0

EE 20 -4 20 4 57 -1 3 1

IE 11 2 39 5 46 -6 4 -1

EL 7 -1 60 -15 32 16 1 0

ES 9 2 44 -5 44 3 3 0

FR 12 -7 32 10 53 -3 3 0

IT 14 0 36 0 46 0 4 0

CY 8 -2 38 13 50 -11 4 0

LV 14 0 11 -9 71 8 4 1

LT 18 5 13 -3 66 -3 3 1

LU 11 -1 13 0 71 -1 5 2

HU 14 3 29 -14 55 10 2 1

MT 39 16 5 -3 46 -16 10 3

NL 5 0 44 -5 50 5 1 0

AT 9 -3 19 -1 71 5 1 -1

PL 8 -4 33 0 56 4 3 0

PT 5 0 48 -2 42 3 5 -1

RO 18 -10 31 4 45 5 6 1

SI 4 -1 48 3 46 -3 2 1

SK 11 -2 26 -12 61 13 2 1

FI 7 -2 18 1 74 1 1 0

SE 14 3 19 2 66 -5 1 0

UK 14 1 32 6 52 -7 2 0

HR 18 24 56 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.3 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Das Gesundheitssystem in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.3 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Les prestations des services de santé en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.3 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The healthcare system in (OUR COUNTRY)

T18



EU 27 8 -3 41 1 44 0 7 2

BE 11 0 44 3 43 -3 2 0

BG 13 4 18 -7 53 -1 16 4

CZ 2 0 49 -7 45 5 4 2

DK 6 2 18 -7 70 2 6 3

DE 4 -1 36 1 56 -1 4 1

EE 19 -2 19 2 58 0 4 0

IE 8 3 37 7 44 -6 11 -4

EL 6 -1 70 -9 23 10 1 0

ES 7 2 52 0 37 -2 4 0

FR 9 -19 50 27 33 -8 8 0

IT 13 2 47 -3 36 2 4 -1

CY 2 -4 62 21 26 -20 10 3

LV 14 4 16 -8 64 2 6 2

LT 11 1 17 -2 65 -1 7 2

LU 5 -5 23 -3 53 -2 19 10

HU 13 7 31 -17 53 11 3 -1

MT 23 13 7 -18 47 0 23 5

NL 2 0 64 -8 30 7 4 1

AT 8 -2 29 -1 58 4 5 -1

PL 8 0 35 -4 54 5 3 -1

PT 5 2 63 3 27 -4 5 -1

RO 14 -11 31 2 44 6 11 3

SI 3 -1 59 6 34 -6 4 1

SK 8 -2 33 -9 55 10 4 1

FI 5 -2 13 -1 79 3 3 0

SE 8 0 21 1 66 -2 5 1

UK 9 0 33 -8 43 -2 15 10

HR 13 31 54 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.4 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Rentenversorgung in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.4 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Le système des retraites en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.4 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY)

T19



EU 27 8 -1 38 1 45 -1 9 1

BE 9 0 45 -3 43 2 3 1

BG 12 4 17 -8 50 -1 21 5

CZ 2 0 47 -5 45 3 6 2

DK 10 3 26 0 59 -5 5 2

DE 4 -1 19 -1 70 0 7 2

EE 16 -2 16 0 56 -1 12 3

IE 7 2 47 5 40 -5 6 -2

EL 6 -1 70 -8 22 8 2 1

ES 7 2 55 -3 34 1 4 0

FR 8 -11 38 20 39 -10 15 1

IT 13 3 44 -3 35 1 8 -1

CY 2 -3 59 13 27 -12 12 2

LV 9 0 11 -11 66 5 14 6

LT 9 1 23 5 56 -10 12 4

LU 6 -2 24 3 48 -7 22 6

HU 9 3 40 -14 45 8 6 3

MT 20 13 4 -13 43 -6 33 6

NL 2 1 56 -7 37 6 5 0

AT 8 -2 19 -3 67 5 6 0

PL 7 -1 33 4 54 -1 6 -2

PT 4 0 68 6 21 -5 7 -1

RO 12 -10 29 2 40 0 19 8

SI 3 0 63 -2 29 0 5 2

SK 7 -2 37 -5 51 8 5 -1

FI 5 -2 10 -2 81 5 4 -1

SE 15 1 15 -1 63 -3 7 3

UK 7 1 41 0 37 -5 15 4

HR 13 30 53 4


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.5 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Arbeitslosenunterstützung in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.5 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Les allocations chômage en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.5 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY)

T20



EU 27 8 -1 57 0 33 1 2 0

BE 10 1 59 4 30 -5 1 0

BG 15 6 35 -8 44 0 6 2

CZ 2 0 71 -4 27 4 0 0

DK 8 3 30 -15 61 11 1 1

DE 3 0 57 -4 39 4 1 0

EE 10 -3 63 0 25 3 2 0

IE 10 3 55 3 33 -3 2 -3

EL 7 0 70 -9 22 9 1 0

ES 8 3 54 -6 36 4 2 -1

FR 9 -12 62 19 27 -5 2 -2

IT 15 3 52 -4 31 3 2 -2

CY 5 1 67 0 26 0 2 -1

LV 7 -3 51 13 39 -10 3 0

LT 12 -4 40 12 46 -7 2 -1

LU 4 -7 58 9 36 -3 2 1

HU 12 6 50 -19 37 13 1 0

MT 22 18 25 -37 40 15 13 4

NL 3 1 66 -7 31 7 0 -1

AT 10 -1 47 3 41 -1 2 -1

PL 7 -1 55 -3 36 5 2 -1

PT 4 0 75 5 18 -4 3 -1

RO 12 -10 49 9 34 1 5 0

SI 2 -2 78 7 19 -5 1 0

SK 8 -1 58 -6 33 7 1 0

FI 4 -1 44 3 52 -1 0 -1

SE 6 0 25 -3 67 3 2 0

UK 8 2 65 -3 26 2 1 -1

HR 12 50 36 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.6 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Lebenshaltungskosten in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.6 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Le coût de la vie en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.6 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY)

T21



EU 27 12 -1 28 3 56 -1 4 -1

BE 13 2 37 -1 49 -1 1 0

BG 14 2 9 2 69 -5 8 1

CZ 6 2 38 5 54 -7 2 0

DK 16 2 23 9 60 -11 1 0

DE 9 0 20 0 66 0 5 0

EE 20 -3 7 0 70 4 3 -1

IE 18 9 22 3 56 -7 4 -5

EL 7 1 45 -20 47 18 1 1

ES 11 4 27 -9 58 5 4 0

FR 11 -9 36 13 47 -3 6 -1

IT 16 1 30 -1 50 2 4 -2

CY 2 -2 42 -3 54 4 2 1

LV 15 2 7 -1 76 -1 2 0

LT 16 4 7 1 72 -6 5 1

LU 14 2 17 1 67 -2 2 -1

HU 13 4 24 -4 60 0 3 0

MT 24 13 9 -1 58 -9 9 -3

NL 6 -1 35 5 58 -4 1 0

AT 13 0 24 -1 59 1 4 0

PL 11 -2 17 2 67 -1 5 1

PT 6 1 28 -7 57 10 9 -4

RO 17 -9 16 2 54 3 13 4

SI 5 0 42 2 50 -4 3 2

SK 10 -2 19 -3 68 5 3 0

FI 12 0 12 1 75 0 1 -1

SE 21 3 27 8 51 -10 1 -1

UK 16 2 39 14 42 -16 3 0

HR 16 21 61 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.7 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Beziehungen zwischen Menschen mit unterschiedlichem kulturellen oder religiösen Hintergrund oder verschiedener Nationalitäten in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.7 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Les rapports entre les personnes d’origines culturelles ou religieuses différentes ou de nationalités différentes en (NOTRE PAYS) QA3.7 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

T22



EU 27 11 -2 32 1 53 1 4 0

BE 16 3 32 5 51 -8 1 0

BG 13 1 20 5 56 -6 11 0

CZ 3 0 37 0 58 -1 2 1

DK 14 -2 19 3 66 0 1 -1

DE 8 1 26 -1 62 1 4 -1

EE 20 1 18 3 59 -3 3 -1

IE 10 2 29 5 56 -3 5 -4

EL 8 0 58 -9 32 7 2 2

ES 9 3 38 -9 50 6 3 0

FR 12 -21 37 19 47 3 4 -1

IT 16 1 31 -6 50 7 3 -2

CY 5 1 49 -3 45 3 1 -1

LV 13 -1 13 2 70 0 4 -1

LT 14 3 15 0 68 -3 3 0

LU 13 -4 18 1 61 2 8 1

HU 13 5 31 -14 54 10 2 -1

MT 27 15 6 -4 55 -9 12 -2

NL 7 0 39 3 52 -3 2 0

AT 12 0 23 -4 59 5 6 -1

PL 8 -2 31 2 57 0 4 0

PT 5 0 48 -2 40 4 7 -2

RO 13 -11 26 -2 51 11 10 2

SI 4 -2 59 8 35 -6 2 0

SK 7 -2 31 -2 60 4 2 0

FI 10 -1 13 0 76 1 1 0

SE 16 2 16 4 67 -4 1 -2

UK 13 0 32 7 49 -10 6 3

HR 14 27 56 3


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.8 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Art und Weise der Auseinandersetzung mit sozialer Benachteiligung und Armut in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.8 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? La manière dont les inégalités et la pauvreté sont traitées en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.8 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY)

T23



EU 27 10 0 48 -4 39 4 3 0

BE 18 1 46 -4 35 2 1 1

BG 11 1 24 -1 57 -1 8 1

CZ 11 2 19 -3 69 1 1 0

DK 7 1 28 -13 63 12 2 0

DE 4 0 70 -5 24 5 2 0

EE 22 -1 10 -8 66 10 2 -1

IE 8 0 47 -3 39 3 6 0

EL 7 1 66 -11 25 9 2 1

ES 8 2 27 -9 60 6 5 1

FR 10 -10 57 18 29 -6 4 -2

IT 16 3 39 -8 41 5 4 0

CY 7 2 60 -4 28 2 5 0

LV 16 5 12 3 69 -9 3 1

LT 12 5 37 -10 47 3 4 2

LU 6 -7 50 6 40 1 4 0

HU 23 18 35 -31 40 12 2 1

MT 39 33 13 -48 34 8 14 7

NL 10 7 37 -17 51 10 2 0

AT 10 0 50 3 38 -2 2 -1

PL 11 3 35 -14 50 11 4 0

PT 5 1 67 0 23 0 5 -1

RO 11 -9 48 3 34 4 7 2

SI 5 -1 61 1 32 0 2 0

SK 10 0 40 -7 49 8 1 -1

FI 5 0 40 -4 55 5 0 -1

SE 10 1 18 -8 68 6 4 1

UK 8 1 64 3 26 -3 2 -1

HR 14 33 50 3


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.9 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Bezahlbare Energie in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.9 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Le caractère abordable des coûts de l’énergie en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.9 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? How affordable energy is in (OUR COUNTRY)

T24



EU 27 11 0 43 0 42 0 4 0

BE 13 2 44 -2 42 0 1 0

BG 11 0 17 -7 62 5 10 2

CZ 10 4 29 -5 59 0 2 1

DK 6 -3 20 -5 72 8 2 0

DE 4 1 51 12 42 -12 3 -1

EE 18 2 14 -1 64 -1 4 0

IE 16 -6 32 6 45 0 7 0

EL 9 0 53 -10 37 10 1 0

ES 10 1 45 -5 43 5 2 -1

FR 12 -13 47 17 36 -3 5 -1

IT 16 3 40 -6 40 4 4 -1

CY 13 6 48 -10 35 3 4 1

LV 14 3 9 0 74 -3 3 0

LT 10 2 25 -7 59 3 6 2

LU 6 -7 54 3 36 3 4 1

HU 18 13 38 -24 42 11 2 0

MT 16 11 20 -27 48 10 16 6

NL 11 2 51 -2 37 1 1 -1

AT 10 0 47 4 40 -2 3 -2

PL 8 -1 36 -6 50 6 6 1

PT 6 1 60 -4 28 3 6 0

RO 13 -9 33 0 42 6 12 3

SI 11 0 56 4 30 -5 3 1

SK 9 -2 44 -3 45 5 2 0

FI 4 0 43 2 53 -1 0 -1

SE 5 -3 32 5 60 -2 3 0

UK 12 3 47 -3 37 -1 4 1

HR 15 32 50 3


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.10 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Erschwinglicher Wohnraum in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.10 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Le caractère abordable du coût du logement en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.10 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? How affordable housing is in (OUR COUNTRY)

T25



EU 27 9 -2 27 2 59 0 5 0

BE 14 -1 25 4 60 -3 1 0

BG 16 2 11 -1 61 -3 12 2

CZ 6 2 28 -1 64 -1 2 0

DK 10 1 20 4 69 -5 1 0

DE 4 1 12 0 81 0 3 -1

EE 19 1 9 0 66 -1 6 0

IE 10 2 31 4 52 -3 7 -3

EL 9 -1 56 -9 34 10 1 0

ES 7 0 41 -2 48 1 4 1

FR 10 -11 25 12 59 -2 6 1

IT 15 0 41 -1 42 3 2 -2

CY 9 4 24 -9 62 6 5 -1

LV 13 0 10 0 72 -1 5 1

LT 12 4 11 -2 67 -3 10 1

LU 11 -2 9 2 74 -3 6 3

HU 14 4 21 -13 61 8 4 1

MT 32 25 6 -9 43 -13 19 -3

NL 4 -7 34 8 58 0 4 -1

AT 8 -3 13 -4 78 8 1 -1

PL 7 -3 25 -1 64 5 4 -1

PT 5 1 48 -1 39 2 8 -2

RO 17 -9 22 -2 52 9 9 2

SI 6 -1 47 6 44 -6 3 1

SK 9 -5 24 -2 64 8 3 -1

FI 5 -1 14 3 79 -2 2 0

SE 8 -1 10 4 78 -3 4 0

UK 10 3 28 5 54 -9 8 1

HR 17 27 53 3


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.11 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Das Funktionieren der öffentlichen Verwaltung in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.11 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Le fonctionnement de l’administration publique en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.11 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY)

T26



EU 27 15 -1 42 0 40 2 3 -1

BE 19 -4 43 12 38 -7 0 -1

BG 18 3 36 0 37 -5 9 2

CZ 7 1 54 0 38 -1 1 0

DK 36 5 13 -5 50 0 1 0

DE 14 1 24 -3 59 6 3 -4

EE 29 -2 22 1 46 0 3 1

IE 15 4 47 -2 35 0 3 -2

EL 9 0 68 -11 22 11 1 0

ES 12 1 49 -6 37 5 2 0

FR 13 -12 55 20 29 -4 3 -4

IT 17 3 50 -2 30 0 3 -1

CY 4 -1 74 1 21 1 1 -1

LV 22 -4 23 7 51 -4 4 1

LT 21 5 19 -3 57 -3 3 1

LU 12 -7 41 4 43 3 4 0

HU 22 10 36 -23 40 12 2 1

MT 39 30 9 -34 36 1 16 3

NL 17 1 49 -4 33 3 1 0

AT 20 0 25 -2 51 4 4 -2

PL 7 -7 41 9 48 0 4 -2

PT 7 2 74 7 15 -8 4 -1

RO 18 -9 39 4 37 6 6 -1

SI 6 -3 70 6 22 -4 2 1

SK 13 -1 43 -3 42 4 2 0

FI 16 4 30 -1 53 -3 1 0

SE 24 1 23 1 50 -3 3 1

UK 21 5 37 -10 38 4 4 1

HR 17 38 43 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.12 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die wirtschaftliche Lage in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.12 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? La situation économique en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.12 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

T27



EU 27 17 1 13 -1 60 1 10 -1

BE 18 0 12 6 62 -7 8 1

BG 16 4 12 0 64 -3 8 -1

CZ 9 3 13 1 60 -3 18 -1

DK 22 2 3 0 73 -1 2 -1

DE 14 1 5 -1 71 1 10 -1

EE 30 5 6 -1 47 -2 17 -2

IE 17 6 20 5 56 -5 7 -6

EL 8 1 33 -13 49 11 10 1

ES 16 3 18 -2 61 2 5 -3

FR 24 0 9 3 51 -2 16 -1

IT 13 -2 25 0 57 4 5 -2

CY 4 -1 30 2 43 -4 23 3

LV 27 5 4 -1 57 -2 12 -2

LT 20 7 9 -7 57 0 14 0

LU 20 0 5 -1 64 0 11 1

HU 13 3 21 -10 57 8 9 -1

MT 19 8 5 -3 61 6 15 -11

NL 20 5 9 -2 54 -2 17 -1

AT 16 1 6 -1 72 1 6 -1

PL 12 -1 15 0 67 3 6 -2

PT 10 4 25 -5 57 2 8 -1

RO 14 -10 19 3 41 5 26 2

SI 9 -2 22 0 64 3 5 -1

SK 14 1 13 -4 58 3 15 0

FI 14 2 5 -1 76 -1 5 0

SE 32 5 4 1 61 -4 3 -2

UK 26 4 7 -1 56 -2 11 -1

HR 16 24 56 4


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.13 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Ihre persönliche berufliche Situation

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.13 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? Votre situation professionnelle

QA3.13 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? Your personal job situation

T28



EU 27 17 0 21 1 59 0 3 -1

BE 19 1 15 4 65 -5 1 0

BG 18 4 20 -3 53 -4 9 3

CZ 9 3 30 -3 58 -1 3 1

DK 24 4 6 1 69 -5 1 0

DE 13 0 11 -1 75 3 1 -2

EE 34 4 13 0 52 -2 1 -2

IE 14 4 30 7 52 -8 4 -3

EL 10 1 59 -7 29 6 2 0

ES 14 1 24 -2 59 4 3 -3

FR 25 -3 21 9 51 -5 3 -1

IT 14 0 27 0 55 2 4 -2

CY 4 -1 51 4 38 -4 7 1

LV 30 3 10 2 58 -5 2 0

LT 21 4 14 0 62 -5 3 1

LU 20 0 8 -2 69 1 3 1

HU 16 6 29 -15 53 8 2 1

MT 23 13 8 -13 64 1 5 -1

NL 18 6 18 -3 62 -3 2 0

AT 14 -2 12 1 71 2 3 -1

PL 13 -2 24 0 60 3 3 -1

PT 9 3 44 -1 42 0 5 -2

RO 20 -10 25 3 51 8 4 -1

SI 9 -2 36 2 53 0 2 0

SK 16 3 22 -4 59 2 3 -1

FI 18 3 8 1 74 -3 0 -1

SE 31 7 8 2 60 -9 1 0

UK 25 4 14 1 59 -5 2 0

HR 17 28 53 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.14 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die finanzielle Situation Ihres Haushaltes

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.14 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? La situation financière de votre ménage

QA3.14 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The financial situation of your household

T29



EU 27 15 -1 43 1 39 1 3 -1

BE 16 -2 47 12 35 -11 2 1

BG 17 4 34 -3 37 -4 12 3

CZ 7 3 50 1 42 -3 1 -1

DK 38 2 11 -5 50 3 1 0

DE 12 -2 26 -1 58 5 4 -2

EE 27 -1 18 2 50 -2 5 1

IE 15 3 43 -7 39 6 3 -2

EL 9 0 73 -7 17 6 1 1

ES 14 1 47 -6 37 5 2 0

FR 16 -13 55 22 26 -7 3 -2

IT 19 4 48 -3 30 1 3 -2

CY 4 -1 79 6 16 -4 1 -1

LV 22 -4 12 -1 63 6 3 -1

LT 20 6 14 -8 62 3 4 -1

LU 13 -3 49 4 34 -1 4 0

HU 17 6 39 -17 41 10 3 1

MT 28 18 7 -19 46 -3 19 4

NL 11 -1 62 2 25 -2 2 1

AT 19 -1 28 1 48 0 5 0

PL 7 -4 43 8 47 -1 3 -3

PT 7 2 75 6 15 -7 3 -1

RO 17 -9 41 5 34 4 8 0

SI 7 -3 70 7 21 -4 2 0

SK 14 0 46 2 39 0 1 -2

FI 18 5 34 1 47 -6 1 0

SE 24 -2 28 7 46 -5 2 0

UK 19 5 38 -11 39 5 4 1

HR 17 37 44 2


Same

Gleich

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Better

Besser

QA3.15 Welche Erwartungen haben Sie an die nächsten 12 Monate? Werden die nächsten 12 Monate besser, schlechter oder gleich sein, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in (UNSEREM LAND)

Moins bons

Worse

Schlechter

QA3.15 Quelles sont vos attentes pour les douze prochains mois : les douze prochains mois seront-ils meilleurs, moins bons ou sans changement, en ce qui concerne … ? La situation de l'emploi en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA3.15 What are your expectations for the next twelve months: will the next twelve months be better, worse or the same, when it comes to...? The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

T30



EU 27 23 1 37 0 39 -1 1 0

BE 28 -2 27 4 45 -2 0 0

BG 8 1 51 -2 40 1 1 0

CZ 19 3 43 3 38 -6 0 0

DK 41 6 18 -1 40 -5 1 0

DE 30 2 19 -2 50 0 1 0

EE 35 3 36 -1 28 -3 1 1

IE 23 -2 47 13 29 -11 1 0

EL 4 2 82 -2 14 0 0 0

ES 9 -4 61 7 29 -4 1 1

FR 29 5 36 -2 34 -3 1 0

IT 9 0 45 1 45 -1 1 0

CY 13 -4 60 8 27 -4 0 0

LV 31 7 36 -9 32 2 1 0

LT 28 9 35 -11 36 2 1 0

LU 47 10 18 -3 34 -6 1 -1

HU 11 4 47 -11 41 7 1 0

MT 36 6 22 -16 42 11 0 -1

NL 36 3 24 3 40 -5 0 -1

AT 27 4 22 -1 51 -2 0 -1

PL 19 -3 33 -3 47 7 1 -1

PT 7 3 68 -2 25 0 0 -1

RO 16 2 51 -2 32 1 1 -1

SI 14 2 54 5 32 -7 0 0

SK 19 0 42 5 39 -4 0 -1

FI 45 3 18 5 37 -7 0 -1

SE 59 -1 14 4 27 -2 0 -1

UK 35 0 30 2 34 -2 1 0

HR 13 57 30 0

Se sont améliorées Sont restées les mêmes

Stayed about the same

Ist etwa gleich geblieben

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.1 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Ihr Leben im Allgemeinen

Se sont détériorées

Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.1 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Votre vie en général

QA4.1 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? Your life in general

T31



EU 27 17 1 23 -1 58 0 2 0

BE 17 -1 15 1 68 1 0 -1

BG 18 3 24 -7 58 5 0 -1

CZ 22 -1 22 5 56 -4 0 0

DK 21 5 12 -3 62 -4 5 2

DE 17 6 9 -1 73 -4 1 -1

EE 36 4 12 -5 49 0 3 1

IE 20 3 23 10 55 -13 2 0

EL 2 0 64 -9 33 9 1 0

ES 9 1 46 0 44 -1 1 0

FR 25 0 15 2 59 -1 1 -1

IT 7 0 41 2 52 0 0 -2

CY 13 -6 30 -6 57 13 0 -1

LV 34 8 10 -10 53 1 3 1

LT 26 4 11 -5 61 1 2 0

LU 34 8 9 1 56 -9 1 0

HU 17 2 29 -4 54 3 0 -1

MT 25 -3 9 -6 64 9 2 0

NL 21 1 14 2 64 -3 1 0

AT 20 4 16 1 64 -4 0 -1

PL 26 -4 15 -2 58 7 1 -1

PT 11 1 31 -19 57 18 1 0

RO 23 3 22 -8 54 6 1 -1

SI 11 1 38 -2 50 0 1 1

SK 15 0 25 -3 60 4 0 -1

FI 29 1 11 3 57 -5 3 1

SE 24 3 9 1 62 -5 5 1

UK 21 4 17 0 57 -5 5 1

HR 13 46 40 1




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.2 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Gegend, in der Sie leben


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.2 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? L’endroit où vous habitez

QA4.2 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The area you live in

T32



EU 27 8 0 49 -1 40 0 3 1

BE 18 1 15 3 65 -5 2 1

BG 5 0 55 -3 37 2 3 1

CZ 14 4 40 -6 45 2 1 0

DK 14 -3 32 6 52 -3 2 0

DE 11 4 39 -8 48 4 2 0

EE 20 -1 35 4 41 -3 4 0

IE 7 2 65 2 24 -4 4 0

EL 1 0 91 -3 8 3 0 0

ES 3 -3 76 12 20 -9 1 0

FR 8 1 46 1 41 -4 5 2

IT 5 1 59 1 35 -1 1 -1

CY 11 -9 46 9 38 -1 5 1

LV 11 2 35 -15 49 13 5 0

LT 13 4 29 -10 53 5 5 1

LU 15 0 13 -2 63 -2 9 4

HU 9 5 52 -10 38 5 1 0

MT 47 0 9 -8 40 6 4 2

NL 11 -2 48 7 40 -4 1 -1

AT 11 0 28 -1 60 2 1 -1

PL 5 -3 47 -8 46 12 2 -1

PT 5 0 65 -7 29 7 1 0

RO 9 2 57 -10 30 7 4 1

SI 2 -1 58 7 38 -7 2 1

SK 6 0 48 -13 44 13 2 0

FI 12 -4 34 4 53 1 1 -1

SE 13 -2 43 8 42 -4 2 -2

UK 13 -2 38 7 44 -7 5 2

HR 9 48 42 1




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.3 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Das Gesundheitswesen in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.3 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Les prestations des services de santé en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.3 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The healthcare system in (OUR COUNTRY)

T33



EU 27 4 0 56 -2 32 0 8 2

BE 10 2 40 0 45 -4 5 2

BG 2 -1 50 -5 36 5 12 1

CZ 4 1 58 -5 33 2 5 2

DK 6 0 26 -2 59 0 9 2

DE 5 -1 42 1 47 -1 6 1

EE 17 -3 34 2 41 -1 8 2

IE 4 0 56 6 24 -8 16 2

EL 0 0 97 -1 3 1 0 0

ES 1 0 79 6 16 -7 4 1

FR 2 -3 67 11 22 -8 9 0

IT 2 -1 75 1 20 0 3 0

CY 7 -9 72 27 12 -17 9 -1

LV 5 2 40 -15 43 9 12 4

LT 5 1 40 -12 42 5 13 6

LU 7 1 19 0 48 -9 26 8

HU 11 9 44 -21 40 13 5 -1

MT 27 11 12 -15 46 9 15 -5

NL 2 0 80 7 12 -10 6 3

AT 6 0 37 2 52 0 5 -2

PL 2 -1 50 -9 43 9 5 1

PT 1 0 83 2 13 -2 3 0

RO 5 1 55 -14 29 8 11 5

SI 1 0 69 2 26 -3 4 1

SK 6 -1 44 -6 44 6 6 1

FI 7 -4 21 -2 64 5 8 1

SE 5 -1 33 -7 53 7 9 1

UK 8 1 37 -15 35 4 20 10

HR 3 60 34 3




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.4 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Rentenversorgung in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.4 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Le système des retraites en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.4 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The provision of pensions in (OUR COUNTRY)

T34



EU 27 5 -1 50 1 32 -1 13 1

BE 10 2 42 5 42 -8 6 1

BG 3 0 42 -4 36 4 19 0

CZ 3 0 61 -5 28 3 8 2

DK 8 1 46 11 39 -12 7 0

DE 9 -1 24 -4 55 4 12 1

EE 11 -4 24 -7 42 3 23 8

IE 6 -4 58 6 28 -3 8 1

EL 1 1 94 -3 4 2 1 0

ES 1 -1 85 10 11 -8 3 -1

FR 4 -1 45 10 29 -7 22 -2

IT 3 0 63 0 24 0 10 0

CY 3 -4 66 16 15 -14 16 2

LV 6 2 32 -19 41 12 21 5

LT 7 0 37 -7 36 2 20 5

LU 10 0 18 4 40 -7 32 3

HU 5 4 68 -11 21 5 6 2

MT 21 7 8 -12 40 5 31 0

NL 3 0 60 13 27 -10 10 -3

AT 10 -2 22 -2 60 5 8 -1

PL 3 -2 45 1 43 4 9 -3

PT 1 0 82 2 10 -4 7 2

RO 3 0 53 -10 26 5 18 5

SI 2 0 71 -1 18 -3 9 4

SK 5 0 52 1 35 1 8 -2

FI 8 -5 15 1 64 5 13 -1

SE 7 -1 49 -4 30 1 14 4

UK 7 -1 41 1 29 -4 23 4

HR 3 56 34 7




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.5 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Arbeitslosenunterstützung in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.5 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Les allocations chômage en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.5 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? Unemployment benefits in (OUR COUNTRY)

T35



EU 27 3 1 81 -1 15 1 1 -1

BE 5 0 78 -1 16 1 1 0

BG 1 0 78 -2 20 2 1 0

CZ 2 0 85 -2 13 2 0 0

DK 7 3 59 -8 32 5 2 0

DE 3 1 75 -1 21 0 1 0

EE 2 -2 88 0 9 2 1 0

IE 4 1 80 -2 14 2 2 -1

EL 1 1 95 -2 4 1 0 0

ES 1 0 91 2 8 -1 0 -1

FR 1 0 90 3 7 -3 2 0

IT 2 0 82 -1 15 1 1 0

CY 1 -1 91 0 7 1 1 0

LV 3 1 77 -4 18 4 2 -1

LT 4 -2 74 9 19 -6 3 -1

LU 3 1 77 1 17 -3 3 1

HU 6 5 75 -13 19 9 0 -1

MT 5 3 66 -22 25 18 4 1

NL 2 0 80 4 17 -4 1 0

AT 5 -1 71 6 24 -4 0 -1

PL 3 0 74 -6 22 7 1 -1

PT 1 0 93 1 5 -2 1 1

RO 3 -1 79 0 16 1 2 0

SI 0 -1 94 3 5 -3 1 1

SK 3 0 82 -1 15 3 0 -2

FI 2 -2 69 0 28 3 1 -1

SE 13 3 42 -5 41 3 4 -1

UK 2 -1 84 -1 12 2 2 0

HR 2 81 16 1




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.6 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Lebenshaltungskosten in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.6 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Le coût de la vie en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.6 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The cost of living in (OUR COUNTRY)

T36



EU 27 10 -1 40 3 46 -1 4 -1

BE 9 1 46 -5 44 5 1 -1

BG 5 -2 21 2 69 -1 5 1

CZ 6 1 46 -2 46 0 2 1

DK 18 -4 36 12 44 -8 2 0

DE 16 2 25 2 54 -3 5 -1

EE 22 -2 8 -4 65 6 5 0

IE 20 8 29 1 45 -7 6 -2

EL 3 1 72 -7 24 5 1 1

ES 6 2 47 -3 43 0 4 1

FR 4 -1 55 4 35 -3 6 0

IT 10 -1 47 2 41 1 2 -2

CY 5 -3 53 -4 41 7 1 0

LV 8 2 17 -5 73 4 2 -1

LT 10 2 16 -1 68 -1 6 0

LU 16 9 22 2 57 -12 5 1

HU 11 4 34 -9 52 6 3 -1

MT 29 5 15 -2 47 -3 9 0

NL 10 -3 43 6 44 -4 3 1

AT 14 1 33 0 49 -1 4 0

PL 12 -2 24 1 58 1 6 0

PT 4 0 36 -11 53 13 7 -2

RO 7 -6 27 -1 54 4 12 3

SI 3 0 51 -3 42 1 4 2

SK 6 -3 27 -2 63 5 4 0

FI 19 2 22 1 56 -2 3 -1

SE 17 -2 45 6 37 -3 1 -1

UK 13 -2 46 15 36 -13 5 0

HR 11 37 49 3




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.7 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Beziehungen zwischen Menschen mit unterschiedlichem kulturellen oder religiösen Hintergrund oder verschiedener Nationalitäten in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.7 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Les rapports entre les personnes d’origines culturelles ou religieuses différentes ou de nationalités différentes en (NOTRE PAYS)QA4.7 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? Relations in (OUR COUNTRY) between people from different cultural or religious backgrounds or nationalities

T37



EU 27 7 0 47 1 41 -2 5 1

BE 14 3 35 2 49 -5 2 0

BG 4 -2 41 7 49 0 6 -5

CZ 5 2 46 -1 47 -2 2 1

DK 13 0 33 9 51 -9 3 0

DE 13 4 32 -1 49 -4 6 1

EE 12 1 26 -2 56 1 6 0

IE 7 0 43 2 43 -1 7 -1

EL 2 1 86 -1 12 0 0 0

ES 4 1 68 5 25 -6 3 0

FR 7 2 57 2 32 -3 4 -1

IT 6 1 52 -5 39 4 3 0

CY 4 -2 66 0 28 1 2 1

LV 9 3 25 -7 60 4 6 0

LT 7 1 35 -4 51 1 7 2

LU 17 6 17 -1 52 -10 14 5

HU 9 7 52 -13 37 6 2 0

MT 32 12 11 -10 49 3 8 -5

NL 8 -1 47 12 41 -12 4 1

AT 11 0 30 -2 55 3 4 -1

PL 5 -1 41 -1 49 2 5 0

PT 2 0 63 -4 29 4 6 0

RO 4 -2 44 -11 44 11 8 2

SI 4 1 69 4 24 -6 3 1

SK 5 0 46 1 47 0 2 -1

FI 15 1 26 0 57 0 2 -1

SE 9 -4 42 5 46 1 3 -2

UK 8 -4 41 8 42 -8 9 4

HR 7 49 41 3




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.8 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Art und Weise der Auseinandersetzung mit sozialer Benachteiligung und Armut in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.8 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? La manière dont les inégalités et la pauvreté sont traitées en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.8 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The way inequalities and poverty are addressed in (OUR COUNTRY)

T38



EU 27 5 1 69 -4 23 3 3 0

BE 9 4 71 -9 18 3 2 2

BG 3 0 44 -22 48 21 5 1

CZ 18 2 24 -1 56 -2 2 1

DK 5 0 52 -7 40 7 3 0

DE 2 0 85 2 12 -1 1 -1

EE 23 3 17 0 57 -2 3 -1

IE 6 3 63 -10 25 6 6 1

EL 0 -2 95 0 5 2 0 0

ES 6 2 50 -7 40 5 4 0

FR 3 0 77 -1 16 2 4 -1

IT 5 1 69 -5 24 5 2 -1

CY 1 0 95 0 4 1 0 -1

LV 16 5 20 0 62 -4 2 -1

LT 2 0 75 0 19 -2 4 2

LU 3 -1 71 3 18 -5 8 3

HU 16 14 60 -25 23 10 1 1

MT 6 2 68 -17 21 13 5 2

NL 5 1 58 -5 32 4 5 0

AT 4 -2 67 9 28 -6 1 -1

PL 6 2 53 -15 37 12 4 1

PT 2 1 88 -1 8 -1 2 1

RO 2 -1 80 4 16 -2 2 -1

SI 5 2 79 -3 14 0 2 1

SK 6 1 67 -4 26 4 1 -1

FI 3 -1 69 -2 26 3 2 0

SE 9 3 42 -15 42 11 7 1

UK 4 0 81 1 11 -2 4 1

HR 3 61 34 2




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.9 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Bezahlbare Energie in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.9 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Le caractère abordable des coûts de l’énergie en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.9 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? How affordable energy is in (OUR COUNTRY)

T39



EU 27 6 1 66 -1 24 0 4 0

BE 5 0 69 -6 25 6 1 0

BG 4 -4 35 -18 53 23 8 -1

CZ 15 4 41 0 42 -5 2 1

DK 16 1 31 -6 50 5 3 0

DE 6 2 62 13 28 -14 4 -1

EE 18 0 25 -3 52 4 5 -1

IE 24 -5 44 3 26 1 6 1

EL 10 5 78 -7 12 2 0 0

ES 3 0 87 2 9 -1 1 -1

FR 3 0 75 -3 17 3 5 0

IT 4 1 69 -5 23 3 4 1

CY 10 3 72 -8 15 4 3 1

LV 16 2 24 -3 55 0 5 1

LT 11 4 52 -9 30 4 7 1

LU 2 0 83 1 12 -1 3 0

HU 11 11 63 -17 25 7 1 -1

MT 8 2 58 -11 26 7 8 2

NL 9 4 68 0 20 -4 3 0

AT 4 -1 66 7 28 -4 2 -2

PL 8 3 47 -18 38 14 7 1

PT 4 2 80 -4 13 0 3 2

RO 10 2 55 -5 25 0 10 3

SI 8 3 74 -1 16 -2 2 0

SK 6 -1 68 0 24 1 2 0

FI 2 -1 72 2 25 0 1 -1

SE 8 1 48 0 39 -1 5 0

UK 7 2 66 -7 21 3 6 2

HR 4 58 35 3




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.10 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Erschwinglicher Wohnraum in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.10 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Le caractère abordable du coût du logement en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.10 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? How affordable housing is in (OUR COUNTRY)

T40



EU 27 5 0 43 2 47 -2 5 0

BE 15 2 22 4 60 -7 3 1

BG 6 -3 29 5 54 -1 11 -1

CZ 7 3 43 -3 47 -2 3 2

DK 11 1 34 6 54 -5 1 -2

DE 5 0 16 3 75 -3 4 0

EE 16 -1 13 -1 61 1 10 1

IE 5 -1 51 5 36 -3 8 -1

EL 4 3 81 -7 15 4 0 0

ES 1 -1 74 7 22 -6 3 0

FR 4 -1 43 6 47 -5 6 0

IT 3 -1 69 2 26 -1 2 0

CY 6 0 44 -2 48 4 2 -2

LV 12 2 24 -6 58 3 6 1

LT 7 0 24 -8 54 5 15 3

LU 12 2 9 0 70 -5 9 3

HU 15 7 32 -18 47 9 6 2

MT 17 6 14 -18 56 14 13 -2

NL 5 0 49 10 41 -10 5 0

AT 11 0 18 -3 69 3 2 0

PL 7 -2 35 -1 54 6 4 -3

PT 2 0 66 -1 27 2 5 -1

RO 11 2 39 -10 42 6 8 2

SI 5 0 65 6 26 -8 4 2

SK 7 -1 36 -4 53 4 4 1

FI 6 1 26 6 65 -5 3 -2

SE 8 -1 21 1 64 1 7 -1

UK 4 -2 37 5 48 -4 11 1

HR 6 53 38 3




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.11 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Das Funktionieren der öffentlichen Verwaltung in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.11 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Le fonctionnement de l’administration publique en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.11 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The way public administration runs in (OUR COUNTRY)

T41



EU 27 10 0 71 1 17 -1 2 0

BE 7 0 73 4 19 -4 1 0

BG 0 -2 84 8 14 -5 2 -1

CZ 2 0 83 3 14 -4 1 1

DK 13 9 66 -14 19 5 2 0

DE 37 -1 24 -1 36 2 3 0

EE 27 7 50 -5 20 -2 3 0

IE 4 2 81 -5 13 3 2 0

EL 0 0 98 -1 2 1 0 0

ES 1 1 96 2 3 -2 0 -1

FR 1 -1 89 6 8 -4 2 -1

IT 2 0 85 3 13 -2 0 -1

CY 0 -1 99 3 1 -2 0 0

LV 16 9 59 -13 23 5 2 -1

LT 12 6 59 -12 25 4 4 2

LU 6 1 63 -1 24 -2 7 2

HU 10 7 65 -20 23 12 2 1

MT 19 8 33 -31 39 20 9 3

NL 1 -1 94 7 4 -6 1 0

AT 12 -2 57 10 29 -8 2 0

PL 6 -9 60 11 31 1 3 -3

PT 1 0 94 1 5 -1 0 0

RO 3 -1 78 2 17 0 2 -1

SI 1 0 93 0 5 0 1 0

SK 4 -1 77 3 18 -2 1 0

FI 8 0 68 14 22 -13 2 -1

SE 27 -3 40 4 29 0 4 -1

UK 7 3 77 -6 13 3 3 0

HR 2 78 19 1




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.12 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die wirtschaftliche Lage in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.12 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? La situation économique en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.12 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The economic situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

T42



EU 27 15 0 29 1 47 0 9 -1

BE 22 -1 18 6 50 -8 10 3

BG 6 -2 35 1 56 2 3 -1

CZ 16 5 26 2 42 -6 16 -1

DK 25 -1 17 2 56 1 2 -2

DE 21 -2 12 0 56 1 11 1

EE 25 4 21 0 37 -2 17 -2

IE 13 2 37 0 44 2 6 -4

EL 3 1 58 -6 31 6 8 -1

ES 5 -2 53 5 39 -2 3 -1

FR 21 1 22 4 43 -1 14 -4

IT 7 1 45 7 46 -7 2 -1

CY 5 -1 51 11 31 1 13 -11

LV 20 4 25 -7 40 4 15 -1

LT 17 8 25 -15 43 8 15 -1

LU 28 7 11 0 50 -5 11 -2

HU 9 4 41 -8 42 6 8 -2

MT 22 7 15 -8 53 14 10 -13

NL 24 5 23 2 37 -6 16 -1

AT 26 3 13 0 58 -2 3 -1

PL 12 -3 28 -2 57 7 3 -2

PT 5 2 46 -6 47 6 2 -2

RO 8 1 35 -5 35 5 22 -1

SI 11 4 41 2 45 -5 3 -1

SK 15 1 30 1 44 -1 11 -1

FI 17 0 14 1 64 1 5 -2

SE 43 0 13 3 39 -3 5 0

UK 21 0 20 -3 48 3 11 0

HR 7 51 37 5




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.13 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Ihre persönliche berufliche Situation


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.13 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? Votre situation professionnelle

QA4.13 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? Your personal job situation

T43



EU 27 16 1 41 1 42 -1 1 -1

BE 21 0 25 4 53 -4 1 0

BG 5 -2 57 2 37 0 1 0

CZ 14 4 48 2 38 -5 0 -1

DK 29 0 20 0 50 1 1 -1

DE 23 0 21 -1 55 2 1 -1

EE 30 6 34 -2 34 -4 2 0

IE 12 3 50 -1 34 -3 4 1

EL 2 1 89 -2 9 1 0 0

ES 4 -1 65 6 30 -5 1 0

FR 21 3 37 4 39 -7 3 0

IT 5 0 53 2 41 -2 1 0

CY 4 -2 74 9 21 -7 1 0

LV 22 5 36 -11 40 5 2 1

LT 20 6 38 -10 41 5 1 -1

LU 32 9 14 -5 51 -5 3 1

HU 11 7 55 -12 33 4 1 1

MT 17 7 25 -15 57 10 1 -2

NL 26 3 33 7 40 -9 1 -1

AT 22 2 24 1 53 -2 1 -1

PL 14 -3 40 -3 45 7 1 -1

PT 4 2 69 -2 26 0 1 0

RO 11 2 51 -5 37 4 1 -1

SI 9 2 60 4 30 -6 1 0

SK 16 1 46 2 37 -3 1 0

FI 27 2 17 2 55 -3 1 -1

SE 46 -1 17 2 36 0 1 -1

UK 22 1 29 -4 46 2 3 1

HR 8 61 31 0




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.14 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die finanzielle Situation Ihres Haushaltes


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.14 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? La situation financière de votre ménage

QA4.14 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The financial situation of your household

T44



EU 27 8 -1 71 1 18 0 3 0

BE 5 -3 75 12 19 -9 1 0

BG 0 -1 81 5 16 -2 3 -2

CZ 2 -1 77 8 19 -9 2 2

DK 8 3 71 -10 19 7 2 0

DE 37 -5 26 3 33 3 4 -1

EE 18 7 48 -11 26 0 8 4

IE 3 3 82 -6 13 3 2 0

EL 0 0 98 -1 2 1 0 0

ES 1 1 95 0 4 0 0 -1

FR 1 -1 89 7 7 -6 3 0

IT 2 -1 83 2 15 0 0 -1

CY 0 -1 98 5 2 -2 0 -2

LV 13 8 53 -18 29 8 5 2

LT 10 4 48 -12 36 8 6 0

LU 6 3 75 3 14 -5 5 -1

HU 8 6 69 -15 22 9 1 0

MT 20 7 23 -24 44 12 13 5

NL 2 0 92 10 5 -9 1 -1

AT 9 0 58 12 31 -12 2 0

PL 4 -2 64 5 29 -1 3 -2

PT 1 0 95 2 4 -2 0 0

RO 3 -1 77 2 17 0 3 -1

SI 1 0 93 0 5 0 1 0

SK 3 -1 80 6 16 -5 1 0

FI 6 -2 72 16 21 -12 1 -2

SE 8 -3 69 10 18 -7 5 0

UK 6 3 71 -10 18 5 5 2

HR 1 81 17 1




Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Improved

Verbessert

QA4.15 Haben sich die Dinge im Vergleich zu vor fünf Jahren Ihrer Ansicht nach verbessert oder verschlechtert oder sind sie in etwa gleich geblieben, wenn es um Folgendes geht? Die Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in (UNSEREM LAND)


Got worse

Verschlechtert

QA4.15 Diriez-vous que, par rapport à il y a cinq ans, les choses se sont améliorées, déteriorées ou sont restées les mêmes en ce qui concerne … ? La situation de l’emploi en (NOTRE PAYS)

QA4.15 Compared with five years ago, would you say things have improved, got worse or stayed about the same when it comes to…? The employment situation in (OUR COUNTRY)

T45


% SP 408 SP 349 SP 408 SP 349 SP 408 SP 349 SP 408 SP 349 SP 408 SP 349

EU 27 18 1 70 7 47 5 23 -2 10 -1

BE 34 0 57 4 40 -2 25 0 10 0

BG 17 1 74 3 65 8 22 -5 10 4

CZ 28 2 73 1 33 7 30 -2 10 1

DK 18 -2 66 26 31 -1 18 -1 19 -8

DE 24 6 50 -2 40 2 25 -3 15 1

EE 38 13 60 -9 52 14 23 -2 6 1

IE 16 -3 82 4 40 9 19 5 7 2

EL 9 0 84 6 65 6 23 -8 3 -1

ES 9 -1 88 6 44 3 22 -3 3 -3

FR 14 -6 78 16 53 2 18 -6 11 -1

IT 9 0 82 7 49 10 24 0 7 -4

CY 8 -3 92 24 61 14 33 6 4 -3

LV 13 1 76 -6 51 6 21 3 4 1

LT 14 2 80 -4 55 5 13 2 3 0

LU 18 2 64 11 42 -8 18 0 15 -1

HU 19 -2 76 2 63 2 24 -1 9 3

MT 25 2 51 2 39 -2 23 0 11 2

NL 22 -5 63 30 31 1 25 1 13 -10

AT 26 4 63 3 40 7 28 0 11 -2

PL 23 8 82 17 48 10 26 -3 3 0

PT 13 -2 86 11 60 9 33 2 5 -1

RO 11 -1 47 1 68 -7 26 1 7 2

SI 16 -2 82 11 50 10 28 -1 3 -1

SK 20 4 81 5 55 14 35 3 5 -3

FI 26 -1 71 11 38 0 33 1 13 -3

SE 14 -1 70 9 32 -3 20 -10 29 2

UK 25 1 61 8 41 5 16 1 15 4

HR 11 87 57 34 4

L’intégration des minorités (les minorités

ethniques, les personnes handicapées,

les migrants, etc.)

Integration of minorities (ethnic minorities,

disabled, migrants, etc.)

Integration von Minderheiten (ethnische Minderheiten, Menschen

mit Behinderung, Migranten etc.)

La pauvreté

Poverty

Armut

Des opportunités égales pour tous

Equal opportunities for

all

Chancengleichheit für alle

Le vieillissement de la population

Ageing population

Überalterung der Bevölkerung

Le chômage

Unemployment

Arbeitslosigkeit

QA5 Selon vous, parmi les questions suivantes quelles sont les trois que l’Union européenne devrait traiter en priorité ? (MAX. 3 REPONSES)QA5 In your opinion, which three of the following issues should the European Union address as a priority? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS)QA5 Mit welchen drei der folgenden Themen sollte sich die Europäische Union Ihrer Meinung nach vorrangig beschäftigen? (MAX. 3 ANTWORTEN)

T46


% SP 408

SP 349

SP 408

SP 349

SP 408

SP 349

SP 408

SP 349

SP 408

SP 349

SP 408

SP 349

SP 408

SP 349

EU 27 37 2 15 -3 23 -4 30 0 2 1 0 0 1 0

BE 31 4 22 5 30 -10 30 5 1 0 0 0 0 0

BG 35 -4 11 3 26 -10 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

CZ 30 -3 14 1 35 5 17 -4 1 1 1 1 1 1

DK 40 -3 37 -7 28 -1 33 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0

DE 28 -5 31 3 22 1 41 -5 1 1 1 0 1 1

EE 39 -3 7 -1 15 -5 30 -7 3 1 0 0 1 0

IE 54 -3 11 -1 21 -8 35 2 1 0 0 0 0 -2

EL 41 12 8 -6 26 3 24 4 1 -2 0 0 0 0

ES 41 19 6 -10 10 -14 41 11 1 0 0 0 1 1

FR 37 -3 13 -7 30 5 35 -1 2 1 0 0 0 0

IT 27 -1 10 -2 21 -10 19 1 2 0 0 -1 0 -1

CY 46 -8 4 -10 20 -18 27 4 1 0 0 0 0 0

LV 48 -3 4 0 12 0 35 -4 2 0 1 1 1 1

LT 42 -4 6 2 24 -2 23 -5 2 1 0 -1 2 0

LU 29 3 23 -10 14 -3 45 2 5 5 0 0 1 1

HU 28 -5 12 -4 25 -1 15 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

MT 45 -1 20 -6 14 1 36 0 2 0 0 -1 2 1

NL 33 0 21 -12 31 -11 44 4 3 0 0 0 0 0

AT 29 0 30 3 28 -9 31 8 4 3 0 0 0 0

PL 43 -3 8 3 10 -5 14 -7 1 1 0 -1 0 -3

PT 43 11 3 -3 8 -6 24 3 2 -2 0 0 1 0

RO 57 2 4 -3 22 4 32 5 3 0 1 1 1 -1

SI 28 -3 14 -12 27 5 21 2 3 1 0 0 0 0

SK 24 -1 12 -10 22 -6 18 1 2 2 0 0 0 0

FI 36 3 28 -3 28 0 12 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0

SE 20 -3 54 0 26 -4 29 10 1 1 0 0 1 1

UK 48 5 10 -8 30 -10 33 1 2 1 1 0 1 0

HR 23 8 28 26 1 0 0

QA5 Selon vous, parmi les questions suivantes quelles sont les trois que l’Union européenne devrait traiter en priorité ? (MAX. 3 REPONSES)QA5 In your opinion, which three of the following issues should the European Union address as a priority? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS)QA5 Mit welchen drei der folgenden Themen sollte sich die Europäische Union Ihrer Meinung nach vorrangig beschäftigen? (MAX. 3 ANTWORTEN)

Aucun (SPONTANE) Ne sais pasLa santé

Le changement climatique

La criminalité

Health Climate change

Kriminalität Erziehung und Ausbildung

L’éducation et la formation

Autre (SPONTANE)

Sonstiges (SPONTAN)

Nichts davon (SPONTAN) Weiß nicht

Don't know

Gesundheit Klimawandel

Crime Education and training

Other (SPONTANEO

US)

None (SPONTANEO

US)

T47



EU 27 43 -3 42 -2 13 2 60 4

BE 42 0 36 2 18 4 52 0

BG 33 -2 55 -9 23 7 71 1

CZ 25 -6 43 -6 17 1 63 7

DK 54 -1 40 -7 14 2 53 21

DE 60 -5 34 -7 4 0 53 -2

EE 46 -8 51 1 21 -8 52 0

IE 53 -6 55 5 16 4 70 3

EL 36 0 50 3 20 -5 64 3

ES 51 8 39 13 9 3 63 -8

FR 51 1 35 -2 10 3 62 5

IT 23 -3 35 -7 31 11 57 3

CY 46 -5 50 -8 16 6 79 12

LV 37 -8 51 2 20 -5 68 3

LT 28 -10 45 -3 26 8 70 1

LU 55 -2 27 -2 9 -1 58 9

HU 25 -3 50 -5 16 1 79 2

MT 52 0 58 3 4 2 68 6

NL 52 -7 35 -9 12 1 51 22

AT 39 4 40 1 15 0 63 9

PL 19 -14 53 1 20 1 60 10

PT 42 -1 54 -1 16 2 69 10

RO 45 -3 59 -3 9 0 67 -1

SI 27 -4 32 -5 23 4 64 1

SK 26 -2 50 -4 19 7 71 6

FI 25 -1 34 -6 23 4 60 3

SE 49 7 40 -8 9 -1 52 13

UK 55 -4 51 -1 6 -1 62 9

HR 38 33 30 68

L’esprit d’entreprise

Entrepreneurship

Unternehmertum

La création d’emplois

Job creation

Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen

L’éducation et la formation

Education and training

Erziehung und Ausbildung

Les soins de santé

Healthcare

Gesundheitswesen

QA6 En ce qui concerne les questions sociales et de l’emploi, selon vous, quels sont les trois domaines dans lesquels l’Union européenne devrait investir ses ressources en priorité ? (MAX. 3 REPONSES)QA6 When it comes to social and employment issues, in your opinion, in which three of the following areas should the EU invest its resources as a priority? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS)QA6 Wenn es um sozial- und beschäftigungspolitische Themen geht: In welchen drei der folgenden Bereiche sollte die EU Ihrer Meinung nach ihre Mittel vorrangig investieren? (MAX. 3 ANTWORTEN)

T48



EU 27 24 -1 5 0 12 -1 13 0 15 0

BE 33 -4 7 2 19 3 10 -2 15 2

BG 21 -9 5 -1 5 -3 7 0 11 2

CZ 36 -1 2 0 9 1 18 3 12 0

DK 26 -1 2 -1 15 -2 21 -4 31 -2

DE 44 6 4 1 12 0 7 -1 20 -2

EE 34 2 4 -1 6 1 14 3 7 -1

IE 14 2 7 3 9 2 13 0 10 -5

EL 30 -7 7 1 8 -2 15 1 16 7

ES 18 3 6 2 4 -5 9 -1 10 0

FR 16 -6 3 -2 15 -4 14 0 19 1

IT 17 -6 7 -2 11 -1 22 3 16 0

CY 20 -4 6 -3 9 -9 13 1 8 3

LV 26 3 5 2 4 2 17 -3 4 -4

LT 28 -7 6 2 4 0 5 1 8 1

LU 19 -5 3 -1 16 -5 7 -4 19 -2

HU 28 1 3 -2 9 0 10 -1 13 0

MT 20 -4 6 3 13 -1 9 -2 13 1

NL 30 -4 5 0 12 -11 22 1 21 4

AT 45 -2 3 -1 16 -6 15 1 18 4

PL 25 7 4 1 7 1 8 1 7 -3

PT 27 5 5 1 11 -1 9 0 7 2

RO 12 -5 9 3 10 -1 11 -2 9 3

SI 38 -2 3 0 7 -2 12 3 16 1

SK 38 -4 2 0 12 1 10 0 10 -2

FI 25 -3 5 2 17 3 21 2 12 0

SE 39 -7 4 -1 19 -5 13 -3 28 4

UK 11 0 4 0 19 2 11 -2 11 -2

HR 35 4 13 12 7

KulturSoziale Sicherheit Bekämpfung von Diskriminierung

Forschung und Innovation

Steigerung der Effektivität der

öffentlichen Verwaltung

Fighting discrimination

More effective public

administration

Research and innovationSocial security Culture

La recherche et l’innovationLa sécurité sociale La culture La lutte contre les

discriminations

Des administrations publiques plus

efficaces


T49



EU 27 10 0 34 5 1 0 0 0 1 0

BE 12 -2 31 -2 0 -1 0 -1 1 1

BG 10 1 38 12 0 0 0 0 1 0

CZ 8 2 44 3 0 0 0 0 2 2

DK 14 -5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1

DE 14 1 25 9 0 0 1 1 1 0

EE 8 1 22 3 1 1 0 0 1 0

IE 5 0 30 -1 0 -1 0 0 1 -1

EL 8 2 29 4 1 0 0 0 0 0

ES 7 0 46 -4 1 1 0 0 1 0

FR 15 -4 47 5 1 1 0 0 0 0

IT 5 -2 29 6 0 -1 1 0 1 0

CY 13 0 37 14 0 -1 0 0 0 0

LV 6 2 34 7 1 1 0 0 1 1

LT 6 4 36 -2 1 0 0 0 3 1

LU 19 3 42 13 2 2 0 0 0 -1

HU 13 3 29 3 1 1 0 0 0 0

MT 7 0 18 -3 0 -1 0 0 2 0

NL 15 -4 25 3 2 2 0 0 1 1

AT 11 1 24 5 3 2 0 0 0 -1

PL 8 5 38 5 0 -1 0 0 1 -2

PT 8 4 29 10 0 -2 0 0 1 0

RO 9 3 36 12 1 0 0 0 1 -1

SI 10 4 41 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

SK 7 3 31 2 1 1 0 0 0 0

FI 22 1 42 3 1 0 0 0 0 0

SE 33 4 8 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0

UK 8 -1 37 8 2 1 1 0 2 -1

HR 4 38 0 0 0

Integration von Menschen, die aus der Gesellschaft

ausgeschlossen sind

Zugang zu Beschäftigung

Sonstiges (SPONTAN)

Nichts davon (SPONTAN) Weiß nicht

None (SPONTANEOUS) Don't know

Integration of people excluded from the society

Access to employment

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

L’intégration des personnes exclues

de la sociétéL’accès à l’emploi Autre (SPONTANE) Aucun (SPONTANE) Ne sais pas


T50



EU 27 54 -5 32 5 11 1 3 -1

BE 65 -3 22 5 12 -2 1 0

BG 32 -3 57 1 7 2 4 0

CZ 55 -6 32 -1 11 6 2 1

DK 66 5 27 -5 5 0 2 0

DE 63 -4 13 1 21 4 3 -1

EE 41 -6 43 1 13 5 3 0

IE 42 -7 29 9 26 1 3 -3

EL 28 -14 63 10 8 3 1 1

ES 36 -18 54 20 8 -1 2 -1

FR 69 4 25 1 3 -4 3 -1

IT 42 -14 32 11 20 5 6 -2

CY 21 -22 74 20 5 2 0 0

LV 30 -2 48 -15 16 13 6 4

LT 34 0 51 -6 7 3 8 3

LU 64 5 24 6 8 -12 4 1

HU 42 -2 54 1 1 0 3 1

MT 44 7 37 -6 15 1 4 -2

NL 79 1 14 -5 5 3 2 1

AT 59 5 17 -6 21 0 3 1

PL 55 11 38 -9 5 0 2 -2

PT 35 -18 56 18 6 0 3 0

RO 34 -5 50 9 11 0 5 -4

SI 38 -14 40 7 21 7 1 0

SK 38 -13 51 7 10 6 1 0

FI 66 -4 27 1 6 3 1 0

SE 64 -2 32 3 3 0 1 -1

UK 68 -7 23 4 5 1 4 2

HR 52 40 6 2

Cela dépend du domaine (SPONTANE)

It depends of the issue (SPONTANEOUS)

Das hängt vom Thema ab (SPONTAN)

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

L’UE toute entière

The whole EU

Auf die ganze EU

Principalement sur les pays\ régions les plus

pauvres de l’UE

Mainly on the poorest countries\ regions of the

EU

Hauptsächlich auf die ärmsten

Länder/Regionen der EU

QA7 Selon vous, en ce qui concerne les questions sociales et de l’emploi, l’Union européenne devrait se focaliser principalement sur … ?

QA7 In your opinion, when it comes to social and employment issues, should the European Union focus on…?

QA7 Sollte sich die Europäische Union bei sozial- und beschäftigungspolitischen Themen Ihrer Meinung nach … konzentrieren?

T51



EU 27 15 2 29 2 55 -3 1 -1 44 4

BE 14 4 27 -5 59 1 0 0 41 -1

BG 9 3 37 13 52 -15 2 -1 46 16

CZ 9 -2 23 0 67 1 1 1 32 -2

DK 2 0 16 1 81 -2 1 1 18 1

DE 15 5 28 5 56 -10 1 0 43 10

EE 9 1 38 5 53 -5 0 -1 47 6

IE 21 5 27 -3 50 -1 2 -1 48 2

EL 18 0 30 6 52 -5 0 -1 48 6

ES 21 -4 31 0 47 4 1 0 52 -4

FR 9 1 37 1 54 -2 0 0 46 2

IT 17 2 37 6 42 -5 4 -3 54 8

CY 12 0 28 2 60 -1 0 -1 40 2

LV 13 -2 35 -8 51 9 1 1 48 -10

LT 9 -3 34 -4 56 7 1 0 43 -7

LU 15 0 30 -2 55 3 0 -1 45 -2

HU 5 -3 27 2 67 0 1 1 32 -1

MT 17 0 33 -2 49 3 1 -1 50 -2

NL 19 4 38 4 43 -8 0 0 57 8

AT 12 -2 34 6 53 -4 1 0 46 4

PL 25 5 21 0 54 -4 0 -1 46 5

PT 20 -1 44 5 36 -3 0 -1 64 4

RO 10 3 24 4 57 -10 9 3 34 7

SI 13 1 33 1 54 -1 0 -1 46 2

SK 12 -2 38 -1 49 2 1 1 50 -3

FI 7 -3 40 8 53 -5 0 0 47 5

SE 5 2 18 2 77 -3 0 -1 23 4

UK 11 0 20 -3 69 3 0 0 31 -3

HR 13 23 63 1 36

Total 'Oui'

Total 'Yes'

Gesamt 'Ja'

Non

No

Nein

Ne sais pas

Don't know

Weiß nicht

Oui, et vous savez ce que c’est

Yes, and you know what it is

Ja, und Sie wissen, worum es sich dabei handelt

Oui, mais vous ne savez pas vraiment

ce que c’est

Yes, but you do not really know what it

is

Ja, aber Sie wissen nicht genau,

worum es sich dabei handelt

QA8 Avez-vous déjà entendu parler du Fonds social européen (FSE) ?

QA8 Have you heard of the European Social Fund (ESF)?

QA8 Haben Sie schon einmal vom Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) gehört?

T52

Documents

Special Eurobarometer 408 - ec.europa.eu · Poland and Romania, with each committing to political reforms intended to improve fiscal strength and competitiveness. At the end of 2011,