Stormwater Effectiveness Studies in Eastern …washington.apwa.net/Content/Chapters/washington.apwa.net/File...Stormwater Effectiveness Studies in Eastern Washington Art Jenkins,

10/6/2016

1

Stormwater Effectiveness Studies in Eastern Washington

Art Jenkins, PE, CSM – Stormwater Engineer – City of Spokane ValleyAimee Navickis-Brasch, PhD Candidate, PE – NB Stormwater Eng, LLC.

10/6/2016

2

Today’s Discussion

• Definitions & Issue Statements

• Collaboration

• Program Phasing

• Study Ideas

• QAPP Templates

• Coming up….

Definitions• Waters of the United States: any surface water

• NURP: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program

• NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

• MS4: Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System

• IDDE: Illicit Discharge Detection & Elimination(NADO: Nedovolené Absolutorium Detekce a Odstranění)

• BMP: Best Management Practice

• SCM: Stormwater Control Measures

• DSDP: Detailed Study Design Proposal

• QAPP: Quality Assurance Project Plan

10/6/2016

3

An issue with stormwater…?

• Dec 1983 – NURP Report– 28 major urban areas including Bellevue,

Chesapeake Bay, Fresno

– BMP Conclusions:• good: Detention Basins, Recharge Devices

• moderate treatment: Grass Swales

• promising: Wetlands

• ugly: Street Sweeping

issues with stormwater…

• Clean Water Act Amended 1987

• NPDES Permits:– Phase 1 Permits: 1990’s

• Census defined urban areas > 100k pop.

• 11 minimum measures

– NPDES Phase 2 Permits: 2000’s• Census defined urban areas > 10k pop.

• 6 minimum measures + 2

10/6/2016

4

Municipal SW Permits are Presumptive

Presumes that if there is a: – MS4 in a….

– census defined urban area with….

– greater than 10,000 population

– that discharges

– to surface waters of the U.S.…..then…


We presume that Pollutants such as:• lead, copper, zinc, cadmium

• coliform bacteria

• nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrates

• and organics….

– That are typically carried in stormwaterCause Impairment in Surface Waters

10/6/2016

5


And we further presume that BMPs such as:

• Detention Facilities

• Recharge Devices

• Grassy Swales

– Will help mitigate and decrease pollutant load to surface waters…..

EW Permit HistoryEastern WA Permit Municipal SW Permits• 18 Cities & 6 Counties

• 1st Permit Term Effective Feb 2007, 5-year term

• 2nd Permit Term Negotiations ~ 2010/2011– Pressure to show results – are the permits working?

– Outfall Monitoring? Cost prohibitive and difficult.

– Compromise: Perform Effectiveness Studies that show if the BMPs are working or not

– Section S8.B.1-10 is born.

• 2nd Permit Effective August 2014

10/6/2016

6

EWA Permit Section S8.B

“….shall collaborate with other Permittees to select, propose, develop, and conduct Ecology-approved studies to assess, on a regional or sub-regional basis, effectiveness of permit-required stormwatermanagement program activities and best management practices….”

Collaboration

18 Cities – 6 Counties

10/6/2016

7

Collaboration• Phase I: develop list of reasonable study ideas

• Phase II: due June 30, 2015– Rank Study Ideas

– Determine Leads & Participants

• Phase IIIa: due June 30, 2017– Detailed Study Design Proposal (DSDP)

• Phase IIIb: due 6 mo after ECY approves DSDPs– QAPP Development

• Phase IV: implement and complete the studies

Collaboration

10/6/2016

8

2009:

• “..the regulation of stormwater is hampered by its association with a statute that focuses primarily on specific pollutants and ignores the volume of discharges.”

• “EPA’s current approach to regulating stormwater is unlikely to produce and accurate or complete picture of the extent of the problem…”

• “There is a direct relationship between land cover and the biological condition of downstream receiving waters” – (>30, >50% impervious)

A few notes – 2009 NRC

10/6/2016

9

• “Flow and related parameters like impervious cover should be considered for use as proxies for stormwater pollutant loading”

• “Without these more easily measured parameters for evaluating….regulators will continue to struggle with enormously expensive and potentially impossible attempts to determine the pollutant loading..”

• “EPA should engage in much more vigilant regulatory oversight in the national licensing of products that contribute to stormwater pollution”


• “State and local governments do not have adequate financial support to implement the stormwater program in a rigorous way”

• “The stormwater monitoring requirements….are variable and generally sparse, which has led to considerable skepticism about their usefulness.”

• “Because of a 10-year effort to collect and analyze monitoring data from MS4s nationwide, the quality of stormwater from urbanized areas is well characterized.”


10/6/2016

10

• “SCMs, when designed, constructed, and maintained correctly, have demonstrated the ability to reduce runoff volume and peak flows to remove pollutants.”

• “SCM implementation needs to be designed as a system, integrating structural and nonstructural SCMs…”

• “Nonstructural SCMs….should be considered first before structural practices”


• “SCMs that harvest, infiltrate, and evapotranspiratestormwater are critical to reducing the volume and pollutant loading of small storms”


10/6/2016

11

6 SCMs + 3• S5.B

1. Public Education & Outreach

2. Public Involvement and Participation

3. Illicit Discharge Detection & Elimination

4. Construction Site Stormwater Runoff Control

5. Post-Construction Stormwater Management for New Development and Redevelopment

6. Municipal Operations and Maintenance

• S7: Applicable TMDLs

• S8: Monitoring & Assessment

• S9: Reporting and Record-Keeping

10/6/2016

12

6 SCMs + 3• S5.B

1. Public Education & Outreach

2. Public Involvement and Participation

3. Illicit Discharge Detection & Elimination

4. Construction Site Stormwater Runoff Control

5. Post-Construction Stormwater Management for New Development and Redevelopment

6. Municipal Operations and Maintenance

• S7: Applicable TMDLs

• S8: Monitoring & Assessment

• S9: Reporting and Record-Keeping

#1‐Modernizing Education and Outreach Strategies____________________

EWSG Rank: 1st Study Classification: Education & Outreach

• Study Goal: determine the effectiveness of various new communication technologies (NCT) to convey messages that protect stormwater

• Conceptual Study Approach: • assess effectiveness of different methods for communicating information (existing & NCT)

• define message• deploy message through various NCT• evaluate reception of message

• Data Collection: Data will be collected through surveys (multiple choice and yes/no questions) through mailers, websites, social media, etc.

10/6/2016

13

#9 ‐ BMP Inspection and Maintenance Responsibilities____EWSG Rank: 6th (tied with 3 others) Study Classification: Education & Outreach

• Study Goal: Determine effective ways that municipalities ensure that privately owned BMPs that flow to municipal systems are maintained

• Conceptual Study Approach: • A survey will be conducted of 10 to 15 municipalities in Washington State to determine how they address the long‐term needs of privately‐owned structural BMPs.

• Data Collection: • Survey will including questions regarding:

• inspection strategies and frequency, funding, access, etc.• Interviews of stormwater managers to gain perceptions of advantages and shortcomings of programs

#2‐Mobile Contractor Illicit Discharge Education_______________ EWSG Rank: 4th Study Classification: Education and Outreach

• Study Goal: Evaluate the effectiveness of education and outreach to mobile contractors on allowable collection and disposal practices for their wastewater.

• Conceptual Study Approach: part of a statewide effort led by Kitsap County which will include using social marketing strategies to develop and deliver targeted E&O programs

• Data Collection: Data regarding mobile contractors will be collected (before and after the education campaign is launched) through surveys, interviews, and/or focus groups.

10/6/2016

14

#7‐Stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP) Owner Awareness

EWSG Rank: 9th Study Classification: Education and Outreach

• Study Goal: assess BMP owners’ general knowledge of the type of structural BMP on their property, proper operate/maintain

• Conceptual Study Approach: Survey residential, commercial, and industrial owners of different BMP types: filters, detention ponds, vegetated filter strips, and bioretention swales.

• Data Collection: responses to survey questions to gauge owner’s awareness BMP M&O requirements

#15 ‐ Street Sweeping and Catch Basin Cleaning_________EWSG Rank: 3rd Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: Determine if street sweeping and/or catch basin cleaning is more effective at removal of road solids during certain times

• Conceptual Study Approach: • 8 months from Spring through Fall• Arterial street with no trees or parking• Swept on one side/month• Other side only catch basins are cleaned/month

• Data Collection: • Scuppers at each outfall to measure sediment bypass

• Catch basins outfitted with gauges on four sides• Measurements monthly

10/6/2016

15

#16‐Seasonal Differences in Street Sweeping Material Removal ____EWSG Rank: 6th (tied with 3 others) Study Classification: Operational

• Study Goal: evaluate seasonal and regional differences in sediment and pollutant accumulations to optimize street sweeping programs

• Conceptual Study Approach: • Select various EW communities representing different regions of Eastern Washington

• Selected roadways in each community would be tested and swept on a monthly basis.

• Street dirt would be collected from test strips just prior to and directly after sweeping

• Data Collection: amount of street dirt prior to and directly after sweeping, material gradation, organic vs inorganics, street type and conditions, land use, region, street/location

#29‐Determining Pollutant Contributions from Municipal SW in E.WA using GISEWSG Rank: 10th Study Classification: Education and Outreach, Operational, Structural

• Study Goal: estimate the contribution of stormwater pollutants from various municipalities’ outfalls to receiving surface waters of the state

• Conceptual Study Approach: • Collect existing mapping of storm sewer systems and outfall locations

• Input data to a GIS database along with characterizing the contributing basins area

• Initial contribution of pollutants will be estimated using studies that report national averages of stormwater characteristics (i.e. pollutant types and concentrations) from similar land uses.

• Data Collection: Stormwater system mapping, information on land use(s), topography, basins discharging to surface waters, climate, etc.

10/6/2016

16

#12‐Long‐term Permeable Sidewalk Infiltration Performance_____ EWSG Rank: 14th Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: Determine the long term effectiveness and durability of permeable pavement sidewalks in Eastern Washington Communities.

• Conceptual Study Approach: • Segments of permeable pavement sidewalks would be tested in participating communities in similar land use areas. No maintenance would occur during the testing even if a decrease in infiltration rates occurs.

• Data Collection: • The infiltration rate would be measured twice a year for up to a 10 year period at multiple locations

• A qualitative visual assessment would also be completed annually to track pavement durability.

#18‐Catch Basin Retrofit Device Placement___________________________

EWSG Rank: 6th (tied with 3 others) Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: determine pollutant removal effectiveness of catch basin insert at multiple catch basins in a system versus one at the end of the system prior to discharge

• Conceptual Study Approach: • Select 2 Similar catchments• In one catchment, each catch basin would contain an insert;

• In the other, only the final catch basin in the series would receive an insert.

• Data Collection: At specific intervals the quantity of oil and grease, solids, floatables, and other associated pollutants will be estimated in the catch basins in both test catchments. The total amount of material removed would be quantified for each system and compared.

10/6/2016

17

#20‐Use of Non‐vegetative Swale with Native Soils_____________________

EWSG Rank: 2nd Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: test ‘no plants’ option for BMPs that are typically vegetated, determine pollutant treatment in non‐irrigated locations

• Conceptual Study Approach: A non‐vegetated soil mix will be compared to a soil mix with vegetation

• Data Collection: Water quality samples taken below the treatment columns of BMPs will be compared to water quality samples of incoming stormwater to determine the treatment effectiveness of each BMP

#24‐Biochar Media Stormwater Treatment Study______________________

EWSG Rank: 12th (tied with 1 other) Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: evaluate stormwater pollutant concentrations and removal efficiency through the storm garden amended with wood biochar

• Conceptual Study Approach: a bioretention soil media mix amended with Biochar was installed in the Cochran Basin of Spokane which will be field monitored

• Data Collection: Stormwater sample collection before and after treatment through the biocharmedia and analysis of sample data

10/6/2016

18

#14‐Sharp Avenue Permeable Pavement Study_____________________

EWSG Rank: 12th (tied with 1 other) Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: assess the effectiveness with respect to durability, water quality, and long term infiltration performance

• Conceptual Study Approach: Construct permeable pavement test sections on an urban arterial and conduct field monitoring

• Data Collection: sample data collection will include durability, water quality (influent and effluent), and infiltration rates

#28‐Sand Filter Vault BMP ____

EWSG Rank: 5th Study Classification: Structural

• Study Goal: to develop a sand filter media mix that can be installed in vaults and catch basins to reduce stormwater pollutants

• Conceptual Study Approach: to evaluate the media mix using runoff from 24,000 square feet of a high ADT urban arterial roadway

• Data Collection: The influent and effluent concentrations will be analyzed and compared to determine the reduction of each pollutant using 12 rainfall (qualifying) events.

10/6/2016

19

#27a – Media Thickness Study ____


• Study Goal: determine optimal media depths for maximizing performance and cost effectiveness for bioinfiltration BMPs in Eastern Washington

• Conceptual Study Approach:• A bioinfiltration BMP pond was constructed with 2cells each with a different media depth: 12 and 18 inches.

• Determine treatment efficiency of each cell; and the treatment efficiencies of each cell will be compared.

• Data Collection: Influent and effluent from each of the treatment cells will be collected during qualifying storm events using automated sampling techniques and analyzed for pollutants of concern

#27b – Media Component Study ____


• Study Goal: develop a soil media mix suitable for EWA climatic conditions; composed of materials readily available in the area

• Conceptual Study Approach:• Utilize existing test bioinfiltration BMP pond used for Study 27a.

• media in each of the cells could be replaced to test the relative effectiveness of different media types

• Data Collection: Influent and effluent from each of the treatment cells will be collected during qualifying storm events using automated sampling techniques and analyzed for pollutants of concern

10/6/2016

20

QAPP TemplateGoal: Develop templates for the Detailed Study Design Proposals and QAPP that is specific to the requirements of StormwaterEffectiveness Studies and will provide consistency in the development of these documents

• Defines Content for Detailed Study Design Proposals That aligns with and will be include in the QAPP document

• Defines Content for the QAPP

• Templates are specific to each study classification Structural BMPs, Operational BMPs, and E&O Studies

• Templates consider different study Objectives Evaluate Effectiveness, Compare Effectiveness, and Develop New

BMP

Stormwater Management Program Effectiveness Study Objectives

Evaluate Practice Effectiveness


Compare Effectiveness Multiple Practices


Compare Effectiveness Multiple Practices

Develop New Treatment BMP


Develop New Treatment BMP

• Evaluate Practice Effectiveness: study objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a single practice

• Compare Effectiveness of Multiple Practices: study objective includes comparing the effectiveness of multiple practices (which practice is better)

• Develop New Treatment BMP: for structural treatment BMPs, study objective includes developing new or modified design guidance for a BMP that is approved by Ecology approved for general use

10/6/2016

21

Study Objective/Classification & Experiment Requirements

Structural Operational E&OEvaluate Practice

Effectiveness

Compare

Effectiveness of

Multiple Practices

Develop New BMP

BMP Inspection and Maintenance Responsibilities X X

Long-term Permeable Pavement Sidewalk Infiltration Performance X X

Stormwater BMP Owner Awareness X XDetermining Pollutant Contributions from Municipal Stormwater in EWA using GIS X X X X X

Seasonal Differences in Street Sweeping Material Removal X X X

Catch Basin Retrofit Device Placement X X X

Street Sweeping and Catch Basin Cleaning Comparison X X X

Biochar Media Stormwater Treatment Study X X XMobile Contractor Illicit Discharge Education X X XModernizing Education and Outreach Strategies X X X

Media Thickness Study and/or Media Component Study X X X ?

Use of Non-vegetative Swale with Native Soils X X X X

Sand Filter Vault BMP X X XSharp Avenue Porous Pavement Study X X ?

Practice/Activity Classification Study Objective

Study Idea Title

10/6/2016

22

QAPP Template Development Preliminary Process & Timeline

August 15 Kickoff Meeting in Lacey Phase 2 Study Overview & Present/Discuss QAPP Template Concept

September 26 Template Outline Complete (Operational & Structural BMPs) Consultant Submit Template Outline for Ecology Review

September 29 Meeting in Ellensburg Case Study 1 & Template Outline (BMPs) Presentation/Discussion

Late October Complete ‐ Draft Template (BMPs) & Template Outline (E&O) Consultant Submit Templates for Ecology Review

Early November Meeting in Wenatchee (or Lacey) Case Study 2 & Draft Template Outline (E&O) Presentation/Discussion

Late November Complete ‐ QAPP Templates Consultant distributes electronic copies of to EWSG & Ecology

Next StepsDetailed Study Design Review & Approval

Define Review Process Detailed Study Design Proposal

Define Ecology role in review/approval of Detailed Study Design

Proposed Schedule Development, Review, and Approval Process

January 6,, 2017 ‐ Consultants start

February 1, 2017 ‐ Project Kickoff Meeting

Mid‐March ‐ 30% Review: Online presentation to Steering Committee & Ecology

Mid‐April ‐ Public Review

Mid‐May – 90% Proposal Review – Steering Committee & Ecology

June 15, 2017 – Proposal due to Ecology

TBD ‐ Ecology Review/Approval Timeline

10/6/2016

23

ww

w.s

poka

neva

lley.

org

Search: “effectiveness”

10/6/2016

24

Documents

Stormwater Effectiveness Studies in Eastern …washington.apwa.net/Content/Chapters/washington.apwa.net/File...Stormwater Effectiveness Studies in Eastern Washington Art Jenkins,