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The African Market Garden (TIPA)Advantages and Constraints
an Integrated Horticultural production package
Lessons learned and Perspectives for the Future
2
Horticultural production
Irrigation contributes to:Increased productivity• Independent of erratic rainfall• increased impact of other yield-enhancing
technologies (fertilizer, improved seed, IPM)Stabilizing production • enhanced food security• reducing financial risk of applying fertilizer
This leads to better integration into markets
3
Horticultural production
Grow Horticulture crops with Irrigation.
High returns: – Per unit area from high value crops– Year round cash flow– Intntl and local Market: Urban
population SSA grows 4%pyear; demand fresh vegetables
Nutrition: – Vitamin A deficiency
4
Horticultural production
Current production systems are • Inefficient with labor, water and energy • Exacerbate soil erosion/degradation• Little productive due to socio economic
constraints, limited access to credit, markets and technologies and lack of institutional support
5
The African Market Garden
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The African Market Garden
Platform for introduction of new improved varieties to optimize cropping calendar
Vegetable varietyAfrican Eggplant GayaMelon Ein DorEggplant Black Beauty X XCucumber Beit Alpha X XOkra Konni X XLettuce Maya X XTomato ICRIXina X XSweet Pepper Yellow wonder X XHot Pepper Safi X XSweet Corn True GoldOnion Violet de Galmi X XPotato Abki X XCabbage Oxylus X XWatermelon Malali
nursery crop development harvesting periodX indicates maximum market price Niamey (SIMA, INS 2003-2006)
Hot Rainy Dry seasonJan Feb MarApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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• Labor saving (60%)
• Kalale Watering can12m2- 5.3 hr/dayDrip Irrigation120m2- 2.6 hr/day
Labor use over 3.5 months Gombo production on 500m2 18 July-10 Oct 08 Sadore
0
200
400
600
800
AMG Watering can
ma
nh
ou
r
other
irrigation
weeding
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Economics
• Operational costs AMG 20% lower
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Economics
• Revenues can be up to 50% higher
Due to – Drip irrigation: improved soil moisture conditions
and no adverse effects of over/under-watering– Use of improved ICRISAT/AVRDC selected
varieties for year-round production– Use of fertilizer/pesticides
10
Economics
• Set up costs 500m2 AMG 50% higher
Set-up costs 500m2 gardenAMG Watering canCFA CFA
Drip kit 145,500 0Reservoir 197,349 51,400Pump 175,000 175,000Well 80,000 80,000Other 134,779 138,779Total 732,628 445,179
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Economics
Profit AMG 500-1,000 $ per 500 m²
Double that of traditional irrigated gardens
Payback period 500 m² : 13 months
1000 m² : 8 months
Woltering L, Ndjeunga J, Pasternak D. 2009. The Economics of African Market Garden andWatering Can Irrigation Methods in Niger. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Arid Tropics: Working paper series, Socioeconomics and policy, Patancheru, India, 2009. Vol (XXX), (55) (in press)
12
Economics
AMG 500m2
-8000
-4000
0
4000
8000
12000
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
discount percentage
NPV
(U
S$)
100%
75%
50%
25%
Marketable
However AMG requires
1. Investment
2. Land ownership
3. Professional attitude
4. Market Access
Educated Experienced Vegetable producers
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AMG models
How to reach the poor farmers?1. Investment: - Share costs2. Land Ownership: - Target farmer groups
that own land 3. Professional attitude- Provide cost-effective
training/follow up 4. Market Access - Joint marketing and
purchase of inputs
Target: Producer groups to benefit from economies of scale
14
AMG models
Cluster and Communal AMG system– No need for individual reservoirs, boreholes or
pumps– Easy access for training and monitoring– Mutual learning among producers– Joint marketing and purchase of inputs
CLUSTER of 500m2 plots
COMMUNALmanagement of 5,000 m²
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AMG models: Cluster
One large water source, but producers have individual control of water and fertilizer
Target: Group of independent vegetable producers
Pressure provided by Dam elevated above field (rice fields)
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AMG models: Cluster
Yelou- Gaya Region (Niger)
5 ha
Pressure provided by artesian borehole (4-5 m head)
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Yelou- Nov 2009
Yelou- Gaya Region (Niger)
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AMG models: Cluster
Keur Yarba (Senegal)
Pressure provided by underutilized water towers borehole (7-10 m head)
19
AMG models: Communal
20-m3 concrete reservoir serves an area of 5,000 m2Community provision of basic services (Water, fertilizer
and chemical spray)Field subdivided to individual producers
Target: Group of well-organized vegetable producers
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AMG models: Communal
Dunkassa- Kalale Region (Benin)
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AMG models: Communal
Tanka- Dallol Baleyara (Niger)
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AMG models
Great benefits from collective action, yet Organisation is key for sustainability:
• Contributions to common cash for purchase inputs or to strengthen group (credit to members).
• Legalize status of Land• Internal rules and regulations
23
AMG models
2001 2005 2006 2007
The development of the AMG models was driven by decreasing set up costs while achieving higher profits /unit land
24
Alternative Energy
AMG requires only 1-meter pressure for operation it can draw on low-capacity renewable energy sources like
solar, artesian wells or gravity from low elevation
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artesian wells
Artesian Wells in Niger
Koutoumbou- Gaya region
Estimated 100 m3/hr
Damana- Baleyara area
5-8 m3/hr
Diginessa- Ouallam
10 m3/hr
Wankam- Baleyara
5-8 m3/hr
Kolo Bangou- Baleyara area
5m3/hr
26
Alternative Energy
Irrigation with Solar energy • independent of fuel availability
and price fluctuations• Low maintenance fit well in rural
settings• Self regulator; solar radiation is the main
driver of both pump speed and evapotranspiration of crops
27
Alternative Energy
Solar energy
qty. unit cost total cost amortz. total cost amortz. total cost amortz.US$ US$ US$/year US$ US$/year US$ US$/year
Initial costs 2 178 356 89 400 80 4,000 500
Maintenance 30 120 30
Fuel 0 1,920 0
Labor (mhr) 5,320 0.28 1,478 0 0
Total 1,597 2,120 530
Motorpump (3hp) Solar pumpHand pump
Assume: •Water need 80 m3/day for 200 days/year•Sandy soil, water at 5m depth•Labor 125CFA/hr (0.27 $/hr)•Fuel 0.12 L to move 1m3 at 1 US$/liter•Compare hand pump (4yr lifetime), motor pump (5yr), solar pump (8yr)
28
Alternative Energy
Solar energy Compatible with Communal AMG Reservoirs serve as battery (energy stored in form of
water elevated above field)
29
Alternative Energy
Solar energy Benin Micro Irrigation project Project Donor/partner: SELF
(Solar Electric Light Fund)Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca6qw5x_n-M
30
Alternative Energy
Solar energy Benin Micro Irrigation project
Gross revenues per women (120m2)Dry season Rainy season total
US$ US$ US$Bessassi 1 67 65 132Bessassi 2 144 76 220
Dunkassa 167 112 279Average 126 84 210
31
Options for dissemination AMG in West Africa
• Go for Producer groups to benefit from economies of scale
• Provide minimum 2 years of technical support• Utilize existing infrastructure/resources and
alternative energy
Niger groundwater resources: renewable 3 billion m3/year and fossil 2000 billion m3– development is restricted by lack of energy/high cost of energy
32
Requirements for large scale dissemination AMG
• Private sector development for provision of irrigation equipment, seeds, knowledge, etc AMG service centers
• Conducive institutional environment: credit available, long repayment periods, subsidies and tax regulations
• Capacity building
33
Research focus
• Improved vegetable varieties, processing and storage techniques for smallholder producers
• Bio pesticides/fertilizer solutions• Socio economic evaluations AMG vs
traditional systems• Low cost alternatives for pumps (alternative
energies), reservoirs and other components of AMG
34
The way ahead
Effective large-scale dissemination of the AMG will require the establishment of service centers that give the following services:
• Planning• Supply of equipment and materials
(fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, plants plastics etc)
• Training and follow up
35
Merci
• Thank you