The Catholic The Catholic ReformationReformation

Reforms, 1500-1545Reforms, 1500-1545

Counter-Reformation, 1545-Counter-Reformation, 1545-16001600

The Counter-Reformation?The Counter-Reformation?

External or Internal Pressure?External or Internal Pressure? Concern for reformation had been Concern for reformation had been

within the church for along time.within the church for along time. Most Europeans remained Catholic:Most Europeans remained Catholic:

– Most humanistsMost humanists– Most universitiesMost universities– Most peasantsMost peasants– All of Mediterranean Europe!All of Mediterranean Europe!

Reforming IndividualReforming Individual

Savonarola (1452-98), Florence: railed Savonarola (1452-98), Florence: railed against the paganism of the against the paganism of the humanists, the worldliness of the humanists, the worldliness of the church, and called for a general church, and called for a general council to reform the church.council to reform the church.

He lost popular support with a Papal He lost popular support with a Papal interdict. In 1498 he was tortured, interdict. In 1498 he was tortured, hung and his body burned with his hung and his body burned with his ashes thrown into the river Arno.ashes thrown into the river Arno.

Reforming GroupsReforming Groups Oratory of Divine Love, founded in 1497, was Oratory of Divine Love, founded in 1497, was

inspired by the selfless hospital work of Catherine inspired by the selfless hospital work of Catherine of Genoa.of Genoa.

The group hoped to reform the church by reforming The group hoped to reform the church by reforming themselves through prayer, discussion and service. themselves through prayer, discussion and service.

They advocated an end to simony, pluralism and They advocated an end to simony, pluralism and worldliness in the church.worldliness in the church.

Members included Cardinal Cajetan (1480-1547), Members included Cardinal Cajetan (1480-1547), Pope Paul IV (1476-1547) and Cardinal Contarini Pope Paul IV (1476-1547) and Cardinal Contarini (1483-1542).(1483-1542).

Reforming PopeReforming Pope

Adrian VI (1522-1523) saw the problems inAdrian VI (1522-1523) saw the problems inthe church as a direct result of the abuses of the church as a direct result of the abuses of the church and the immorality of its priests. the church and the immorality of its priests. Moral, devout—a product of the “Brethren of Moral, devout—a product of the “Brethren of Common Life” (from which John Calvin and Common Life” (from which John Calvin and Erasmus both emerged).Erasmus both emerged).

Pope Clement VII, 1523-1534Pope Clement VII, 1523-1534Regressive MeasuresRegressive Measures

Another De Medici popeAnother De Medici pope Followed policies of Followed policies of

other Renaissance other Renaissance popespopes

Policies led to sacking Policies led to sacking of Rome 1527of Rome 1527

Lost half of Europe to Lost half of Europe to ProtestantsProtestants

Ignatius Loyola, 1491-1556Ignatius Loyola, 1491-1556

Founder of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)Founder of Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Soldier in Spanish armySoldier in Spanish army Wounded at Pavia in 1521Wounded at Pavia in 1521 Cannonball hit his legCannonball hit his leg Had to be re-broken and reset laterHad to be re-broken and reset later Part of protruding bone sawed offPart of protruding bone sawed off Became deliriousBecame delirious Experienced profound religious Experienced profound religious

conversionconversion Dedicated his life to GodDedicated his life to God

Loyola’s Spiritual GrowthLoyola’s Spiritual Growth 1523 visited Holy Land1523 visited Holy Land Church would not permit him to teach without Church would not permit him to teach without

learninglearning Studied at University of AlcalaStudied at University of Alcala Also at University of ParisAlso at University of Paris

– College of MontagueCollege of Montague– Same college where Erasmus & Calvin wereSame college where Erasmus & Calvin were– There seven yearsThere seven years– Gathered 7 companions with him (1534)Gathered 7 companions with him (1534)– Had about 1000 when he diedHad about 1000 when he died

Loyola as Founder of JesuitsLoyola as Founder of Jesuits

Middle aged man by time left universityMiddle aged man by time left university Learned and razor-sharp theologianLearned and razor-sharp theologian Never ceased to be a soldierNever ceased to be a soldier Went to Rome and placed himself at Went to Rome and placed himself at

the service of Pope Paul IIIthe service of Pope Paul III– Paul saw potential for accomplishmentPaul saw potential for accomplishment

1538 founded Society of Jesus1538 founded Society of Jesus– Loyola was its first generalLoyola was its first general– Organized as the army of GodOrganized as the army of God

Grant from Ignatius Loyola

Spiritual ExercisesSpiritual Exercises

Loyola wrote to train Loyola wrote to train JesuitsJesuits

Practical handbook of Practical handbook of mystical conversion mystical conversion and spiritual disciplineand spiritual discipline

Influenced by Thomas Influenced by Thomas a Kempis.a Kempis.

Paining by Rubens

showing St. Ignatius Loyola

in a mystical trance

Jesuit CommitmentJesuit Commitment

Jesuits took vow of absolute Jesuits took vow of absolute obedience to Pope, and new order obedience to Pope, and new order was approved by the Pope in 1540.was approved by the Pope in 1540.

Took vows of povertyTook vows of poverty Absolute military discipline in orderAbsolute military discipline in order Society grew rapidlySociety grew rapidly Had great influenceHad great influence

Jesuit AccomplishmentJesuit Accomplishment

Founded schools & collegesFounded schools & colleges Served as advisors to Catholic kingsServed as advisors to Catholic kings Dominated higher studies in dozen fieldsDominated higher studies in dozen fields Extended moral discipline to local levelExtended moral discipline to local level Led Catholics to re-conquest over Led Catholics to re-conquest over

ProtestantsProtestants– Switzerland, south Germany, Austria, PolandSwitzerland, south Germany, Austria, Poland

Their missionaries followed Spanish and Their missionaries followed Spanish and Portugese conquerors and traders to Portugese conquerors and traders to Americas and Far EastAmericas and Far East

Reforming Pope: Reforming Pope: Paul III (1534-1549)Paul III (1534-1549)

Convened a panel of respected Convened a panel of respected experts to evaluate the experts to evaluate the health of the church. The health of the church. The panel reported many abuses panel reported many abuses (nepotism, simony, pluralism, (nepotism, simony, pluralism, absenteeism, absenteeism, mismanagement of wealth mismanagement of wealth and immorality). The panel and immorality). The panel increased discipline rather increased discipline rather than pursuing institutional than pursuing institutional reform.reform.

Appointed the best men as Appointed the best men as Cardinals, respected for Cardinals, respected for knowledge, and product of knowledge, and product of Renaissance Renaissance learning/training.learning/training.

Cardinal Gasparo Contarini, Cardinal Gasparo Contarini, 1483-15421483-1542

Layman who experienced Layman who experienced spiritual conversionspiritual conversion

Humanist who sought to Humanist who sought to reform church from withinreform church from within

Believed in reason and Believed in reason and conciliation – conciliation – – Mild, peaceful approachMild, peaceful approach

Headed papal Headed papal commission, 1537commission, 1537

Cardinal Gasparo Contarini, Cardinal Gasparo Contarini, 1483-15421483-1542

Drew up list of abuses & Drew up list of abuses & needed reformsneeded reforms

Reforms put into effect Reforms put into effect immediatelyimmediately

Agreed with Luther on Agreed with Luther on justification by faithjustification by faith

Yet reforms failed to Yet reforms failed to address basic spiritual address basic spiritual needsneeds

Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559

Came into ascendancy Came into ascendancy with death of Contarini with death of Contarini in 1542in 1542

Used inquisitionUsed inquisition– Against Catholics who Against Catholics who

strayed from foldstrayed from fold– Against Protestants in Against Protestants in

Catholic landsCatholic lands Used torture, spying, Used torture, spying,

terrorterror– Especially in Spain, Italy, Especially in Spain, Italy,

Spanish NetherlandsSpanish Netherlands

Pope Paul and His Pope Paul and His Methods…Methods…

Also used Also used The IndexThe Index– List of forbidden booksList of forbidden books– Books not approved by him were burnedBooks not approved by him were burned– Some books completely destroyedSome books completely destroyed

He hated LoyolaHe hated Loyola First true pope of the Counter-First true pope of the Counter-

ReformationReformation But nearly destroyed it by his But nearly destroyed it by his

intoleranceintolerance

The Apex of Reforming The Apex of Reforming PopesPopes

Pope Pius IV (1559-Pope Pius IV (1559-1565)1565)

Pope Pius V (1565-Pope Pius V (1565-1572)1572)

Council of Trent (1545-Council of Trent (1545-1563)1563)

Originally called in 1545, it did not actively Originally called in 1545, it did not actively pursue agenda till Paul Paul IV (1555-59) pursue agenda till Paul Paul IV (1555-59) led it (only 31 representatives showed up led it (only 31 representatives showed up for the first session).for the first session).

Called for two purposes:Called for two purposes:– Church Reformation – an institutional Church Reformation – an institutional

reorganization, change in church practices and reorganization, change in church practices and moral reformation.moral reformation.

– Response to Protestant threat – clarify church Response to Protestant threat – clarify church dogma in the light of Protestant attacks on dogma in the light of Protestant attacks on major items in Catholic theologymajor items in Catholic theology

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

Popular demand for reforming councilPopular demand for reforming council First summoned by Paul III in 1545First summoned by Paul III in 1545 Met at Trent on border of Germany, Met at Trent on border of Germany,

Italy, FranceItaly, France Met in 3 sessionsMet in 3 sessions

– 1545-15471545-1547– 1551-15521551-1552– 1562-15631562-1563

Meeting of Opening of the Council of Trent

Church ReformationsChurch Reformations

It instituted reforms in the Papal curia, It instituted reforms in the Papal curia, primarily financial.primarily financial.

It condemned pluralism and simony.It condemned pluralism and simony. It affirmed the efficacy of indulgences but It affirmed the efficacy of indulgences but

formulated strict guidelines in order to formulated strict guidelines in order to identify abuses.identify abuses.

Regulated responsibilities of local priests Regulated responsibilities of local priests and regional bishops.and regional bishops.

Founded seminaries with uniform Founded seminaries with uniform curriculum for the training of priests.curriculum for the training of priests.

Accomplishments of Council Accomplishments of Council of Trent of Trent

Summarized Counter-ReformationSummarized Counter-Reformation Rejected ProtestantismRejected Protestantism

– Although much debate by delegates Although much debate by delegates who wanted to accept Protestants and who wanted to accept Protestants and their teachingtheir teaching

Rejected any compromise with Rejected any compromise with ProtestantsProtestants

Declared those who affirmed Declared those who affirmed Protestant doctrines anathemaProtestant doctrines anathema

Trent…Trent… Reaffirmed traditional CatholicismReaffirmed traditional Catholicism Tradition equal authority with Scripture (inclusion of the Tradition equal authority with Scripture (inclusion of the

Apocrypha) with Latin Vulgate the official translation.Apocrypha) with Latin Vulgate the official translation. Recognized popes & councils as final judges & Recognized popes & councils as final judges &

interpreters of Bible & religious doctrineinterpreters of Bible & religious doctrine Proscribed a list of banned books: “Index of Forbidden Proscribed a list of banned books: “Index of Forbidden

Books” (which was not abolished till 1966).Books” (which was not abolished till 1966). Upheld traditional Catholic beliefsUpheld traditional Catholic beliefs

– PurgatoryPurgatory– IndulgencesIndulgences– Prayer to saintsPrayer to saints– Seven sacramentsSeven sacraments– Mass as True SacrificeMass as True Sacrifice– Works necessary for salvationWorks necessary for salvation

Painting of Council of Trent by Titian

Trent…Trent… Raised morale of CatholicsRaised morale of Catholics Made the liturgy uniform throughout the Made the liturgy uniform throughout the

churchchurch Set up educational system for clergySet up educational system for clergy

– Meant much better preparation for themMeant much better preparation for them Established concordats with Catholic kingsEstablished concordats with Catholic kings

– Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, AustriaPortugal, Spain, France, Italy, Austria– Papal control sacrificed to some degreePapal control sacrificed to some degree– For pledge by king to support Catholicism in his For pledge by king to support Catholicism in his

landslands– Thus a Protestant attack on the Catholic Church Thus a Protestant attack on the Catholic Church

was an attack on the statewas an attack on the state

Net Effect of TrentNet Effect of Trent It reformed some of the practices of the medieval It reformed some of the practices of the medieval

Catholic Church and encouraged educational advances Catholic Church and encouraged educational advances among clergy. The goal was to make traditional among clergy. The goal was to make traditional religion more effective and attractive to the laity.religion more effective and attractive to the laity.

It also encouraged uniformity, obedience to the church It also encouraged uniformity, obedience to the church and anti-Protestantism. It instituted strictures that and anti-Protestantism. It instituted strictures that would prevent another theological revolution such as would prevent another theological revolution such as Protestantism.Protestantism.

Marked the end of the one, universal Catholic church Marked the end of the one, universal Catholic church and signaled the emergence of Roman Catholicism as and signaled the emergence of Roman Catholicism as one among other “denominations” of the Christian one among other “denominations” of the Christian faith. Now Europe was permanently divided between faith. Now Europe was permanently divided between Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and various Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and various Protestant churches.Protestant churches.

Religious WarsReligious Wars

Religious Wars in EuropeReligious Wars in Europe1530-16481530-1648

Holy Roman Empire Wars Against Holy Roman Empire Wars Against Protestant PrincesProtestant Princes

Protestant-Catholic Wars in France.Protestant-Catholic Wars in France.

Dutch-Spanish Wars in the NetherlandsDutch-Spanish Wars in the Netherlands

Thirty Years War in Central EuropeThirty Years War in Central Europe

Holy Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire and the Protestant PrincesProtestant Princes

Between 1519 and 1530, Emperor Charles V Between 1519 and 1530, Emperor Charles V could not effectively deal with Lutheranism could not effectively deal with Lutheranism because:because:– The Turks were progressively advancing in the Balkans The Turks were progressively advancing in the Balkans

and were at the gates of Vienna in 1529.and were at the gates of Vienna in 1529.– Charles was securing his claims in Italy as he battled the Charles was securing his claims in Italy as he battled the

King of France and the Pope in successive wars (1521-25 King of France and the Pope in successive wars (1521-25 and 1527-1529).and 1527-1529).

– Three Imperial Diets at Nurenburg from 1522-24 Three Imperial Diets at Nurenburg from 1522-24 postponed the religious issues.postponed the religious issues.

Diet of Speyer (1526)—Emperor decides to Diet of Speyer (1526)—Emperor decides to enforce the Edict of Worms.enforce the Edict of Worms.– He was opposed by some princes, and the question was He was opposed by some princes, and the question was

deferred to a Church Council.deferred to a Church Council.– It passed a “recess act” which declared that each state It passed a “recess act” which declared that each state

should conduct its own religious affairs.should conduct its own religious affairs.

Diet of Speyer (1529)Diet of Speyer (1529)

The Recess is repealed by Charles.The Recess is repealed by Charles. Six Lutheran estates (including Saxony, Six Lutheran estates (including Saxony,

Brandenberg and Hesse) and 14 free Brandenberg and Hesse) and 14 free cities protest (and thus, “Protestants”).cities protest (and thus, “Protestants”).

The Lutheran Princes seek support fromThe Lutheran Princes seek support from– Francis I, King of FranceFrancis I, King of France– Henry VIII, King of EnglandHenry VIII, King of England– Swiss CantonsSwiss Cantons

Diet of Augsburg (1530)Diet of Augsburg (1530) Charles ready to resolve the religious question Charles ready to resolve the religious question

since his Empire is secure.since his Empire is secure. He receives various Protestant confessions:He receives various Protestant confessions:

– Melancthon, “Augsburg Confession” (Lutheran)Melancthon, “Augsburg Confession” (Lutheran)– Zwingli, “Zwingli, “Fidei RatioFidei Ratio” (Zurich)” (Zurich)– Bucer, “Bucer, “TetrapolitanaTetrapolitana” (Strasbourg)” (Strasbourg)– Eck, “Eck, “ConfrontatioConfrontatio” (Catholic Confession)” (Catholic Confession)

Outcome:Outcome:– Charles demands that all return to the Catholic Faith by Charles demands that all return to the Catholic Faith by

Easter, 1531 (he had just been crowned “Holy Roman Easter, 1531 (he had just been crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by the Pope in Bologna, Italy earlier in 1530).Emperor” by the Pope in Bologna, Italy earlier in 1530).

– Protestant Princes form the Schmalkaldic League in Protestant Princes form the Schmalkaldic League in February 1531.February 1531. Luther wrote a Confession for the League: “Schmalkadic Luther wrote a Confession for the League: “Schmalkadic

Articles” (1537).Articles” (1537).

Schmalkaldic ArticlesSchmalkaldic Articles

The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24-25). He again for our justification (Romans 3:24-25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23-that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23-25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be 25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us...Nothing of this article can faith alone justifies us...Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31)and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31)

War DelayedWar Delayed

Charles did not enforce the Edict because:Charles did not enforce the Edict because:– Needed funds from Princes to support a Needed funds from Princes to support a

renewed war with the Turksrenewed war with the Turks– Pope Clement VII had signed a treaty with Pope Clement VII had signed a treaty with

Francis I and the third Hapsburg-Valois War Francis I and the third Hapsburg-Valois War began (1535-1538)began (1535-1538)

When Charles was ready to act again in When Charles was ready to act again in 1541, the last Hapsburg-Valois War 1541, the last Hapsburg-Valois War erupted (1542-1544).erupted (1542-1544).

When Luther died in 1546, the league had When Luther died in 1546, the league had internal problems.internal problems.

Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555)1555)

Charles defeated the Schmalkadic League Charles defeated the Schmalkadic League from 1546-1548.from 1546-1548.

He instituted the Augsburg Interim (1548)He instituted the Augsburg Interim (1548)—reinstated Roman Catholic Faith by —reinstated Roman Catholic Faith by Imperial order.Imperial order.

But Charles again ran into problems with But Charles again ran into problems with the Turks (overrunning Hungary) and the Turks (overrunning Hungary) and France (“War of Liberation” in 1552).France (“War of Liberation” in 1552).

Peace was achieved between Charles and Peace was achieved between Charles and the Protestant Princes in 1555—The Peace the Protestant Princes in 1555—The Peace of Augsburg with the key principle of of Augsburg with the key principle of cuius cuius regio, eius religioregio, eius religio..

French GallicanismFrench Gallicanism

France had always been rather France had always been rather independent in relation to the Roman independent in relation to the Roman Catholic Church:Catholic Church:– The Bablyonian Captivity in AvignonThe Bablyonian Captivity in Avignon– Counciliarism began at the University of Counciliarism began at the University of

ParisParis– Humanism was strong in southern FranceHumanism was strong in southern France

But France was the most centralized But France was the most centralized monarchy in Europe.monarchy in Europe.

Queen Catherine de Medici King Charles IX (1560-1574)

Reformed Church in FranceReformed Church in France Geneva was French-speaking and trained ministers Geneva was French-speaking and trained ministers

who were sent into France.who were sent into France. France persecuted these ministersFrance persecuted these ministers

– Francis I began the persecution of Protestants in 1532.Francis I began the persecution of Protestants in 1532.– Henry II (1547-1559) instituted an inquisition called “the Henry II (1547-1559) instituted an inquisition called “the

burning chamber” in 1555.burning chamber” in 1555. No leniency; books from Geneva burnedNo leniency; books from Geneva burned

French Reformed Church meets in its first National French Reformed Church meets in its first National Synod in 1559.Synod in 1559.– Adopted the “Gallic Confession of Faith” (authored by Adopted the “Gallic Confession of Faith” (authored by

Calvin)Calvin)– By 1562 represented 2,000 congregations of 3,000,000 By 1562 represented 2,000 congregations of 3,000,000

adherents out of a population in France of 20,000,000.adherents out of a population in France of 20,000,000.– It almost functioned as a state within a state.It almost functioned as a state within a state.

Growth of Political PowerGrowth of Political Power Protestants were called Huguenots Protestants were called Huguenots

(uncertain origin).(uncertain origin).– Between 1562-1598, Protestants and Catholics Between 1562-1598, Protestants and Catholics

were fight eight major religious civil wars.were fight eight major religious civil wars.– There were three additional wars in the 1620s.There were three additional wars in the 1620s.

By 1550 Huguenots were a political power By 1550 Huguenots were a political power in southern France, particularly among in southern France, particularly among nobles resentful of the growing power of nobles resentful of the growing power of the monarchy and the rising middle class.the monarchy and the rising middle class.

During the short reign of Francis II (1559-During the short reign of Francis II (1559-1560)—17 year old son of Henry II, the 1560)—17 year old son of Henry II, the Protestants became a political party.Protestants became a political party.

The Reign of Charles IX The Reign of Charles IX 1560-15741560-1574

Came to the throne at the age of 10 and Came to the throne at the age of 10 and was thus dominated by his mother was thus dominated by his mother Catherine d’Medici.Catherine d’Medici.

Due to youth, regional nobles gained power.Due to youth, regional nobles gained power.– Guise family (Catholic)—conducted violent Guise family (Catholic)—conducted violent

oppression of Protestantsoppression of Protestants– Bourbon family (Protestant)—led by Henry of Bourbon family (Protestant)—led by Henry of

Navarre and Gaspard de ColignyNavarre and Gaspard de Coligny France went through a series of religious France went through a series of religious

civil wars in the 1560s, but the Protestants civil wars in the 1560s, but the Protestants gained a favorable peace in 1570. gained a favorable peace in 1570. – Coligny had become good friends with King Coligny had become good friends with King

Charles.Charles.

Huguenot-Catholic Wars in Huguenot-Catholic Wars in FranceFrance

In August 1572, it was believed a major political healing In August 1572, it was believed a major political healing was about to take place: the marriage of the Protestant was about to take place: the marriage of the Protestant Henry to the Catholic Margaret of Valois. Henry to the Catholic Margaret of Valois.

However, on August 24, 1572, Huguenot leaders (including However, on August 24, 1572, Huguenot leaders (including Coligny) were murdered in their beds, and this encouraged Coligny) were murdered in their beds, and this encouraged angry mobs throughout France to assault Protestants (“St. angry mobs throughout France to assault Protestants (“St. Bartholomew Day Massacre”).Bartholomew Day Massacre”).– 6,000 Protestants died in Paris6,000 Protestants died in Paris– 70,000 Protestants died in the Provinces70,000 Protestants died in the Provinces

But Protestants were still able to secure favorable terms to But Protestants were still able to secure favorable terms to the end of hostilities.the end of hostilities.

Coligny Henry, Duke of Guise

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The War of the Three Henries The War of the Three Henries (1585-1590)(1585-1590)

Three Henries:Three Henries:– Henry III, King of France and last surviving Valois heir of Henry III, King of France and last surviving Valois heir of

Francis I.Francis I.– Henry, duke of Guise, head of the Catholic LeagueHenry, duke of Guise, head of the Catholic League– Henry of Navarre, Bourbon family and heir-presumptive Henry of Navarre, Bourbon family and heir-presumptive

of the childless Henry III (cousin of Henry III) and married of the childless Henry III (cousin of Henry III) and married to Henry III’s sister (Margaret).to Henry III’s sister (Margaret).

The WarThe War– Henry III fled Paris as Henry of Guise was popularly Henry III fled Paris as Henry of Guise was popularly

acclaimed King. Henry of Guise was assassinated.acclaimed King. Henry of Guise was assassinated.– The Catholic League revolted and Henry III was The Catholic League revolted and Henry III was

assassinated. The Catholic league proclaimed an uncle assassinated. The Catholic league proclaimed an uncle of Henry of Navarre as King Charles X.of Henry of Navarre as King Charles X.

– Henry of Navarre defeated the Catholic League in 1590, Henry of Navarre defeated the Catholic League in 1590, but Spanish troops prevented his entry into Paris.but Spanish troops prevented his entry into Paris.

Henry IV (1589-1610)Henry IV (1589-1610) Protestant Henry becomes Catholic: “Paris is well worth Protestant Henry becomes Catholic: “Paris is well worth

a mass”.a mass”.– In order to appeal to moderate French Catholics and In order to appeal to moderate French Catholics and

to prevent the King of Spain from installing his to prevent the King of Spain from installing his granddaughter as queen, Henry becomes Catholic.granddaughter as queen, Henry becomes Catholic.

– He is crowned in 1593, Pope accepts his conversion in He is crowned in 1593, Pope accepts his conversion in 1595 and wins a treaty with Spain in 1598.1595 and wins a treaty with Spain in 1598.

In 1598 he proclaims the “Edict of Nantes” which grants In 1598 he proclaims the “Edict of Nantes” which grants religious toleration for Protestants in certain towns.religious toleration for Protestants in certain towns.– Public worship still forbidden in episcopal centers.Public worship still forbidden in episcopal centers.– In 200 towns where they could worship, they were In 200 towns where they could worship, they were

also free to garrison and fortify their town.also free to garrison and fortify their town.– Protestants were granted civil liberties and the Protestants were granted civil liberties and the

protection of the law.protection of the law. Henry IV, however, was assassinated in 1610; some Henry IV, however, was assassinated in 1610; some

think by a Jesuit plot.think by a Jesuit plot.

King Henry IV Margaret of Valois

Huguenot’s ExpelledHuguenot’s Expelled Henry IV was assassinated in 1610, and 8 year old Louis XIII Henry IV was assassinated in 1610, and 8 year old Louis XIII

(1601-43) became king but his mother Marie de’ Medici was the (1601-43) became king but his mother Marie de’ Medici was the real power.real power.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) ultimately became the power Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) ultimately became the power behind the throne of the pro-Catholic royalty. Protestants were behind the throne of the pro-Catholic royalty. Protestants were disarmed and divested of political power.disarmed and divested of political power.

In 1665 Protestants were to surrender their children to be In 1665 Protestants were to surrender their children to be educated at Catholic schools.educated at Catholic schools.

Ultimately, Louis XIV in 1685 issued the Edict of Fontainbleu which Ultimately, Louis XIV in 1685 issued the Edict of Fontainbleu which criminalized Protestantism in France. 50,000 families fled to criminalized Protestantism in France. 50,000 families fled to America, South Africa, Prussia, Netherlands and England.America, South Africa, Prussia, Netherlands and England.

Despite the oppression, a “French Reformed Church” continued to Despite the oppression, a “French Reformed Church” continued to exist in France and re-emerged when Louis XVI issued a decree of exist in France and re-emerged when Louis XVI issued a decree of religious tolerance in 1787.religious tolerance in 1787.

The Dutch ReformationThe Dutch Reformation The low countries were a breeding ground for early The low countries were a breeding ground for early

humanists (Erasmus) and devotional movements (Devotio humanists (Erasmus) and devotional movements (Devotio Moderna; Thomas a Kempis).Moderna; Thomas a Kempis).

The Reformation was at first humanistic, but then Lutheran The Reformation was at first humanistic, but then Lutheran as Lutherans were martyred in 1520s. as Lutherans were martyred in 1520s.

The Anabaptists emerged in the 1530s and remained The Anabaptists emerged in the 1530s and remained throughout the 16throughout the 16thth and 17 and 17thth century. Emperor Charles century. Emperor Charles instituted the full Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands in instituted the full Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands in the 1540s.the 1540s.

By 1560, the Calvinists had emerged as the leading By 1560, the Calvinists had emerged as the leading Protestant party.Protestant party.– Belgic Confession was written in 1561; the author was burned Belgic Confession was written in 1561; the author was burned

at the stake in 1571.at the stake in 1571.– Dutch Reformed Church adopted the Heidelberg Catechism as Dutch Reformed Church adopted the Heidelberg Catechism as

their confessional stance in 1571.their confessional stance in 1571.– Calvinism present in the Netherlands due to the English and Calvinism present in the Netherlands due to the English and

French refugees and the support of Heidelberg.French refugees and the support of Heidelberg.

Dutch-Spanish War in Dutch-Spanish War in NetherlandsNetherlands

Philip II of Spain (1555-98), son of Emperor Charles V, reigned over Philip II of Spain (1555-98), son of Emperor Charles V, reigned over the Netherlands by virtue of an earlier Hapsburg marriage.the Netherlands by virtue of an earlier Hapsburg marriage.– Charles V had ruled the low provinces because his grandmother was the Charles V had ruled the low provinces because his grandmother was the

Queen of BurgundyQueen of Burgundy– When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he secured the Holy Roman Empire for When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he secured the Holy Roman Empire for

his brother Ferdinand and gave the rule of Spain and low countries to his his brother Ferdinand and gave the rule of Spain and low countries to his son Philip.son Philip.

The low countries were divided ethnically, linguistically and religiouslyThe low countries were divided ethnically, linguistically and religiously– Netherland was Germanic, Dutch-speaking and ProtestantNetherland was Germanic, Dutch-speaking and Protestant– Belgium was Flemish, French-speaking and Catholic.Belgium was Flemish, French-speaking and Catholic.

Philip wanted a fully Catholic state—increased number of bishops, Philip wanted a fully Catholic state—increased number of bishops, taxed the provinces to finance wars, stepped up persecution of taxed the provinces to finance wars, stepped up persecution of Protestants. Philip was generally disliked as a “outsider” or Protestants. Philip was generally disliked as a “outsider” or “foreigner.”“foreigner.”– Calvinists were iconoclastic, particularly in 1559.Calvinists were iconoclastic, particularly in 1559.– Philip sent troops to oppose the Calvinists and suppress them.Philip sent troops to oppose the Calvinists and suppress them.

Militant CalvinismMilitant Calvinism The Dutch requested religious tolerance in the The Dutch requested religious tolerance in the

northern Provinces where the Calvinists were located, northern Provinces where the Calvinists were located, but the Spanish refused and mocked them as but the Spanish refused and mocked them as “beggars”.“beggars”.

Some Calvinists seized control of cities. Philip sends Some Calvinists seized control of cities. Philip sends the Duke of Alba to suppress (1567-1568). He the Duke of Alba to suppress (1567-1568). He executes 18 nobles.executes 18 nobles.

In 1572, William of Orange leads a revolt and by 1579 In 1572, William of Orange leads a revolt and by 1579 the northern provinces (Netherlands) had formed an the northern provinces (Netherlands) had formed an alliance. Though nominally a Calvinist, William wants alliance. Though nominally a Calvinist, William wants religious toleration and to restore the rights of nobles.religious toleration and to restore the rights of nobles.

Netherlands and BelgiumNetherlands and Belgium In 1581 Protestant Holland declared In 1581 Protestant Holland declared

independence and wars ensued till the Spanish independence and wars ensued till the Spanish retreated in 1609. The truce ended in 1621 and retreated in 1609. The truce ended in 1621 and war was renewed till the final peace came in war was renewed till the final peace came in 1648 at the Peace of Westphalia where Spain 1648 at the Peace of Westphalia where Spain relinquished all rights to the Northern Provinces relinquished all rights to the Northern Provinces (Netherlands).(Netherlands).

However, the southern region, called Flanders, However, the southern region, called Flanders, remained in Spanish Catholic hands. The Jesuits remained in Spanish Catholic hands. The Jesuits reinvigorated Catholicism in what would later reinvigorated Catholicism in what would later become “Belgium” (which did not become an become “Belgium” (which did not become an independent state until 1830).independent state until 1830).

Thirty Years’ War in Central Thirty Years’ War in Central EuropeEurope

In 1590, roughly half of Europe was Protestant, In 1590, roughly half of Europe was Protestant, but in 1690 that ratio was reduced to one-fifth.but in 1690 that ratio was reduced to one-fifth.

The war started with the “defenestration” of two The war started with the “defenestration” of two Catholic magistrates in Prague after the Emperor Catholic magistrates in Prague after the Emperor Mattias (1557-1619) appointed a Catholic King Mattias (1557-1619) appointed a Catholic King over Bohemia, his cousin Ferdinand (1578-1637).over Bohemia, his cousin Ferdinand (1578-1637).

Upon becoming Emperor in 1619, Ferdinand Upon becoming Emperor in 1619, Ferdinand invaded Bohemia and banned Protestantism—all invaded Bohemia and banned Protestantism—all who were unwilling to convert had to leave by who were unwilling to convert had to leave by Easter 1626.Easter 1626.

Bohemian War (1618-1625)Bohemian War (1618-1625)

Persecution against Protestant Persecution against Protestant HussitesHussites

Hapsburgs refused to allow them to Hapsburgs refused to allow them to elect their own kingelect their own king

Government placed under 10 Government placed under 10 governors, 7 Catholicgovernors, 7 Catholic

Group of Protestant noblemen threw Group of Protestant noblemen threw Catholic representatives of emperor Catholic representatives of emperor out of palace windowout of palace window– The Defenestration of PragueThe Defenestration of Prague

Progress of the WarProgress of the War

Protestants led by Count Thurn and Protestants led by Count Thurn and Count MansfeldCount Mansfeld

Catholics led by TillyCatholics led by Tilly Initial victories for ProtestantsInitial victories for Protestants Protestants decisively defeated at Protestants decisively defeated at

Battle of White Mountain Nov. 8, 1520Battle of White Mountain Nov. 8, 1520 Emperor Ferdinand II, Jesuits, and Emperor Ferdinand II, Jesuits, and

inquisition ended Protestantism in inquisition ended Protestantism in BohemiaBohemia

The Danish War (1625-The Danish War (1625-1629)1629)

Protestant leader King Christian IV of Protestant leader King Christian IV of DenmarkDenmark

Catholic leader Albert of Wallenstein (1538-Catholic leader Albert of Wallenstein (1538-1634)1634)

Catholic victory at Bridge of Dressau 1626Catholic victory at Bridge of Dressau 1626 Edict of Restitution, Mar. 29, 1629Edict of Restitution, Mar. 29, 1629 Treaty of Lubeck restored Christian’s lands Treaty of Lubeck restored Christian’s lands

but he agreed not in interfere in Germanybut he agreed not in interfere in Germany Wallenstein dismissed in 1630 for being too Wallenstein dismissed in 1630 for being too

severesevere

King Christian IV of Denmark Albert of Wallenstein

Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War England, Netherlands and Denmark then invaded Germany England, Netherlands and Denmark then invaded Germany

to cripple Ferdinand but were defeated and hostilities to cripple Ferdinand but were defeated and hostilities ended with a treaty in 1629.ended with a treaty in 1629.

Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632), invaded Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632), invaded Germany in 1630 to punish the Catholics and regain central Germany in 1630 to punish the Catholics and regain central Europe for Protestantism as well as thwart the power of Europe for Protestantism as well as thwart the power of Catholic Hapsburg.Catholic Hapsburg.

The Swedes crushed the Catholic League and occupied The Swedes crushed the Catholic League and occupied Prague. However, Adolphus was killed in 1632 and fortunes Prague. However, Adolphus was killed in 1632 and fortunes were slowly reversed.were slowly reversed.

By 1648 central Europe was exhausted from hostilities. By 1648 central Europe was exhausted from hostilities. Adolphus’ friend and chancellor remarked: “Behold with Adolphus’ friend and chancellor remarked: “Behold with what little wisdom the world is ruled.”what little wisdom the world is ruled.”

The Swedish War (1630-The Swedish War (1630-1635)1635)

Protestant leader Gustav II Adolphus Protestant leader Gustav II Adolphus King of Sweden (1594-1632)King of Sweden (1594-1632)

Invaded Germany to support ProtestantsInvaded Germany to support Protestants Wanted Prussia and Pomerania for Wanted Prussia and Pomerania for

Sweden (control of Baltic Sea)Sweden (control of Baltic Sea) Made treaty with the FrenchMade treaty with the French Won several victoriesWon several victories Tilly captured and sacked Magdeburg Tilly captured and sacked Magdeburg

16311631

Gustav II Adolphus of Sweden Count Tilly

Progress of WarProgress of War Gustav Adolphus won great victory at Leipzig Gustav Adolphus won great victory at Leipzig

of Breitenfeld Sept. 17, 1631of Breitenfeld Sept. 17, 1631– Tilly against GustavTilly against Gustav– 40,000 in each army40,000 in each army

Wallenstein brought back in; Tilly killedWallenstein brought back in; Tilly killed Gustav and Wallenstein fought at LutzenGustav and Wallenstein fought at Lutzen

– Nov. 16, 1632Nov. 16, 1632– Gustav’s army won, but he was killedGustav’s army won, but he was killed

Wallenstein again fired and later assassinatedWallenstein again fired and later assassinated War settled by Treaty of Prague, May 30, War settled by Treaty of Prague, May 30,

16351635– Lutherans alone granted freedom of worshipLutherans alone granted freedom of worship

Battle of Lutzen

Swedish-French War (1635-Swedish-French War (1635-1648)1648)

Germans against SwedesGermans against Swedes Swedes against DanesSwedes against Danes French against GermansFrench against Germans Spanish against French, Dutch, Spanish against French, Dutch,

SwedesSwedes Initial victories for ProtestantsInitial victories for Protestants Germany devastatedGermany devastated Emperor called for truce 1648Emperor called for truce 1648

Map of Thirty Years’ War

Devastating EffectsDevastating Effects

Example: Magdeburg’s 30,000 Example: Magdeburg’s 30,000 inhabitants were reduced to 5,000 inhabitants were reduced to 5,000 survivors on May 19, 1631.survivors on May 19, 1631.

3,000,000 Bohemians shrunk to less 3,000,000 Bohemians shrunk to less than 800,000 by the end of the war.than 800,000 by the end of the war.

Germany’s population decreased Germany’s population decreased from 21 to 13.5 million in the course from 21 to 13.5 million in the course of the war (a reduction of 35%).of the war (a reduction of 35%).

Treaties of Westphalia Treaties of Westphalia (1648)(1648)

Independence for Netherlands & SwitzerlandIndependence for Netherlands & Switzerland Gains for French & SwedesGains for French & Swedes Germany remained fragmentedGermany remained fragmented Reformed church recognized under Peace of Reformed church recognized under Peace of

AugsburgAugsburg Catholic & Protestant states had equal status in Catholic & Protestant states had equal status in

EmpireEmpire Land ownership set by norm date Jan. 1, 1624Land ownership set by norm date Jan. 1, 1624 No rights for Protestants in Bohemia or Austria No rights for Protestants in Bohemia or Austria

The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (1648)(1648)

Retained the conclusion of the Peace of Augsburg (1555): Retained the conclusion of the Peace of Augsburg (1555): the religion of the state is determined by the religion of the the religion of the state is determined by the religion of the ruler.ruler.

Territorial adjustments: Sweden gained in the Baltic, Territorial adjustments: Sweden gained in the Baltic, France along the Rhine, German princes gained greater France along the Rhine, German princes gained greater authority at the expense of the Emperor, Hapsburgs gained authority at the expense of the Emperor, Hapsburgs gained control of Bohemia, and the Brandeburg-Prussian rulers control of Bohemia, and the Brandeburg-Prussian rulers arose as independent German-speaking princes in north arose as independent German-speaking princes in north central Europe.central Europe.

War in the future was more about the balance of power and War in the future was more about the balance of power and commercial interests than religion.commercial interests than religion.

Established the religious contours of Europe for the rest of Established the religious contours of Europe for the rest of the millennium.the millennium.

Europe After Westphalia

Leipzig Debate (1519)Leipzig Debate (1519) After Luther pointed out that the Greek After Luther pointed out that the Greek

Church had never recognized any papal Church had never recognized any papal supremacy, Eck responded that the Greek supremacy, Eck responded that the Greek Church was not only schismatic but, by Church was not only schismatic but, by rejecting the Roman primacy, had made rejecting the Roman primacy, had made itself heretical; the Greeks had “severed itself heretical; the Greeks had “severed themselves from the Church and from the themselves from the Church and from the Christian faith itself.” Christian faith itself.”

A year later, Luther “declared that A year later, Luther “declared that ‘Muscovites, White Russians, Greeks, ‘Muscovites, White Russians, Greeks, Bohemians, and many other great lands in Bohemians, and many other great lands in the world...believe as we do, baptize as we the world...believe as we do, baptize as we do, preach as we do, live as we do.’” do, preach as we do, live as we do.’”

MelancthonMelancthon The opportunity came for Melanchthon to The opportunity came for Melanchthon to

approach the Eastern Church when he approach the Eastern Church when he received into his home in the summer of received into his home in the summer of 1559 a Serbian deacon from the 1559 a Serbian deacon from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. This Patriarchate of Constantinople. This deacon, Demetrios Myros, remained for deacon, Demetrios Myros, remained for about six months with Melanchthon in about six months with Melanchthon in Wittenberg, where he learned first-hand Wittenberg, where he learned first-hand information about the Reformation and the information about the Reformation and the Lutheran Church. He, in turn, was able to Lutheran Church. He, in turn, was able to acquaint Melanchthon with the piety and acquaint Melanchthon with the piety and ethos of the Orthodox Church. ethos of the Orthodox Church.

Augustana GraecaAugustana Graeca (1559) (1559)

When Patriarch Josaph II examined the When Patriarch Josaph II examined the Lutheran Confession, he immediately Lutheran Confession, he immediately recognized that many of its distinctive recognized that many of its distinctive doctrines were at odds with the doctrines were at odds with the Orthodox Church. To avoid the risk of Orthodox Church. To avoid the risk of controversy with the German controversy with the German Lutherans, and thereby thwart the Lutherans, and thereby thwart the Sultan’s political relations with the Sultan’s political relations with the Protestant States, the Patriarch simply Protestant States, the Patriarch simply declined to respond declined to respond ---- fairly typical of fairly typical of Byzantine diplomacy. Byzantine diplomacy.

Jeremias and Augsburg Jeremias and Augsburg ConfessionConfession

Upon receiving the Greek Confession, Upon receiving the Greek Confession, the Patriarch requested five more the Patriarch requested five more copies and promised to provide a copies and promised to provide a point-by-point response to the point-by-point response to the document. This whole process took document. This whole process took some time, but the first doctrinal some time, but the first doctrinal response of Jeremias II to the response of Jeremias II to the Augustana GraecaAugustana Graeca was received at was received at Tübingen on 18 June 1576. Tübingen on 18 June 1576.

German-Greek DiscussionGerman-Greek Discussion

The leading participants in the 16th-The leading participants in the 16th-century dialogue included Jakob century dialogue included Jakob Andreae, the Chancellor of the Andreae, the Chancellor of the University of Tübingen in the duchy University of Tübingen in the duchy of Würtemberg, and Patriarch of Würtemberg, and Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople.Jeremias II of Constantinople.

DialogueDialogue

Scripture and Scripture and TraditionTradition

Opposition to Opposition to filioquefilioque

Synergistic Free Synergistic Free WillWill

The Role of WorksThe Role of Works

7+ Sacraments7+ Sacraments

Sola ScripturaSola Scriptura

Defense of Defense of FilioqueFilioque Total DepravityTotal Depravity Justification by Justification by

Faith AloneFaith Alone 2 Sacraments2 Sacraments

Eastern SoteriologyEastern Soteriology

Orthodoxy sees human nature as fallen and mortal, Orthodoxy sees human nature as fallen and mortal, but as retaining its fundamental orientation toward but as retaining its fundamental orientation toward God and not as inheriting some type of juridical guilt; God and not as inheriting some type of juridical guilt; we are redeemed from this fallen human nature by we are redeemed from this fallen human nature by the incarnation of the Son of God, who assumes and the incarnation of the Son of God, who assumes and shares this fallen, mortal nature in every aspect shares this fallen, mortal nature in every aspect except sin, even unto death, restoring it to its former except sin, even unto death, restoring it to its former potentiality (i.e., “justifying” us) through his potentiality (i.e., “justifying” us) through his resurrection, in which we share. But restoration to resurrection, in which we share. But restoration to the potentiality of Adam and Eve is just a starting the potentiality of Adam and Eve is just a starting point in Orthodox theology; we are called to point in Orthodox theology; we are called to communion with God, to grow and mature into the communion with God, to grow and mature into the likeness of God, to become “deified” by participation likeness of God, to become “deified” by participation in God’s own life through the Holy Spirit. in God’s own life through the Holy Spirit.

Augustinian SoteriologyAugustinian Soteriology

Augustinianism sees human nature as fallen and Augustinianism sees human nature as fallen and mortal, having lost its fundamental orientation mortal, having lost its fundamental orientation toward God and inheriting some type of juridical toward God and inheriting some type of juridical guilt; we are forgiven of the original guilt of this guilt; we are forgiven of the original guilt of this fallen human nature by baptism through the fallen human nature by baptism through the atonement of Christ. Justification by faith is the atonement of Christ. Justification by faith is the juridical gift of divine righteousness—the juridical gift of divine righteousness—the imputation of Christ’s righteousness. By imputation of Christ’s righteousness. By sanctification humanity is restored to the former sanctification humanity is restored to the former status of Adam and Eve in creation as they status of Adam and Eve in creation as they communed with God. We are restored to the communed with God. We are restored to the perfection in which God created us as we are fully perfection in which God created us as we are fully restored into the image of God through the restored into the image of God through the sanctifying work of the Spirit.sanctifying work of the Spirit.