The Collapse of the Old Order 1929–1949

I. The Stalin Revolution

A. Joseph Stalin

1. rose within the Communist Party

- heavily industrialized USSR

2. 1928: series of Five-Year Plans (centralize state control over economy)

B. Collectivization of Agriculture

1. Squeezed the peasantry to pay for:

– first Five-Year Plan– To provide food– organized small farms (collectives)

2. Violent suppression of kulak peasants

– caused massive famines

C. Second Five-Year Plan

1. Out of fear of Nazi regime (1933–1937) :

– Stalin shifted to heavy industries & armaments

– food shortages

D. Stalin Terror: Great Purges1. Industrialization & collectivization by force

– secret police (NKVD)– work camps: gulags– the obedient rose within the Party– new opportunities for women to join workforce

2. Success?

– quickest industrialization ever

"There is a person, there is a problem; there is no person, there is no problem."

Four... Three...

Two... One...

Changing History

II. The Great Depression

A. Crash!

1. N.Y. stock market collapsed: October 29, 1929

Caused a chain reaction:

• consumers cut spending• companies laid off workers• small farms failed

B. International Crash

1. N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany & Austria:

• payment of war reparations to France & Britain ended, who then could not repay war loans to U.S.

2.1930: isolationist legislation

• world trade declined by 62% from 1929-1932

C. Economic Effects

1. France & Britain escaped the worst…colonies purchased their products

2. Japan & Germany suffered much more

3. India & China little affected

D. Political Effects

1. Profound political repercussions:

• U.S.: gov’t programs like New Deal legislation

• Germany & Japan: radical politicians devoted economies to military build-up…

• Latin America: led to military dictatorships

III. The Rise of Fascism

A. fasci di combattimento

1. Post WWI Italy: thousands of unemployed veterans & violent youths formed the “league of combatants”

• militias & thugs• nicknamed: “Black Shirts”

2. Leader of fascist party: Benito Mussolini

Il Duce

B. Problems in Germany

1. Germany had been hard-hit by:

• Treaty of Versailles• hyperinflation of 1923• the Depression

2. Germans blamed: communists, Jews, & foreigners

C. Adolf Hitler1. Austrian-born German & WW I

veteran

2. Became leader of National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazis) & led an unsuccessful uprising (1924)

• 1925 –wrote Mein Kampf in prison outlining radical racial theories

• “Brown Shirts” miltias

Adolf Hitler

D. Taking Control

1. Depression: Nazis gained support

2. Hitler:

• became Chancellor (1933)• assumed dictatorial power• declared himself Führer of the Third Reich (1934)

Nazi Youth Movement

Propaganda Posters

IV. East Asia (1931–1945)

A. Manchurian Incident (1931)1. Ultranationalists in Japan desired a colonial

empire in China

2. 1931: Japanese Army conquered Manchuria

3. Japan industrialized province & N.E. China

4. In Japan: gov’t grew more authoritarian

B. Chinese Communist Party

1. Main challenge to Chiang Kai-shek’s gov’t: Communist Party

2. Communists flee to countryside

– CCP led by Mao Zedong– calls for land redistribution from

wealthy to peasants

C. The Long March1. Kai-shek’s Guomindang army

pursued Communists into the mountains

2. Mao responded with guerilla warfare tactics

3. 1934: Guomindang forces surrounded Communists & they fleed on the “Long March”

4. Communists ally with…

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

D. Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

1. Japanese troops launched full-scale invasion of China

2. War strain on Japan’s economy:

- dependent on U.S. steel, tools, & oil

2. Japanese Atrocities at city of Nanjing (1937-40)

“Rape of Nanking”

2004 AP Exam: Compare-Contrast

V. The Road to War

“Beer Hall” Putsch

A. Nazi Policies1. Policies:

– Public works – Military build-up

2. Caused:

– economic boom– lower unemployment– rising standards of living

B. Road to War (1933–1939)

1. Hitler’s goal: more “living space” (Lebensraum) through territorial conquest

2. Tested other powers:

– withdrew from League of Nations– military conscription– established air force (Luftwaffe)

3. Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935) & Hitler sent troops into Rhineland (1936)

4. Hitler invaded Austria (1938)

C. Appeasement1. Three causes for weakness of the “democracies”

“Democracies” used appeasement policy due to:

– fear of another world war– feared communism more than Germany– World believed Hitler with the Munich

Agreement that he would expand no more…

D. Taking More…1. March 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia…

France & Britain seek Soviet alliance

2. Hitler & Stalin were negotiating the Nazi-Soviet Pact:

- each agreed to divide Poland