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The Respiratory System
Instructor's EKG a few hours after class: October 29 2012
P - atrial contractionQRS - ventricular contraction
T - repolarization of muscles
P to Q - AV-node delay
Functions of the Respiratory Tract
Deliver oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
Regulation of pH
Temperature controlVoice production
Primary Functions
Ventilation - moving air in and out of the lungs
Gas exchange between air and blood
Partnership with cardiovascular system for:
Gas transport in blood
Gas exchange between blood and cells
Secondary FunctionsRegulation of carbon dioxide and pH
CO2 = blood pH = respiratory acidosis
CO2 = blood pH = respiratory alkalosis
Chemistry of Blood pH
H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3-
Water + carbon dioxide = hydrogen + bicarbonate
Basic Anatomy
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NostrilPalate
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lung
Upper Respiratory Tract
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Anatomy of the Nose
Nasal septum
Nasal turbinates
Mucous membranes
Oflactory sensesEthmoid turbinates
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Ethmoid Turbinates
Contains vascular mucous membranes that warms and
humidifies the air
Also contains olfactory epithelium and sensory nerve endings
of
the olfactory nerve
Ethmoid Hematoma is a slowly expanding (blood vessel origin)
mass that originates from the mucosa (lining) of the ethmoid
turbinates
Sinuses
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Gutteral Pouches
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These structures are diverticula of the auditory
(eustachian)
tubes
Have slit-like openings into the pharynx
Contain:
Carotid arteries
Cranial nerves
Lymph nodes
The Larynx
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Protects the entrance to the trachea
Regulates the size of the airway
Organ of vocalization
EpiglottisElastic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
2 parallel plates
Cricoid cartilage
Ring-shaped
Arytenoid cartilages
Paired, with vocal cords
Have vestibular ligamentsForm lateral ventricles
Roaring - Laryngeal paralysis
Injury to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
The nerve is susceptible to trauma because it runs from the
brainstem to the thorax and back up the neck to the larynx
Causes paralysis of the muscle that moves one or both
arytenoid
cartilages
Occurs in dogs
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The Lung
Trachea
Formed by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Joined together by annular ligaments and muscles
Primary bonrchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Gas exchange occurs here
The Thorax
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Lined by a membrane called the "pleura"
Thorax = parietal pleura
The pleura also surrounds each lung
Lungs = visceral pleura
The lungs are divided (left and right) by the mediastinum
Mediastinum = important stuff int he middle of the chest
(i.e.
heart)
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The Diaphragm
Large muscle
Located along posterior wall of chest cavity
Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Convex towards thorax
Concave towards abdomen
Allows sufficient room for gas exchange
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