Upload
myron-gallagher
View
218
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The iPod University: Can the classroom
survive it?Derrick de KerckhoveFacoltà di sociologia
Università Federico IINapoli e
McLuhan ProgramUniversità di Toronto
The iPod University
A scenario
• Tomorrow all classes are given at-a-distance. The students stay at home or go on the road and download their courses. They consult visually as well as auditorily their professor at given appointment times over their mobile phone. They get together on line and via SMS and play games. Kids have
access to Google. From G-Earth to G-Scholar via all G-services. From their
cell phone.
Wi-Fi and the “Always On” culture• Web media
• Mobile media• Podcast Media
• Social Media (complex mix of networks human and technical)• Emergent, partly self-organizing patterning
• Evolving cognitives architectures
Three Screens Profile
0.6
1.5
2.5
2.0
LaptopComputers
DesktopComputers
Televisions
Mobile Phones
Share of Screens
30%
38%
23%
9%
Number in Home
Q.1
Change in Time Spent with Three Screens versus 2-3 Years Ago
7%19%
5%
10%
26%
11%
33%
32%
21%
27%
12%
32%
11%
31%23%
Mobile Phone Television Home Computer
Much Less Now Little Less Now No ChangeLittle More Now Much More Now
Net Change: +33% -22% +47%
Q.3
The Aural Society (Marco Susani)
Total Surround
… Any TIME connection
Any THING connection
Any PLACE connection
Source: Adapted from NRI (Japan)
• On the move
• Outdoors and indoors
• Night
•Daytime
• Between PCs
• Human to Human (H2H), not using a PC
• Human to Thing (H2T), using generic equipment
• Thing to Thing (T2T)
• On the move
• Outdoors
• Indoors (away from the PC)
• At the PC
Screenology
• The new cognitive arena• Multiplication of mind by software• Externalizing memory and
intelligence
Graphics: Peter Marshall
• Emigration of the mind from the head to the screen
• The screen is where physical, mental and virtual space
coincide• Recovery of control from the
zapper to the computer• Resensorialization of
communications• Sharing the responsibility of
making sense with the screen
Principal Characteristics of the electronic screen
Connected
Immersive
Penetrable
Interactive
Tactile
The a versus the e-principle
• Page• Static• Analogical• Frontal• Actualized• Esplosive• Abstract• Desensorialed• Icons as
illustrations
• Screen• Dynamic• Digital• Immersive• Virtualized• Implosive• Concrete• Multimedia• Icons as verbs
Connected intelligence
• Connective not collective
• Intersubejctve (Francisco Varela)
• Embodied (face-to-face interactions)
• Thought is not internalized speech, but speech is externalized thought
CONNECTED INTELLIGENCEON LINE
• More human than technological• Multiplicative
• Always in favour of more connections, but also more pertinence (hypertinence)
• Always in favour of more autonomy• But without losing the connection
• More collaborative than competitive
Broad trends in new media, which may be viewed as anything from flash-in-the-pan fads to society-changing paradigm shifts, have
appeared almost yearly (Wikipedia)• ca. 1996 - Broad popularity of Internet,
e-mail, web content • ca. 1997 - Video games start to gain
mainstream media recognition • ca. 1998 - Media conglomerates embrace the
Internet, streaming media, electronic commerce
• ca. 2000 - instant messaging, broadband, digital photography, DVD
• ca. 2002 - web logs, peer-to-peer file sharing
• ca. 2004 - Social software, GMail, del.icio.us, Flickr, tagging and folksonomies
What’s a “folksonomy” (Sergio Maistrello)
• folks + taxonomy (Thomas Vander Wal 2004)
• Popular taxonomies, ethnoclassification
• Classification by keywords (tag)
• Without base structure
• Without predetermined relationships between elements
• Spontaneous and collaborative classifications
• Suitable for non hierarchical contexts
• Work in progress, built on the go by its users
• Reflects the conceptual models of its users
The great “folksciclopedia”
From the Trivium to the Quadrivium and beyond
E. Britannica (11th edition):TRIVIUM (lat. For cross-road,
i.e. where three roads meet, from tres, three, and via,
road), in medieval educational systems, the curriculum
which included grammar, rhetoric and logic. The
trivium and the quadrivium (arithmetic, music, geometry
and astronomy) together made up what is known as the
seven liberal arts
Humanities (Webster 1966)
Pl: The branches of learning regarded as
having literature, history, mathematics
and philosophy
E.B. 1966
A group of educational disciplines distinguished in content and method from the physical and biological sciences and, if
less decisively, from the social sciences. The group includes language and literature in
each of their principal examples (ancient and modern), the fine arts other than literature, philosophy, at least in its more traditional
divisions, and to a less clearly defined extent, history, where the boundary between the
social sciences and the humanities is most debatable. These are the core of the
humanities and are sometimes organized as a school or division in the modern university
Wikipedia
Wikiversity
Social bookmarking
Tagging
• Dare un link specifico fra un oggetto digitale, qualunque esso sia, e un tag disponibile per tutti gli utenti o per gruppi ristretti
• Tipo: <a href=“http://www.technorati.com/tag/[parola
chiave]” rel=“tag”>parola chiave</a>)• Inserire dentro un navigatore aperto • Tipo: www.del.icio.us.org
del.icio.us: inserting a link
del.icio.us: Main Page
del.icio.us: Personal Links
Clustering information
A general shift from hierarchical to associative
models of cognition
Clay Shirky
Hierarchy with links
Clay Shirky
With multilinks
Clay Shirky
Loss of categories with tags
Clay Shirky
Loss of boundaries in
disciplines
Emigration of memory from libraries to
networks
In an environment of ambient information, the job of the
educator is to manage ignorance, not knowledge
Changing profile of students
– User has changed and started being active and participative in a context of great technology maturity (and transparency).
– User is not only a reader/user but also writer/inventor.– The “wreader”– User identifies himself in a community (not
corresponding to the concept of Web community) and shares information and time into Social Networks, often “de-sctructured” and casual, but nonetheless efficient.
– Users become “authors”– The main instrument of this “revolution” is the
Weblog, born in 2000 and “boomed” in 2004.
Private Individual InternalizedNarrativeCausality TheoryLinear Silent ReflexiveCentered
Connected Group
ExternalizedNavigation
SamplingPractical
Hypertextualized
Semi-oral Interactive
Diffused
Google versus libraries
• The “Net Gen” considers the open space of the Web as their privileged information universe”
• “They prefer the open global search of Google to the richer but more labour intensive one of the library”
• “Student find library resources harder to use and opt to find things via Google by themselves instead of asking for help”
Text, context and hypertext
• Role of text: internalizing and silencing speech
• Power of context in oral societies• Vectorial biases of text and
context• Ambiguous status of hypertext:
– silent but shared as speech– spontaneous but archived– private but made public
Hypertext
Tim-Berners Lee’s first elaboration for the WWW
The next medium, whatever it is- it may be the extension of conciousness- will include television as it's content, not as it's environment, and will transform television into an art form. A computer as a research and communication instrument could enhance retrieval, obsolesce mass library organization, retrieve the individuals encyclopedic function and flip into a private line to speedily tailored data of a saleable kind. (Marshall McLuhan)
INTERACTIVE “WREADING”
The typical “wreader” : “Net Gen”
• Used to multimedia environment thanks to videogames and
laptops• Prefers to find out
things by trying them rather than refer to manuals
• Used to work in groups
• Multitasking• Sampling
Rethinking Education ?• From the page to the screen (new
cognitive strategies)• Protection of reading• Understanding media
• Ryerson Report on teamship and collaboration
Ryerson’s questionnaire
• 75 criteria• Numero 1: teamwork (4.69/5)• Two:how to present oneself
(3.87)• Three: how to make a working
plan (3.54)• Ten: network experience
E-mail, Chat, Forum MUD, MOO, Active Worlds Orkut, Friendster, LinkedIn
Slashdot, Blog, WikipediaTagging, del.icio.us, furl
Progression in the complexity of on-line cognitive architectures
For a new pedagogical model
• Broadcast to networked• Memory to intelligence
• “Contact hours”• On line competencies
• Student-centered education
SMART LABSocial Media Application
Research and Tagging
Laboratory
Content & application for digital
environment users