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The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed:
How Well Are We Measuring Snow?
t
Roy Rasmussen1, Bruce Baker2, John Kochendorfer2, Tilden Myers2, Scott Landolt1, Alex Fisher3, Jenny Black1,
Julie Theriault1, Paul Kucera1, David Gochis1, Craig Smith3, Rodica Nitu3,Mark Hall2,Steve Cristanelli1 and Ethan Gutmann1
1. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 2. NOAA
3. Environment Canada
The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed:
How Well Are We Measuring Snow?
t
Roy Rasmussen1, Bruce Baker2, John Kochendorfer2, Tilden Myers2, Scott Landolt1, Alex Fisher3, Jenny Black1,
Julie Theriault1, Paul Kucera1, David Gochis1, Craig Smith3, Rodica Nitu3,Mark Hall2,Steve Cristanelli1 and Ethan Gutmann1
1. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 2. NOAA
3. Environment Canada
The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed was initially
established in 1991 at NCAR in Boulder, Colorado to address FAA
needs for real-time snowfall rates in support of ground deicing
The NOAA Climate Reference Network program started using the site in the late 90’s to evaluate snow measuring instrumentation for climate purposes (Bruce Baker, lead).
Challenges of automatic snow fall rate measurements:
1. Wind under-catch - Gauge acting as obstacle to the flow, generating updrafts
2. Cap over of the orifice by snow accumulating on the gauge
3. Minimum detectable signal often large (to overcome noise)
4. Minimum detectable signal impacted by wind speed (higher the wind, the larger the minimum detectable signal)
5. Eliminating blowing snow false accumulations
6. High maintenance - Need to empty the bucket after snow fills up and refill bucket with
glycol and oil.
National Center for Atmospheric Research
Updraft generated upstream of gauge
6
Insert image of the Marshall site with DFIR
To address these challenges, developed the NOAA/FAA/NCAR Solid Precipitation Test Site near Boulder, Colorado
Core to the site: Double Fence Inter-comparison Reference (DFIR) shields as “truth” gauge
Layout of site:
Flat and level site located 7 km south of Boulder, Colorado
NCAR owned and operated with security fence
10
Aerial View of the NOAA/FAA/NCAR Test site
12
View of test site to the South
14
View of test site towards the West
15
Developed and tested
double Alter shield
16
Developed and tested 2/3 DFIR
shield (CRN)
17
Developed and tested
hotplate snowgauge
18
Testing multiple hotplates
19
Documented snow under-
catch behavior of
various shields and
gauges
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0
5
10
15
20
6 8 10 12 14 16
March 14, 2002
Original Hotplate Zeroed DFIR Zeroed NDblAlt Zeroed DblAlt Zeroed SngAlt Zeroed SmWyo Zeroed SmDFIR
10m Wind
Acc
umul
aton
(in
ches
) Wind S
peed (m/s)
Time (Hrs)
Single Alter
Double Alter
Small DFIR
DFIRHotplate
Wind speed
Established transfer
functions for various shields and
gauges0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-2 0 2 4 6 8
y = 0.96676 - 0.082568x R= 0.92561
y = 1.059 - 0.10492x R= 1
Ori
gin
al h
otp
late
acc
um
/DF
IR
accu
m (
1 h
ou
r p
erio
ds)
10 m wind speed (m/s)
Single Alter Catch Efficiency
Hotplate Catch Efficiency
Data used to develop
transfer function shows
significant scatter!
22
Thank You!
Rasmussen et al. 2001
23
Numerical studies of flow past various
shield/gauge combinations
help explain scatter
(Julie Therialt talk later in
this session)
25
Established that visibility
is a poor method to
estimate the liquid
equivalent rate of snow
(light, moderate,
heavy)
NWS TABLE
VISIBILITY (STATUE MILES)
>0.50 >.25 - <=.50
.25
Light Moderate Heavy
HVY
MOD
LGT
1.7 mm/hrModerate
27
Developed and tested the Liquid Water Equivalent system
for ground deicing use
28
Developed method to heat the
orifice of a gauge using temperature controlled heat tape
(max temperature
2 ˚C)
Precipitation Type sensor (HSS)
WXT temperature, humidity, and wind sensor (Vaisala)
Hotplate (Yankee) Weighing Snowgauge
(GEONOR)
Snow Liquid WaterEquivalent System
Liquid Equivalent snowfall rate determination
Moderate Snow
Precipitation Type sensor (Vaisala PWD-22)
30
Aircraft Deicing Fluid
testing
31
Accurate snow depth measurements remain a
challenge!
36
Summary• The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed
has been used to investigate a number of important aspects of winter precipitation:
1. Under-catch of snow as a function of shield type and the development of transfer functions
2. Develop and test new wind shields3. Evaluate the use of various gauge/shield combinations
for both real-time and climate snow measurements. 4. Develop and test new precipitation instruments
(hotplate)5. Real-time measurement of snow for aircraft ground
deicing purposes6. The use of visibility to measure snow intensity7. Snow size distributions and terminal velocity8. Radar- reflectivity snowfall relationships
37
Summary
How well are we measuring snow?
• While advances in shields and gauges have been made, we still don’t fully understand the significant scatter in the data nor have we designed the perfect wind shield to reduce the scatter.
• Need to use direct measurements of the liquid equivalent rate of snow to estimate snow intensity in METARs rather than use visibility
• The automated measurement of precipitation type and snow depth remains a significant challenge.
• The upcoming WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment mentioned by Rodica can help address these challenges.
38
Thank You!