Unit I: Exploration, Colonization, and Revolution

1492- 1783Unit I: Exploration, Colonization, and RevolutionExplorationSpain was the first of the European powers to explore and colonize the Americas.CountryReligion/Goals of ColonizationResponses to Native AmericansSpain

- Started settlements in Mexico, Central America, come Caribbean islands, and present-day Florida- CatholicWestern sea route to Asia Silver and gold New land for their empire Conversion of natives to CatholicismEstablished missions (combo of church, school, and farm)GOD, GOLD, and GLORYEmphasis on making Indians useful in Spanish economic systemsBrutal force used when Indians resisted Spanish ruleIndians were essentially treated like slaves in conquered landsSpains success with its American colonies encouraged other European nations to establish colonies. French explorers led expeditions along the North Atlantic seaboard during the 1500s.CountryReligion/Goals of Colonization

Responses to Native Americans

FranceCatholicSea route to Asia Established trading postsExplored interior of Northern American continentMade some efforts to convert natives by the Jesuit priestsTried to establish friendly relations and communications with Indians Indians were trading partners and sometimes valuable allies Set up alliances with friendly tribes to fight against other Indians and colonial powersNeglected by the Spanish and French, the Atlantic coast remained open to English colonization during the 1580s. Englands first attempt (Roanoke Island) failed, but in 1607 they succeeded in founding Jamestown.CountryReligion/Goals of ColonizationResponses to Native Americans

EnglandChurch of EnglandWanted to establish power in order to compete with SpainUsed their strong NavySearching for gold and glorySome desire to Christianize Indians, but not many efforts madeIn the beginning, relations with Indians were fairly peaceful.Indians (Powhatan) helped Jamestown settlers during the Critical Period, giving them food and agricultural strategies.As settlers began to demand more land, relations got worse and treatment became harsher.Indians were pushed off the land and essentially removed from the area by 1700.Stop and Think!Why were the Native Americans so resistant to the Europeans?ColonizationThe Southern ColoniesJamestown and the British Southern Colonies

The Virginia Company sent 100 colonists to Virginia and they started a settlement on the James River.The settlement was established in 1607, and was called Jamestown, in honor of their King, James I.The settlement eventually became a royal colony controlled directly by the British Crown.The colonists were led by John Smith a former soldier and adventurer.

Jamestown Overcomes Hardships- Unaccustomed to work- Location was poor. (near swamps, carried diseases)- Starvation- Poor leadership

(http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/jamestown-cannibalism)

ActivityTake 10 minutes to read excerpts from the Starving Time an account written by John Smith of the experiences of the Jamestown colonists.

Take 5 minutes write down 3 examples and share with a partner the hardships that the Jamestown settlers encountered upon arriving to the New World.

The Southern Colonist

The English Cavalier -Economic Status:Wealthy landowning nobility

-Ethnic Background:English - Where they Settled:Coastal lowlands in the east with the best land for large plantation farming.

The Southern Colonist

The Frontier Settler- Economic Status:Poor former indentured servants-Ethnic BackgroundScotch-Irish, and poor English-Where they settled:Small subsistence farms in the west near the Appalachians.

The Southern Colonies

Made up of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia

The Southern colonies were founded for purely economic reasons.

Early Forms of Government

The Royal Colonies of the South were governed by wealthy, land-owning aristocrats under the supervision of the King of England and Parliament.

The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first elected colonial legislature in the Americas, established in 1619.

The Virginia House of Burgesses still exists today as the Virginia Assembly, making it the oldest legislative system in the United States.

Economy of the South- Geographic Condition:Low coastal plain in the east and foothills and mountains in the west. - Cash Crops:Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo (NO COTTON YET!)- Labor Force:Indentured servants and later slaves to work large plantations.- Class Division:The wealthy owned plantations, the poor hunted and relied on subsistence farming and trade with the natives.The Indentured Servant

How they arrived: Most indentured servants came over via the headright system. (a system in which anyone who paid their own way or anothers to the New World received 50 acres of land.)Length of service: indentured servants had to labor for 4-7 years before being freed and gain ownership of their own land.Ethnic Make-up: poor English, Scot-Irish and African.

African Slavery

How they Arrived: Slaves began arriving in 1619 from Africa via the middle passage (part of the triangular trade from Africa to the Americas). Length of Service: slaves had a life termEthnic Make-Up: African

Social and ReligiousSocial Structure: Dominated by family status and land ownership.

Land Ownership: The wealthy owned plantations with slaves, the poor lived on the frontier.

Political Structure: The aristocracy (wealthy elites) controlled the government.

Religious Affiliation: Anglican (Church of England)

Berkeley Plantation Charles City, VirginiaThe New England Colonies(http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=PoXHXbgRJvc) 8:44

The New England ColoniesMade up of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut.

English religious dissenters called Pilgrims left Holland and established the Plymouth Colony in 1620.

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established in 1629 by English Puritans seeking religious freedom.

The Puritan Exodus

All other Churches of Europe are brought to desolation, and our sins, for which the Lord begins already to frown upon us and to cut us short, do threaten evil times to be coming upon us, and who knows, but that God hath provided this place to be a refuge for many whom he means to save out of the general calamity, and seeing the Church hath no place left to fly into but the wilderness, what better work can there be, than to go and provide tabernacles and food for her when she be restored.John Winthrop(Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and leader of the Puritan movement) A City Upon a Hill

The Pilgrims were made to sign the Mayflower Compact, which granted them religious freedom in exchange for loyalty to the British Crown.

Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans left England to avoid religious persecution.

The Puritans formed a Covenant Community, or holy society in accordance to the Mayflower Compact.

According to John Winthrop, the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be a City upon a Hill or a model for Christianity around the world.

Puritan Society

Religious Principles Intolerant of anyone who did not follow the Puritan belief system Religion dominated all aspects of society, including the belief in predestination and the existence of the devil.Government Governed by religious officials called the elect who believed they were chosen by God to lead. No division between church and state.The community was governed through direct democracy in a town meeting setting.Society Male dominated society (women could not own property) and rigidly divided by social class. The community played an integral role in Puritan society and would become involved in marital and family disputes.

Puritan DissentersRoger Williams:- Complaint: believed that the Puritan church had no right to punish settlers for their religious beliefs.- Response: fled the church and founded Rhode IslandAnne Hutchinson:- Complaint: worshippers did not need church or ministers to interpret the bible.- Response: banished and later move to New Netherland (New York) for religious freedom.Native Americans:- Complaint: Puritans took their land and enforced strict laws on the Natives- Response: King Phillips War, although the Indians lost, New Englanders lost a huge portion of their men of military age.

New England EconomyGeographic Conditions:Rocky coastlines, rolling hills and mountains made it difficult for farming but excellent for ports and a commercial economy.Types of farming: Small scale corn, wheat, and livestock due to the poor soil and limited land. Fishing becomes a major staple.Goods produced: Ship building, and manufactured goods such as leather, rum, and other artisan craft.Labor Force:Although there were few slaves and indentured servants, most of the labor force were professional artisans, craftsmen, and farmers.

The Middle Colonies(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu9dQlQIeFM&feature=player_embedded#!) 3:22

Made up of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.Henry Hudson (English) sailed for the Dutch up the Hudson River in New York.New Netherlands (New York) established for economic reasons (fur trade)New Amsterdam is the capitalBased on their proximity to natural ports, cities such as Baltimore, New York City and Philadelphia emerged as major centers for commerce and trade.

The Dutch take over New Jersey from the Swedes.-They cant get enough settlers so they open it up to different types of peopleDutch, German, French Huguenots (Protestants), Jews, Scandinavians, Africans (both slave and free)Duke of York (English) conquers the Dutch colony and renames it New York in 1664.

Stop and Think!How did New Netherlands become so diverse?

PennsylvaniaQuakers- Protestant group devoted to equality, cooperation, and religious toleranceServices held without ministers, plain dress and pacifistsWilliam Penn= founder and proprietor of PA- the Holy Experiment Philadelphia- capitalAll settlers promised 50 acres of land and the right to voteFreedom of Religion

Middle Colonies EconomyGeography: The geography of the Middle Colonies had a mix of the New England and Southern features but had fertile soil and land that was suited to small scale farming.Trade/Exports: It was the big food producing region that included corn, wheat and livestock (including beef and pork.) Other industries included the production of iron ore, lumber, textiles, furs and shipbuilding.

ActivityChoose one of the following colonies: Virginia(Southern), Massachusetts(New England) or Pennsylvania (Middle) and develop a travel brochure that contains the following information3 economic characteristics, 3 social characteristics, 3 geographic characteristics, 3 graphic depictions, 2 extra pieces of information, 1 cover sheet/colony slogan.

Complete for HOMEWORK!

The Colonies Take ShapeIn the mid-1700s, the American colonies experienced a population boom and a powerful revival.More immigrants from England, Ireland, and Germany were spreading throughout the colonies, pushing further west the Appalachian Mountains and onto Indian and French territory.

Great AwakeningAlso, in the early 1700s, many church leaders believed that the colonists had fallen away from the faith of their Puritan ancestors.A series of revivals designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment were held; known as the Great Awakening.This did more than revive peoples religious convictions, it energized them to speak for themselves and to rely less on the traditional authority of ministers.It help lay one of the social foundations for the American Revolution.

RevolutionHistory as a Car Trip!You are getting to ready to go on vacation to Virginia Beach. Come up with a list of things that will speed up or slow down your car trip. (10 each) What factors might make a car go slowly? What factors might make it go quickly? What might impact the quality of the trip?

We are getting ready to discuss the factors/events that slowed and quickened the coming of the Revolutionary War.

The Build-up to RevolutionPhase I:British Colonial Actions 1608-1754

Phase II: The French and Indian War 1754-1763

Phase III: British Colonial Actions 1763-1775

Phase I:British Colonial Actions1608-1754Britain like its rivals was influenced by mercantilism, or the goal of self-sufficiency and used their colonies to achieve this

When the colonies began to trade with Britains rivals, the Navigation Acts(1651) were passed limiting colonial trade to Britain only.

In the 1680s Britain eased its governing policies and regulations on the coloniesSalutary Neglect which allowed the colonial governments to have more self-ruling capabilities.

Phase II: The French and Indian War 1754-1763Cause: Colonial rivals Britain and France were in dispute over control over of the Ohio River Valley and overall domination of North America.

Participants: The British, the American Colonists and their Indian allies against the French and their Indian allies.

Outcome: After over 7 years of fighting, the British prevailed and took control of North America east of the Mississippi. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 officially ended the war.

Phase III: British Colonial Actions 1763-1775Effects of the French and Indian War1.New lands were open to settlement creating tension between colonists and Native Americans.

2.10,000 British troops were stationed in the Americas to maintain order which angered many colonists.

3.The British had a sizeable debt after the war and looked to the American Colonies to help relieve it through taxation.

Benjamin Franklin drew this image to encourage people in the colonies to unite. (published in 1754)

The cartoon was inspired by superstitions that a sliced snake would revive if the pieces of the body were joined before sunset

Proclamation of 1763The British announced the land won during the French and Indian War (west of Appalachian Mountains) would be reserved for Native Americans- banned settlement of colonists.British Rationale (British Reasoning): to prevent future wars with Native Americans Colonial Rationale (Colonial Reasoning): thought the British intended to maintain a tighter control over the colonists

RememberGreat Britain wants the colonists to help pay for the debt of the French and Indian War.They justify the laws/taxes by saying it was needed or to be used for protecting the colonies from Indian attacks.The colonists, believing they should not be taxed without representation in Parliament, protested new British laws.Activity Pick a partner and complete the chart on British Acts and/or events leading up to the Revolutionary War.The Rebellion BeginsFirst Continental CongressPurpose: Formed in 1774 as an assembly of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies (Georgia did not send any delegates)They convened in Philadelphia to discuss the rights of the colonies.

Actions: 1. Defended the colonies rights to run their own affairs2. Supported the protests in Massachusetts over the unfair taxes and acts of the British3. Supported the colonies right to defend themselves if attacked by the British.

Sons of Liberty

Purpose:Founded in Boston 1765 as an underground group of radicals resisting British taxation in the colonies.Its original founders included Sam Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry and John Adams.

Actions:1. Harassment of tax-collectors and government agents2. Organized riots, boycotts and protests3. Were the perpetrators of the Boston Tea Party.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=CwEX_YVyAS4) 1:48

First Shots at Lexington and Concord

In 1775, the British command ordered troops to seize a stockpile of weapons near Concord, MA, as well as arrest John Adams and John Hancock.

Paul Revere, rode to alert the two men and also to warn the Massachusetts militia men stationed in Lexington and Concord to be ready for the British advance.

American minute-men intercept British forces at both Lexington and Concord and fire the first shots of the Revolutionary War.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=hiIFRCk1hxY) 12:06

Minutemen

Significance:

1. Were civilian soldiers and first responders who would usually flee after firing a shot or two.2. Made up the colonial militias that fought the British before the Continental Army was formed.3. Made up the American forces at the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill.

The Second Continental CongressActions of the 2nd Continental Congress, Philadelphia 1775:

1. Appointed George Washington commander of the Continental Army

2. Authorized the printing of money and organized a committee for foreign relations.

3. Drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776.

Warm-upTake out a sheet of paper and write down four aspects of Marion Senior High School that you feel are unfair to students.Declaration of Independencehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PSUr9rMVtc

Activity

Once in your group, complete the following information

1.Who is the complaint meant for or to be sent to?

2.What do you believe are the general rights of teenagers that makes your complaint worthwhile?

3.What is your statement of beliefs, what do you think the rights of teenagers should be in this particular aspect?

4.Have you made any efforts to change the focus of your complaint, or do you have any personal grievances (i.e. has it negatively effected your life)

5.Would you be willing to sign your name to a formal complaint? (If so, sign your name to the final document)Activity

Once each group is finished, we as a class will combine the documents into one final document.

Part I:Who the complaint is made to and what you are asking for.

Part II: What makes the complaints worthwhile(the general rights of teenagers/students)

Part III: Statement of beliefs

Part IV: Prior personal grievances

Part V:What you are declaring

Part IV: signaturesDebriefing the ActivityDo you feel your complaints in this document are legitimate? Why?

Does having a formal document of complaints make your argument easier to justify? Why?

If I were to submit this document to the administration of our school are any of you worried about repercussions? Why?

If your complaints were dismissed, what alternatives might you have?

The Enlightenment Influence on the Revolutionary WarThe Age of EnlightenmentAn era of history between the 17th and 18th centuries that led to a rise in science, math and ideas about mans individual rights and their relationship towards their rulers.

These philosophies and were paramount in the beliefs and the writings of Americas Founding Fathers.

Enlightenment Philosophers and Views

John Locke: English writer/philosopher who wrote Two Treatises of Government

Views:

1.All people are free to have their natural rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Absolute monarchy denies people these rights.2.All people sign a social contract to form a government to protect their rights and in turn follow the laws of the land called Ordered Liberty 3.If a government becomes a threat to mans natural rights, the contract is broken and the people have the right to overthrow the government.

Thomas Paine: American revolutionary who produced a pamphlet called Common Sense that contributed to the independence movement.

Views:1.If Britain was the mother country of America, that made her actions all the more horrendous, for no mother would harm her children so brutally. 2.The governing of the colonies should be done by Americans not the British who have abused their power.3.Britain governed the colonies for their interest only

Thomas Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence and was greatly influenced by Locke and Paine.It can be divided into four sections:1. Preamble or introduction2. Declaration of Rights- explained the political ideas on which the document was based on.3. List of complaints against the King of England (27 total)4. Resolution of independence (simply says the colonies should be free)Military and Diplomacy- British Advantages in the War1.Strong, well trained army and navy.2.Strong, central government with available funds3.Support of Loyalists and Native Americans

British Disadvantages in the War1.Atlantic Ocean separating Britain from the American battlefields2.Troops unfamiliar with the terrain of the Americas3.Weak military leaders4.Sympathy of some British politicians for the American cause.

American Advantages in the War1.Home-field advantage2.Leadership of George Washington and other officers3.Inspiring cause of independence4.Assistance from France and other European nations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFpFHj4XfFg

American Disadvantages in the War

1.Untrained soldiers2.Shortage of food, ammunition and supplies3.Inferior navy4.No central government to enforce wartime policies.

Loyalists vs. PatriotsLoyalists (Tories)American Colonists who remained loyal to the British during the war.Felt that Britain was justified in taxing the colonies due to the protection they received during the French and Indian War.Felt strong social and economic ties to Britain and believed the British would ultimately win the war.It is estimated that about a third of the colonists remained loyalists throughout the war.

PatriotsDesired complete and total independence from EnglandMotto based from the quote of Patrick Henry Give Me Liberty or Give Me DeathInspired by Common Sense by Thomas PaineMade up the troops in Washingtons Continental Army and a third of the colonial population.

Neutrals

Were undecided on the war.

Many disagreed with British policies but did not want to declare independence

Made up a third of the population.George WashingtonKept his army intact during the war and never allowed a major loss at the hands of the British.Secured major victories at Trenton, Monmouth and later Yorktown.Wintered his army at Valley Forge, providing time for the Americans to regroup and train.

His leadership was one of the main reasons why the Americans were victorious in the war.

Franklin and JeffersonBen Franklin and Thomas Jefferson in addition to the their efforts in the Continental Congress made numerous trips to Europe to gain support for the American cause from France and other nations.

The End of the RevolutionWith French assistance, Washington and the Continental Army are able to trap General Cornwallis at Yorktown.After a month siege, the British army surrendered.The Treaty of Paris 1783 officially ended the war and gave America its independence.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQQ9ySdQ5Qs

Historical Heads ActivityFill in the cranial space with the thoughts, ideas, visions, and motivations of John Locke, Thomas Paine, George Washington, or Thomas Jefferson.Please use a minimum of five images and be sure to number them on the back with a corresponding statement that identifies each image.Use color and imagination to complete this activity!