Updateonmini-satelliteforairqualityobservationwith1x1horizontalresolutionandNICTprojectforairpollution

HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation

Yasko Kasai1,TakeshiKuroda1,TomohiroSato1,KotaKuribayashi,DaisukeGoto2,andKojiZettsu1

1NationalInstituteofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology,Japan2NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Japan

MotivationInKyusu iland,morethan70%ofpollutioncomefromoutsideofJapan.

WHOreport(2014):Globally,3.7milliondeathswereattributabletoambientairpollution(AAP)in2012.TheWesternPacificandSouthEastAsianregionsbearmostoftheburdenwith1.67millionand936’000deaths,respectively.About236’000deathsoccurintheEasternMediterraneanregion,200’000inEurope,176’000inAfrica,and58’000intheAmericas.Theremainingdeathsoccurinhigh-incomecountriesofEurope(280’000),Americas(94’000),WesternPacific(67’000),andEasternMediterranean(14’000).

Seriousdamage:HowabouttoprovideapredictionofdetailhealthindexforFukuoka-cityin1kmlevel?

Sprinter(Takemura etal.,)

12:00JST10Oct2016PM2.5prediction

APollutionpredictionsysteminFukuoka,Kyushu,Japan

InKyusu iland,morethan70%ofpollutioncomefromoutsideofJapan.

Therearemanyground-basedobservationbaseforpollutionspecies.

HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation

APollutionpredictionsysteminFukuoka,Kyushu,JapanSatellite data setsHIMAWARI-8GEMS

1km[Googleマップ]

FukuokaDistributionofAirQualityHealthIndex：AQHI𝐴𝑄𝐻𝐼 =

100010.4 × 𝑒,.,,,-./×01 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,45/×678.9 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,5/:×;08 − 1

Transboundarypollutant

Otherdatasets(Soramame,Sky-net,DOAS,Lidaretc)

StretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]

Fukuoka

5km

HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation

ModelAssimilation

OptimalSatellitedata(minisatellitesconstellation)For1x1kmorderairqualityobservation

Newoptimalsatelliteobservations

1kmx1km(HAPIESTTarget）

7kmx7kmCurrentsatelliteobservations

NOx emissiondatabyKannari etal.,EAGrid2000,JCAP

139.95E

←CarIndustry

←Airlinestreet

←Metalindustry

←Metalshop

←Road

←Gasindustry

1km27km2

HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation

StatusofModelSimulation

UsingtheStretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]NICAM:NonhydrostaticICosahedral AtmosphericModel[TomitaandSatoh,2004;Satohetal,2004]

PM2.5inAsia

5km

FukuokaCity(afewkmresolution)

OutsideAsia:Putclimateparametersmonthly

PM2.5予測

[SPRINTARS,KyushuUniv.]

PlanoftheairpollutionpredictionsystemforFukuokaCity

[Stretchgridcoordinate：Tomita,2008]

Scalablesimulation:coveringglobalandalsowithafewkmresolutionatthetargetplace,withsmallercalculationresources

AerosolemissionsfromAsia(20-30kmresolution)

AchievementsoftheStretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]

• glevel=6,stretchratio=100(minimumhorizontalresolutionof~11kmaroundTokyo[140°E,35°N])

• Aerosolmodel(SPRINTARS)[Takemura etal.,2000andlater]hasbeenimplemented.

• Verywellvalidatedbytheobservations.

EC:elementalcarbon

2mtemperatureandrelativehumidity

Surfacetemperatureand

windvelocity

Demonstrationofthe~5kmhorizontalresolutionsimulationon/aroundFukuoka• StretchNICAM-Chem (withSPRINTARS)withglevel=7,stretchratio=100(minimumhorizontalresolutionof~5.5km)

• Minimumhorizontalresolutioniscenteredat127°E,31°N.

• 11-hoursimulationfrom2009/07/010:00UTC(9:00JST)usingtheNCEPFNLdatasetastheinitialstate

• Forwardrunfromtheinitialstate(nonudgingofatmosphericdataduringtherun)

• Calculationtimestepof3-10seconds

Fukuoka

127°E,31°N[Googlemap]

Demonstrationofthe~5kmhorizontalresolutionsimulationon/aroundFukuokaAnimation

Fukuoka

Demonstrationofthe~5kmhorizontalresolutionsimulationon/aroundFukuokaAnimation (focusedinFukuokaPref.)

5km

Futureplan:Stretchglobalsimulationforprediction

12

Day-meanPM2.5distributionsin29-31January2016

(SPRINTARS,KyushuUniv.)whichcan’tbehigherthan

~35kmhorizontalresolution

Simulationin/aroundFukuokawithStretch NICAM-Chem NCEP/FNL

climatedata

Trythepredictionofaerosoldistributionswithhigherhorizontalresolution(~5km)

• Simulationofaerosol/oxidantdistributionsin/aroundFukuokaCitywithStretchNICAM-Chem withSPRINTARSmodule(nudgingtherecentclimatedataofNCEP/FNL,2014-2016)

• Comparisonwithobservationaldata(Himawari 8,NASA/CALIPSO)andassimilation →Feasibilitystudyofprediction,with~5kmhorizontalresolutionand2-3daysinadvance

Himawari 8aerosoldistribution

NASA/CALIPSO

Aconceptofmini-satelliteforairqualityobservation

- apossibilityaftertheGEMSsatellite-

Products Standard: NO2,O4

Detection limit（NO2 totalcolumndensity）[molecules/cm2]

3.0x1015 (5%)（about0.6ppb inboundarylayer）

（ex） Tropospheric NO2columnamount[molecules/cm2]

6.0x1016 (Boundary layer 4.7x1016）

IFOV 1kmx1km(2kmx2km)

Vertical resolution Troposphericcolumn

Swathwidth approx. 200km

Mission Concept

In this study, we performed a feasibility study for observation precisions of NO2

→Synthetic spectra are calculated using SCIATRAN (RTM) with two geometries.→Slant column densities (SCDs) are derived by DOAS method and converted to

vertical column densities (VCDs) by division with air mass factor (AMF) derived from SCIATRAN.

ScientificrequirementMissionconcept:Amicrosatellitewithhighhorizontalresolution

SetupofeachparameterParameters The number of

parametersElements of parameters

Wavelength range 2 Reference : 425 -450 nm(conventional region)460-490 nm

Area 2 Seoul (as polluted area)Hokkaido (as clean area)

Season 1 Winter(Jan.)

Altitude of satellite 1 300 km

Spectral resolution (FWHM) 1 0.4 nm

Sampling step 1 0.1 nm

Detector size 1 0.064 mm

Aperture size 1 0.74 cm

Read noise 1 10 e

IFOV 2 1 x 1 km2

2 x 2 km2

Instrumental parameters in this study

TheseparametersmadewithA.Kuze (JAXA)

Fig.FlowofalgorithmforestimationofprecisionsandaccuraciesofretrievedNO2(Noguchietal.,2011)

Precisionanalysis:・Prepare the vertical profile of NO2 and the other species as input data into RTM (SCIATRAN)・Convolute with Gaussian slit function and make 100 spectra added the pseudo-noise・Conduct DOAS fitting and retrieve SCDs from each spectrum・Estimate precisions of retrieval NO2 column as 1σ standard deviation of 100 SCDs.

Error analysis

NO2 verticalprofileTroposphere : surface – 10 km CHASER model, monthly mean, Jan. 2005(2.8 ×2.8°gridded cell) Stratosphere : 10 km – 100 km SOCRATES model , annually mean(from Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere ver.2 by G.P. Brasseur and S. Solomon)OthergasesProvided by GMAP-Asia science team (Noguchi et al., 2011)Pressure,TemperatureU.S. standard atmosphere

Input profile data - preparation of vertical profile

Results - Synthetic spectra from SCIATRAN

・This figure shows a example of radiance spectra at 300 km of altitude by SCIATRAN.・Spectra convolved with Gaussian slit function with an FWHM of 0.4 nm were plotted in steps of 0.1 nm.・The radiance at Seoul was larger than that at Hokkaido because SZA assumed at Seoul in this simulation was lower than that at Hokkaido.

Expected SNRs for each IFOV case

Wavelength[nm] Spatialresolution[km2]

ExpectedSNR(Electronics)

ExpectedSNR(Shot) DarkcurrentSNR ExpectedSNR(all)

480(460- 490)

1x1 1642 691 2806 621

2x2 9287 1954 11222 1885

450(425- 450)

1x1 1411 620 2518 554

2x2 7983 1753 10073 1688

SNRsexpectedineachwavelengthandspatialresolution

・We assumed that the detector was Si-CMOS 2D array sensor and the optical efficiency and quantum efficiency was 0.43.

・In both cases of wavelength, expected SNRs of 2 x 2 km2 became about three times larger than them of 1 x 1 km2.

Error[%]

Error[molec/cm

2 ]

Error[%]

Error[molec/cm

2 ]

Upperfigure:SCD(total=tropo.+strato.),Middlefigure:Error[molec/cm2],Lowerfigure:Error[%]

Winter(Jan.),Alt.ofsatellite=300km,FWHM=0.4,460-490nm,Δλ =0.1nmLeft:SeoulRight:Hokkaido

NO2 observation error vs Instrumental SNR

1x1km2→SNR=621@480nm(red),2x2km2 →SNR=1885@480nm(purple)

NO2 obs. Science requirement NO2 obs. Science requirement

Winter(Jan.),Alt.ofsatellite=300km,FWHM=0.4,425-450nm,Δλ =0.1nmLeft:SeoulRight:Hokkaido

Upperfigure:SCD(total=tropo.+strato.),Middlefigure:Error[molec/cm2],Lowerfigure:Error[%]

Error[%]

Error[molec/cm

2 ]

Error[%]

Error[molec/cm

2 ]

1x1km2→SNR=554@450nm(red),2x2km2 →SNR=1688@450nm(purple)

NO2 observation error vs Instrumental SNR

NO2 obs. Science requirement NO2 obs. Science requirement

• InstrumentalSNRisbetterfor460– 490nmthan425– 450nm.Thisdifferenceiscriticalforthechoiceof1x1km2/or 2x2km2

resolution.

• Spatialresolutionof1x1km2,NO2totalcolumnerror6%,providedSNRabout500isfeasiblewith460– 490nmsetup.

Summary for instrumental feasibility study

APollutionpredictionsysteminFukuoka,Kyushu,JapanSatellite data setsHIMAWARI-8GEMS

1km[Googleマップ]

FukuokaDistributionofAirQualityHealthIndex：AQHI𝐴𝑄𝐻𝐼 =

100010.4 × 𝑒,.,,,-./×01 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,45/×678.9 − 1 + 𝑒,.,,,5/:×;08 − 1

Transboundarypollutant

Otherdatasets(Soramame,Sky-net,DOAS,Lidaretc)

StretchNICAM-Chem[Goto etal.,2015]

Fukuoka

5km

HAPIESTproject:HealthcareAssistbyairPollutIon ESTimation

ModelAssimilation

OptimalSatellitedata(minisatellitesconstellation)For1x1kmorderairqualityobservation

Newoptimalsatelliteobservations