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Name ______________________________________ Period _________ Date ____________________
Chapter 3 -- Ecology
What is Ecology?
Ecology: the scientific study of ________________________ between organisms
and their ________________________, focusing on ______________________ transfer
Known as the science of ____________________________
What makes up the environment?
The environment is made up of _________________ factors:
o ________________________ factors
All _______________ organisms inhabiting the Earth
o ________________________ factors
________________________ parts of the environment
Ex: temperature, soil, sunlight, moisture
Organism
Any ____________________________ or _______________________________ form
exhibiting all of the _____________________________ of life
The ________________________ level of organization
Population
Group of ________________________ of one ________________________ living in the
same place at the same time that ________________________
Produce ________________________ offspring
Compete with each other for ________________________
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*This is totally NOT photoshopped.
o Ex: food, mates, shelter
Community
Several interacting ________________________ that inhabit a common
environment and are ______________________________
Ecosystem
Populations in a ________________________ and the ________________________
factors with which they interact
o Ex: marine, terrestrial
Biosphere
All ___________________ supporting portions of Earth composed of
_______________, ________________, ____________________ water, and
_________________ water
The ________________________ level of organization
Habitat vs. Niche
Habitat
o Place in which an organism ___________________ out its life
Niche
o _________________ a species plays in a community
o Determined by the ________________________ limitations of an
organism or ________________________ factor
Limiting factor
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o Any ________________________ or ________________________ factor that
________________________ the existence of organisms in a specific
environment
o Ex: amount of water, food, temperature, space, and mates
Feeding Relationships
There are three main types of feeding relationships
o ________________________ – ________________________
Ex: grass cow
o ________________________ – ________________________
Ex: mouse snake
o ________________________ – ________________________
Ex: deer tick
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Producer
All ________________________ (plants) that trap energy from the
__________________
________________________ of the food chain
Consumer
All ________________________
Organisms that ingest ______________________ containing the sun’s energy
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
Primary consumers
Eat ________________________ (herbivores)
Secondary, tertiary … consumers
Prey on ________________________ (carnivores)
Predators
o Hunt ____________________ for food
Scavengers
o Feed on ________________________, ___________________ animals
Omnivores
o Eat both ________________________ and ________________________
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Decomposers
o Breakdown the complex compounds of ___________________ and
________________________ plants and animals into simpler molecules
that can be ________________________
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
Commensalism
o One species ________________________ and the other is
________________________ harmed not helped
o Ex: polar bears and cyanobacteria
Parasitism
o One species ________________________ (parasite) and the other is
________________________ (host)
o Parasite – host relationship
Ex: tick on an animal
Mutualism
o Beneficial to ___________________ species
Ex: cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp
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Trophic Levels
Each link in a food chain is known as a ________________________ level
Represent a feeding step in the transfer of ________________________ and
________________________ in an ecosystem
Food web
Shows all possible feeding _______________________________ in a
________________________ at each trophic level
Represents a ________________________ of interconnected food ________________
Food chain Food WebOne pathway of energy All possible energy paths
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Nutrient Cycles
Cycling maintains homeostasis in the environment
Three cycles
o ________________________ cycle
o ________________________ cycle
o ________________________ cycle
Water Cycle
____________________________ , transpiration, _____________________________,
precipitation
Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis and respiration cycle ________________________ and
________________________ through the environment
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