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BASIC EDUCATION ASSISTANCE FOR MINDANAOLEARNING GUIDE

FOURTH YEAR - MATHEMATICS

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Module 3: Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs

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Written, edited and produced by Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao, July 2009

BASIC EDUCATION ASSISTANCE FOR MINDANAO


QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

MODULE 3: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

INFORMATION ABOUT THIS LEARNING GUIDERecommended number of lessons for this Learning Guide: 6

Basic Education Curriculum CompetenciesYear 10 Mathematics: Quadratic Functions and their Graphs

• Quadratic functions - an introduction

• Identify quadratic functions f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

• Rewrite a quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c in the form f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k and vice versa

• Given a quadratic function, determine the following characteristics of its graph.

• highest or lowest point (vertex)

• axis of symmetry

• direction of opening of the graph

• Given particular characteristics, draw the graph of a quadratic function, showing:

• vertex

• axis of symmetry

• direction of opening of the graph

• given points

• Analyze the effects on the graph of changes in a, h and k in f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k

ObjectivesAt the end of this module, students must be able to:

• identify quadratic functions;

• differentiate quadratic functions from linear functions;

• rewrite quadratic functions of the form, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c into f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k and vice versa;

• draw the graph of a quadratic function;

• determine the characteristics of the graph of a quadratic function; and

• analyze the effects on the graph of changes in a, h and k in the quadratic function, f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k.

Essential concepts, knowledge and understandings targeted• A quadratic function is a function defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are real

numbers and a ≠ 0.

• The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. If the coefficient a of the quadratic term x2 is positive, the parabola opens upward; if a is negative, the parabola opens downward.

Basic Education Assistance for MindanaoLearning Guide, July 2009 3



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


• If the parabola opens upward, the vertex is the point where the function attains its minimum value. If the parabola opens downward, the vertex is the point where the function attains its maximum value.

• The graphs of quadratic functions have different forms.

1. f(x) = ax2. This parabola has its vertex at the origin, (0, 0) and opens either upward or downward.

2. f(x) = ax2 ± k. The vertex of this parabola is k units above or below the origin.

3. f(x) = a(x ± h)2. The vertex of this parabola is h units to the left or right of the origin.

4. f(x) = a(x ± h)2 + k. The vertex of this parabola is shifted k units above or below and h units to the left or right of the origin.

Specific vocabulary introduced• parabola - the graph of a quadratic function

• vertex of a parabola - the point where the parabola crosses its axis of symmetry; the turning point of a parabola

• axis of symmetry - the line which divides the graph into two parts such that one-half of the graph is a reflection of the other

• minimum value - If the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function that opens upward is (h, k), then the minimum value of the function is k.

• maximum value - If the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function that opens downward is (h, k), then the maximum value of the function is k.

• y-intercept - the value of f(x) when x is equal to 0

Suggested organizational strategies• Have the classroom ready to accommodate groups of students to learn and explore the

activities where they will feel at ease and comfortable to move and explore.

• Assign roles to students within the groups.

• Be prepared with the materials to be used by the students in the different activities.

• Prepare enough and clear copies of the activity sheets prior to the lessons.

Opportunities for IntegrationSCIENCE

• Student Activity 2, Did You Know?, under Setting the Context provides opportunity for the students to know some great contributions of some Filipinos like Maria Orosa and Gregorio Zara in the field of Science and Technology which bring honor to our country. Maria Orosa made the first banana catsup and pineapple vinegar while Gregorio Zara invented the two-way television telephone, video-phone and an airplane engine which used alcohol as fuel.




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


SPORTS

• Again, the activity in the second stage, Setting the Context, gives information to the students on the major accomplishment of a renowned Filipino athlete, Eric Buhain, who won 6 Gold Medals in the 1991 ASEAN Games thereby giving honor to our country.

LITERATURE

• One of the suggested activities under Check for Understanding reinforces students' background knowledge on Literature which talks about riddles.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Student Activity 9, Standing Long Jump, under Practice and Application, allows students to measure the explosive power of their legs and to enhance endurance and physical fitness.

PEACE EDUCATION

• Harmony in performing the tasks to achieve accuracy and considerable outputs

VALUES EDUCATION

• Students working in a group develop their sense of being sensitive to the needs and feelings of others especially in doing group tasks.

MULTICULTURALISM

• The activities in this Learning Guide are suited to different cultures and tribes.

GENDER INCLUSIVITY

• Mutual responsibility and conscious participation of all gender

Activities in this Learning GuideActivity 1: Equation Relay

Multiple Intelligences

• Logical/Mathematical

• Interpersonal

Skills

• Seeing patterns

• Solve problems using required skills or knowledge

• Observation and recall of information

Text Types

• Exposition

• Procedural Recount

Activity 2: Did You Know?






QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


• Visual/Spatial

• Intrapersonal

Skills

• Compare and discriminate between ideas

• Use old ideas to create new ones

• Knowledge of major ideas

• Generalize from given facts

• Recognition of hidden meanings


Text Types


Activity 3: Make Me Complete



• Interpersonal

Skills

• Seeing patterns


• Knowledge of dates events, places

Text Types

• Discussion

Activity 4: Hundreds of Pi's



• Visual/Spatial

Skills

• Mastery of subject matter


• Verify the value of evidence


Text Types





QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


• Discussion

Activity 5: Graph It!



• Visual/Spatial

• Interpersonal

Skills

• Identification of components

• Understanding information




Text Types

• Exposition

• Discussion

Activity 6: Do an Investigation



• Visual/Spatial

• Interpersonal

• Verbal/Linguistic

Skills

• Grasp meaning

• Predict, draw conclusions


• Interpret facts, compare, contrast

Text Types

• Observation


• Discussion

Activity 7: Investigate Once More






QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


• Interpersonal


Skills

• Seeing patterns




Text Types

• Observation

• Explanation

• Discussion

Activity 8: Direct Thy Quadratic's Path



• Visual/Spatial

• Interpersonal

Skills

• Organization of parts



Text Types

• Discussion

Activity 9: Standing Long Jump


• Body/Kinaesthetic


• Intrapersonal

• Interpersonal

Skills


• Use old ideas to create new ones






QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


• Interpret facts, compare, contrast

• Use information

Text Types

• Exposition


• Discussion

Activity 10: Hopping Rabbits



• Visual/Spatial

• Interpersonal


Skills


• Understanding information






Text Types

• Observation

• Exposition

• Discussion

Key Assessment Strategies• Performance Test

• Games/Puzzles

• Observing Students




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


Mind MapThe Mind Map displays the organization and relationship between the concepts and activities in this Learning Guide in a visual form. It is included to provide visual clues on the structure of the guide and to provide an opportunity for you, the teacher, to reorganize the guide to suit your particular context.

Stages of LearningThe following stages have been identified as optimal in this unit. It should be noted that the stages do not represent individual lessons. Rather, they are a series of stages over one or more lessons and indicate the suggested steps in the development of the targeted competencies and in the achievement of the stated objectives.

AssessmentAll six Stages of Learning in this Learning Guide may include some advice on possible formative assessment ideas to assist you in determining the effectiveness of that stage on student learning. It can also provide information about whether the learning goals set for that stage have been achieved. Where possible, and if needed, teachers can use the formative assessment tasks for summative assessment purposes i.e as measures of student performance. It is important that your students know what they will be assessed on.




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


1. Activating Prior LearningThis stage aims to engage or focus the learners by asking them to call to mind what they know about the topic and connect it with their past learning. Activities could involve making personal connections.

Background or purposeFor the students to know what a quadratic function is and its different representations, there is a need to activate first what they have learned on linear equations/functions and connect these concepts in quadratic functions.

StrategyRELAY GAME. This game is a vital addition in teaching Mathematics. This enables the students to learn and develop their mathematical skills together as a team in a fun and interesting way. Using equation relay game, one student will solve an equation and relay his/her answer to the person next to him/her who will then use that solution to completely solve the next equation. The process will continue until the last person in a group has done his/her turn. This strategy aims to enhance students' mathematical/logical intelligences.

Materialsmechanics of Equation Relay Game and the Equation Sheet on pages 31-32clean sheet of paper and a pencil/ballpen

Activity 1: “Equation Relay”Before playing this game, see to it that the students seated in their chairs are divided equally into columns of six. When all are arranged and settled, read to them the mechanics of the game found in Teacher Resource Sheet 1, Equation Relay, on pages 31-32 of this Learning Guide.

Formative AssessmentCheck the solutions of each group to determine if they correctly answered the different equations. Answer key is provided on page 33 for your reference.

RoundupQuestions:

1. What kind of equations are used in our Equation Relay Game? How did you know it?2. What if an equation has an exponent of 2? Do you know what is it called?

2. Setting the ContextThis stage introduces the students to what will happen in the lessons. The teacher sets the objectives/expectations for the learning experience and an overview how the learning experience will fit into the larger scheme.

Background or purposeAt this stage, students will determine and name the properties of quadratic functions not common to linear functions. They will distinguish their differences in terms of the given exponent of the variable used.




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


StrategyTRIVIA GAME. A baffling game that requires an accurate response. This aims to develop students' mathematical and visual/spatial intelligences by identifying quadratic equations/functions. This strategy leads them to distinguish quadratic equations/functions from linear equations/functions.

Materialsactivity sheets – pages 34-36

Activity 2: “Did you know?”Pose the following questions to the class:

1. Do you love to eat banana catsup? Do you know who made the first banana catsup and the pineapple vinegar?

2. Do you know who is the Filipino swimmer who won 6 gold medals in the 1991 ASEAN Games?

3. Do you know who invented the two-way television telephone and video-phone? Do you believe if I say, he is a Filipino? He also invented an airplane engine that used alcohol as fuel and it was first flown at the Manila International Airport on September 30, 1954.

All of these questions will be answered after you perform the given activity.

To carry out the suggested activity in this stage, organize the class into groups of 5 or 6 and let each group perform the Trivia Game. There are three sets of trivia questions provided under Student Activity 2, Did You Know?, on pages 34-36 of this Learning Guide. You may assign one trivia question to 2 or 3 groups of students.

From the given sets of functions and equations, ask them to identify those that are quadratic. While doing this, they will be able to determine the answer to the given trivia question.

Answers to Student Activity 2 – Trivia 1- MARIA OROSA; Trivia 2 – ERIC BUHAIN; Trivia 3 – GREGORIO ZARA – Source: http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists

Formative AssessmentQuestions:

1. How can you distinguish quadratic functions from linear functions?2. Why should we know the contributions of these Filipinos in the field of Science &

Technology and Sports?

Roundup➢ When can we say that a function is linear? quadratic?➢ Do these three Filipinos bring honor to our country? In what way?

3. Learning Activity SequenceThis stage provides the information about the topic and the activities for the students. Students should be encouraged to discover their own information.

Background or purposeIn this stage, different interactive activities are suggested and provided for the students to fully grasp the concepts of quadratic functions and their graphs. At the end, they will be able to:




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


➢ rewrite a quadratic function in the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c into f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k and vice versa

➢ determine the characteristics of the graph of a quadratic function➢ draw the graph of quadratic function➢ analyze the effects on the graph of the changes in a, h and k in f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k

Strategies INTERACTIVE LECTURE. This strategy provides students with a general outline to give

them a framework for thinking about a subject and to structure their note-taking. This type of lecture involves the students by focusing their attention on key words and emphasizes information transfer at the knowledge, recall, and comprehension levels of learning.

COOPERATIVE LEARNING. This strategy incorporated by games, structures or group tasks is used as a basic tool for group work skills. The activities prepared have definite aims and purposes and should not be seen in isolation but as an overall part of the learning environment. The activities in this strategy encourage the learners to enhance their mathematical/logical intelligences.

Materialsvisual aids, manila paper, graphing board, graphing paper, ruler, pencil, marking pen, small-sized ball, crayon, masking tape, acetate or transparent plastic book cover and activity sheets

Activities

LECTURETTE 1:Begin this stage by refocusing students' attention on the following equations found in the Trivia Game activity. Others may be puzzled why they were classified as quadratic.

1. x(x + 3) – 5 = 02. x(x + 6) = -13. x(x – 2) = y4. (y – 2)(y + 3) = 0

You may ask volunteers to explain/show why are they classified as quadratic equations. By multiplying two linear expressions together, show them the following.

After which, ask them to define a quadratic function based on the different examples given.

A quadratic function is a function defined byf(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are realnumbers and a ≠ 0. This is a function which describesa polynomial of degree 2.

REMINDER



REMINDER


1. x(x + 3) – 5 = 0 x2 + 3x – 5 = 0

2. x(x + 6) = -1 x2 + 6x = -1

3. x(x - 2) = y x2 - 2x = y

4. (y – 2)(y + 3) = 0 y(y + 3) – 2(y + 3) = 0 y2 + 3y – 2y – 6 = 0 y2 + y – 6 = 0



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


The domain of the quadratic function is the set of real numbers. The first term, ax2, is the quadratic term, the second term, bx, is the linear term and the last term, c, is the constant term.

Given the sets of ordered pairs, we can determine whether the function represented is linear or quadratic.

Let us now complete the two tables in Task A to generate sets of ordered pairs. We have a linear function, f(x) = x + 4, and a quadratic function, f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1. Then, do Task B.

Activity 3: “Make me complete”Task A:

Table 1: f(x) = x + 4

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

f(x) = x + 4 2

Table 2: f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 4

Task B:1. In your completed tables, give your own observations with the values in the second

row on each of the given functions.

2. Do the following:

➢ Find the differences in x in each table by subtracting its values from the right to the left.

Example (for Linear): 3 - 2 = 1

➢ Do the same with the values in f(x). What have you noticed with the differences in the first function? in the second function?

➢ Continue finding the differences in f(x) in Table 2 and observe the second differences. Write down your observation/s.

3. Can you now state how the two functions differ in terms of their respective table of values?

You will be expecting from your students to arrive at the following presentations and conclusions.

765432f(x) = x + 4

3210-1-2x

1 1 111

1 1 111

765432f(x) = x + 4

3210-1-2x

1 1 111

1 1 111

Table of Values in f(x) = x + 4




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


The above table for a linear function, f(x) = x + 4, shows that equal differences in x produce equal differences in f(x).

941014f(x) = x2 +2x + 1

210-1-2-3x

1 1 111

-3 -1 531

2222

941014f(x) = x2 +2x + 1

210-1-2-3x

1 1 111

-3 -1 531

2222

Table of Values in f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1

The table of values for the quadratic function, f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1, above shows that equal differences in x produce equal second differences in f(x).

LECTURETTE 2:

A quadratic function may be expressed in general or standard form.

General form:

Standard form:

The standard form, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, is derived from the general form, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, h and k are real numbers and a ≠ 0. You may ask the students to show the derivation of the standard form of quadratic equation from its general form by completing the square. Encourage them first to recall the process of completing the square using any quadratic equation to guide them in arriving at the standard form. Cite an example for them to look at. You may introduce this time how to derive f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k from f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

= a x2 + ba

x + c Factor out a in ax2 + bx.

= a x2 + ba

x + + c - Complete the square.

= a x + b2a

2 + Simplify.

Therefore, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k Let h=−b2a

and k =

where h and k are real numbers which are constant terms.

The function, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, may also be derived from its standard form through the following process.


b2

4a2

b2

4a

4ac - b2

4a

4ac - b2

4a

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k

= a[(x – h)(x – h)] + k Square the binomial.

= a(x2 – 2hx + h2) + k

= ax2 – 2ahx + ah2 + k Simplify.

= ax2 – 2a −b2a

x + a −b2a

2 + k Let h=−b2a

.

= ax2 + bx + + k

Therefore, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c Let c = + k

Present the following illustrative examples on deriving f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k from the quadratic function, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, and vice versa.

Illustrative Example 1: Change f(x) = 3x2 + 6x – 1 into the form of f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.

Solution 1: f(x) = 3x2 + 6x – 1

= 3(x2 + 2x) – 1 Factor the first two terms.

= 3(x2 + 2x) – 1 Divide the coefficient of x which is 2 by 2 and that gives 1. Then square the quotient:

b2

2 = 22

2 = 1

= 3(x2 + 2x + 1 - 1) – 1 Add and subtract 1 in the enclosed expression.

= 3(x2 + 2x + 1) + 3 (-1) – 1 Complete the square.

= 3(x2 + 2x + 1) - 3 – 1 Remove the product of a and -1 from theparentheses.

Factor and add.

Solution 2: (An option. This might be easy to introduce with your students.)

f(x) = 3x2 + 6x – 1 Given.a = 3; b = 6; c = -1

Solve for h: h =−b2a

= = Substitute the values of a and b.

Solve for k: k =

= Substitute the values of a, b and c.

= = Solve k.


b2

4a

b2

4a

-6

2(3) -6

6

4ac - b2

4a

4(3)(-1) - (6)2

4(3)

-12 - 36

12 -48

12

h = -1

k = -4

f(x) = 3(x + 1)2 - 4



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


Substitute the values of a, h and k in the standard form, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.

a = 3; h = -1; k = -4

f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k

= 3[x - (-1)]2 + (-4) Substitute and simplify.

Showing the above two-way solutions in deriving f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k from the quadratic function, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, provides options to the students as to which of the two methods they prefer to use in rewriting.

Illustrative Example 2: Change f(x) = -5(x + 2)2 – 4 into the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

Solution: f(x) = -5(x + 2)2 – 4

= -5[(x + 2)(x + 2)] – 4 Expand the binomial.

= -5(x2 + 4x + 4) – 4 Multiply the two binomials.

= -5x2 – 20x – 20 – 4 Distributive Property of Multiplication

Addition Property

Activity 4: “Hundreds of Pi's”Now, challenge your students to perform this next activity in their groups. Ask them to rewrite the given quadratic functions in the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c into f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k and vice versa. While completing the activity, they will also discover an important Mathematics fact. Refer to Student Activity 4, Hundreds of Pi's, on page 37.

Answer to the puzzle: WILLIAM SHANKS (Reference: http://www.ualr.edu/lasmoller/pi.html)

LECTURETTE 3:

Like any linear function, quadratic function can also be graphed. Call to mind how far your students have remembered plotting the points in a Cartesian coordinate plane. Prepare a coordinate plane and ask them to plot the following ordered pairs:

(-8, 6), (0, -4), (7, -3), (-9, 2) and (5, 0)

Now, challenge them to determine the ordered pair of a point and the quadrant where it is located given the following conditions.

1. A point is 6 units to the right and 1 unit down.

2. A point is 5 units to the right and 4 units up.

3. A point is 7 units to the left and 8 units down.

This time, begin presenting the graph of a quadratic function by showing this simple activity. Take a small ball, toss it in the air and catch it with the other hand at the same height. Ask the students to draw the path of the ball.

Sample illustration is shown at the left.


f(x) = -5x2 – 20x - 24

f(x) = 3(x + 1)2 - 4



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


After they sketch the path of the ball, lead them to describe that the curve path they made is a parabola, the smooth curve which is the graph of a quadratic function. Again, the graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. It is a curve like any arc.

Now, ask the students to complete the table of the function, f(x) = x2.

x -2 -1 0 1 2

f(x) = x2

After which, let them plot the ordered pairs in a coordinate plane and trace the graph of f(x) = x2 by connecting the plotted points.

Below are the completed table and the graph of the function.

It has a line called the axis of symmetry which divides the graph into two parts such that one-half of the graph is a reflection of the other half. In the case of f(x) = x2, the axis of symmetry is the y-axis.

It has a turning point called the vertex which is either the lowest point or the highest point of the graph of a quadratic function. In f(x) = x2, the vertex is the origin, (0, 0).

It has a minimum point when the graph opens upward and a maximum point when the graph opens downward. Again, f(x) = x2 has a minimum point of(0, 0).

At this point, encourage the students to graph the function, f(x) = -x2, using the same values of x. Afterwards, let them compare its graph with that of f(x) = x2. Ask them to determine the (a) direction of the opening of the graph, (b) axis of symmetry, (c) vertex of the parabola, and (d) minimum or maximum point.


y

x

vertex of parabola

axis of symmetry



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


The table and the graph of the function, f(x) = -x2, are shown below.

The graph of the function, f(x) = -x2, gives the following characteristics:● direction of opening of the graph: downward● axis of symmetry: y-axis● vertex of the parabola: (0, 0)● maximum point: (0, 0)

The vertex of the parabola is the point where the quadratic function, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c reaches its maximum point when a < 0 or minimum point when a > 0. The axis of symmetry passes through the vertex. This is exactly the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.

Activity 5: “Graph it!”At this point, you may challenge your students to perform the next activity found on pages 38-39 under Student Activity 5, Graph it! Let them complete the tables of values of the quadratic functions given the values of x. Ask them to graph the two functions in one coordinate plane and then, give the characteristics of each parabola. This activity encourages your students to make discoveries that even without graphing, they can simply give the different characteristics of the quadratic functions. Guide them along the process of discovering new information.

LECTURETTE 4:

Given any quadratic functions, the characteristics of their parabolas can easily be determined even without graphing. These can be done when a function is expressed in a standard form, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, where a, h and k are real numbers.


x

y



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


To understand further, illustrate to them the following examples.

1. Determine the characteristics of the parabola from the quadratic function,f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 1 without sketching the graph.

Solution:

Since the standard form of the quadratic function is f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, we therefore say that a = 1, h = -2 and k = -1.

From there, the vertex (h, k) of the parabola is (-2, -1). The axis of symmetry passes through the line x = -2, thus x = h. The minimum point is (-2, -1).

2. Determine the characteristics of the parabola of the function, f(x) = 2x2 + 8x + 5,without sketching the graph.

Solution:

You noticed that the given function is expressed in a general form, so we need to rewrite this first into standard form.

f(x) = 2x2 + 8x + 5 ; a = 2; b = 8 and c = 5

Solve for h: h =−b2a

= =

Solve for k: k =

=

=

=

Substitute the values of a, h and k in the standard form, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.

a = 2; h = -2 and k = -3

So, we have f(x) = 2[x - (-2)] 2 + (–3) =

direction of the opening of the graph: upward

vertex of parabola: (-2, -3)

axis of symmetry: x = h=−b2a

= -2

minimum point: (-2, -3)

By observation, how will you determine if the opening of the graph is either upward or downward?


-8

2(2) -8

4

h = -2

4(2)(5) - (8)2

4(2)

4ac - b2

4a

40 - 64

8

-24

8

k = -3

f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 - 3



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


Any graph of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c crosses the y-axis. This point of intersection is called y-intercept. We learned from the linear function that the graph of y = mx + b crosses the y-axis at the point where x = 0. Similarly, the y-intercept can be solved by substituting zero for x in f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. Thus,

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

f(0) = a(0)2 + b(0) + c

Illustrative Example:

Find the y-intercept of the graph of f(x) = -2x2 + 6x – 7.

Solution:

f(x) = -2x2 + 6x – 7

f(0) = -2(0)2 + 6(0) – 7

= -2(0) + 0 – 7

= 0 + 0 – 7

. So, -7 is the y-intercept of f(x) = -2x2 + 6x – 7.

Ask them to solve mentally the y-intercept of the following quadratic functions.

1. f(x) = -9x2

2. f(x) = 2(x + 1)2 - 3

3. f(x) = -4x2 + 6

4. f(x) = 8x2 – 7x – 6

5. f(x) = 5x2 + 11x + 1

Activity 6: “Do an investigation”This next activity can be of great help for you to easily introduce the effects on the graph of any quadratic function, f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, when the values of a, h and k are changed. With the same groups, let them perform this Student Activity 6. Have each group a sheet of graphing paper, manila paper and a marking pen.

Activity Proper:

Directions:

a) In a coordinate plane, draw the graph of f(x) = ax2 when a = 1 and the values of x = -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2.Now, draw the graphs of f(x) = x2 + 2 and f(x) = x2 – 3 in the same plane without using the table of values. Observe the three graphs. What conjectures can you establish? Check.


f(0) = c

f(0) = -7



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


b) Make another coordinate plane. Then, draw the graph of f(x) = ax2. Investigate what happens when you give different values to a (either positive or negative).

Source: Mathematical Adventures for Teachers and Students by Wally Green

After doing an investigation, let each group present their output and the conjectures they have gathered. Since this is an open investigation, expect that they will present different conjectures.

Synthesize the given activity by the following key points.

Activity 7: “Investigate once more”This time, organize the class into six groups. There are three tasks provided below wherein students will do an investigation on quadratic functions expressed in standard forms. Two different groups may work on the same task. Distribute the materials needed and encourage each group to work together and completely finish investigating after the given time allotment.Materials needed: 1 graphing paper, manila paper, marking pen

ACTIVITY PROPER

Directions: On the same coordinate plane, sketch the graphs of the three functions in each task. Describe their movements and write your observations.

TASK A:1. f(x) = x2

2. f(x) = (x + 1)2

3. f(x) = (x + 2)2




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


TASK B:

1. f(x) = x2

2. f(x) = (x - 1)2

3. f(x) = (x - 2)2

TASK C:

1. f(x) = 2x2 + 1

2. f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 + 1

3. f(x) = 2(x - 2)2 + 1

The following key points will summarize what the students will discover from their investigations.

Source: Advanced Algebra IV, Trigonometry and Statistics pages 65-67

You can present the above key points clearly and concretely to your students for them to fully comprehend what each essential concept means and how it will be done easily in a graphing paper/board. Below is the procedure.

Prepare the following:

● an acetate or 14 m transparent plastic

book cover

● permanent marker/pentel pen

● graphing board or a coordinate plane drawn in a manila paper




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


PROCEDURE:

1. Draw a smooth curve or parabola in an acetate or in a 14 m transparent plastic

book cover using a permanent marker/pentel pen. This will serve as your constant parabola that represents any quadratic functions.

2. Decide how wide or narrow your parabola is. This depends on the value of a in f(x)= ax2 + bx + c or in f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.

3. Prepare a graphing board or a Cartesian coordinate plane in a manila paper.

4. Get ready with your set of functions and start playing with their graphs. Sample illustrations are shown below for your reference.

5. Make discoveries together with your students. Enjoy!!!

SAMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS

SAMPLE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS:

1. f(x) = 2x2

2. f(x) = 2x2 + 1

3. f(x) = 2x2 – 1

4. f(x) = 2(x + 3)2

5. f(x) = 2(x + 4)2


x

y



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


1. f(x) = 2x2 (vertex: 0, 0) 2. f(x) = 2x2 + 1 (vertex: 0, 1)

3. f(x) = 2x2 – 1 (vertex: 0, -1) 4. f(x) = 2(x + 3)2 (vertex: -3, 0)

5. f(x) = 2(x + 4)2 (vertex: -4, 0)


xx

xx

x

y

yy



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


When you are ready with your materials, start exposing and playing with your students about these discoveries. You can do this through an oral recitation or a game. Provide more quadratic functions and parabolas using different values of a, h and k.

Formative AssessmentThe involvement of students in this stage may be assessed from the series of exercises provided for them which address the targeted topics and lessons on quadratic functions.

RoundupStudents should have been able to rewrite quadratic function of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c into f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k and vice versa, determine the characteristics of its graph, draw the graph of any quadratic function and analyze the effects on the graph of the changes in a, h and k in f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.

4. Check for Understanding of the Topic or SkillThis stage is for teachers to find out how much students have understood before they apply it to other learning experiences.

Background or purposeThe activities suggested in this stage aim to check how far students have gained knowledge on quadratic functions and their graphs. Given a quadratic function, they will determine the characteristics of its graph, solve the y-intercept and sketch its parabola.

StrategyMATHEMATICS TRAIL. A strategy that challenges the students to trace the trail/path of one quadratic function and the characteristics of its graph. This enhances their acquired skills on the topic and taps as well as their mathematical/logical intelligence.

Materialscrayons, pencil and activity sheets on pages 40-41

Activity 8A and 8B: “Direct Thy Quadratic's Path”Reorganize the class into groups of four and let them perform the suggested activities under Student Activity 8A and 8B, Direct Thy Quadratic's Path, on pages 40-41. Students are expected to determine the right trail/path starting from a given quadratic function to its characteristics and graph. Distribute the worksheets one at a time.

When they are all finished with the two worksheets, ask them to post their answers on the board for checking.

Formative AssessmentGive the following exercises below to test the capabilities of the students in identifying the quadratic functions even without solving the table of values and graphing the parabolas.

Directions: Determine the quadratic functions whose graphs are described below.

1. The graph of f(x) = x2 shifted 3 units upward2. The graph of f(x) = x2 shifted 7 units downward3. The graph of f(x) = -4x2 shifted 5 units below the origin

4. The graph of f(x) = x2 shifted 3 units upward


-1

4



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


5. The graph of f(x) = 3x2 shifted 8 units upward6. The graph of f(x) = -2x2 shifted 5 units to left7. The graph of f(x) = x2 shifted 3 units to the right8. The graph of f(x) = 3x2 shifted 7 units to the left of the origin9. The graph of f(x) = 2x2 shifted 3 units to the left and 1 unit downward10. The graph of f(x) = -3x2 shifted 1 unit to the right and 4 units upward

Answers:

1. f(x) = x2 + 3 6. f(x) = -2(x + 5)2

2. f(x) = x2 – 7 7. f(x) = (x - 3)2

3. f(x) = -4x2 – 5 8. f(x) = 3(x + 7)2

4. f(x) = x2 + 3 9. f(x) = 2(x + 3)2 - 1

5. f(x) = 3x2 + 8 10. f(x) = -3(x – 1)2 + 4

RoundupStudents should have gained confidence in identifying the characteristics of any quadratic functions expressed either in general or standard forms. Even without solving the table of values, they can also easily graph the functions. They were able to determine the quadratic functions given only the descriptions and positions of the parabolas.

5. Practice and ApplicationIn this stage, students consolidate their learning through independent or guided practice and transfer their learning to new or different situations.

Background or purposeAt this stage, students will explore some real-life applications modeled with a quadratic function and its parabola. Through this activity, they will appreciate the importance of the study of quadratic functions.

Strategies BRAINSTORMING. This is a strategy used to generate many ideas where students

identify relevant thoughts that connect certain issues.

MODELLING. A strategy which explicitly demonstrates the cognitive processes and skills required of a learner for a particular task. The suggested activity in this stage which is the standing long jump aims to develop awareness among students on the real-life application of quadratic functions and taps as well their kinesthetic and mathematical intelligences.

Materialsactivity sheets on pages 42-43, masking tape, tape measure, chair/armchair or a piece of wood/plywood, graphing paper

Activity 9: “Standing Long Jump”Before you proceed with the activity proper, conduct first a brainstorming activity with your students on some real-life applications that can be modeled with a quadratic function. Ask them to identify things following the shape of a parabola or any sporting events where either an athlete or an object travels through the air and returns to the ground following the same curve.


-1

4



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


Examples would be: hitting a golf ball, kicking a football, throwing a basketball to the ring, a platform diving, standing long jump, etc. Note that in each case, there is a movement in different directions:

● up and down, and

● forward

Therefore, we can make a rough sketch of any such parabolic path by drawing.

Figure showing a curve movement

The above diagram models the path of the movement of a certain thing/object or an athlete. Can you name what sporting events that best describe the given figure? The Standing Long Jump is one of the sports that can be associated with the curve traced in the figure.

You are going to perform a standing long jump, and then come up with a quadratic function that models the path of the movement. Take note that we need three (3) points or ordered pairs to model the curve. The following points will be used:

● the starting point● midpoint of jump (apex) – assume that the highest point is halfway through the

forward movement● ending point

After giving this short input, let them go back to their own groups to perform the next task. Let the students discuss the needed measurements indicated in the table and decide the best way to gather the data. The things that need to be measured are:

✔ the length of the jump, and✔ the height of the jump

Are you ready?




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


If everyone is ready, distribute the materials needed and the worksheets under Student Activity 9, Standing Long Jump, found on pages 42-43 of this Learning Guide. You may conduct this activity inside or outside the classroom.

Formative AssessmentCheck the outputs of the students in each group.

Discussion Points:

1. Why do we need three (3) data points to model the parabola?

2. As you perform and complete the activity, what additional ideas about quadratic functions/equations and their graphs that you learned?

3. What is the sign of the coefficient a in your parabola? Cite another real-life situation which models a parabola where a is positive.

RoundupStudents should have explored and appreciated the real-life applications modeled with a quadratic function and its parabola.

6. ClosureThis stage brings the series of lessons to a formal conclusion. Teachers may refocus the objectives and summarize the learning gained. Teachers can also foreshadow the next set of learning experiences and make the relevant links.

Background or purposeThe activity in this stage underpins the possible learning extensions of the study of quadratic functions. Students will be playing a game called hopping rabbits using chips or any local materials like bottle caps or tanzan and investigate the hopping movements. In the end, they will realize that out of the game they can generate rules expressed in symbols which is actually a quadratic function.

StrategyCOOPERATIVE LEARNING (GAME). This strategy incorporated by some structures and interactive games is used as a basic tool for group work skills. The activities prepared have definite aims and purposes and should not be seen in isolation but as an overall part of the learning environment. The activity suggested here using this strategy encourages the learners to enhance their mathematical, logical and spatial intelligences.

Materialsactivity sheet on page 44, 10-20 chips or bottle caps (tanzan) to represent rabbits

Activity 10: “Hopping Rabbits”Let the same groups of students work the task provided under Student Activity 10, Hopping Rabbits, on page 44. This activity encourages them to generate a rule or an equation from the given challenge. If they have discovered a rule or an equation, ask them to explain and illustrate their findings.

One of your expectations from them will be a quadratic equation they have generated or derived from the given challenge which is , where m stands for the number of moves and n is the number of rabbits on each side.


m = n(n + 2) or m = n2 + 2n



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


Formative AssessmentQuestions:

1. Were the data you gathered assisted you to draw a rule or an equation? Was there any missing information you need to verify your answers? What should it be?

2. Can you cite an importance of studying quadratic functions?

RoundupStudents should have clearer understanding on quadratic functions and their graphs and ready to explore the properties of quadratic functions.

Teacher Evaluation(To be completed by the teacher using this Teacher’s Guide)

The ways I will evaluate the success of my teaching this unit are:

1.

2.

3.




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


TEACHER RESOURCE SHEET 1Equation Relay

Objective:

To demonstrate mastery on finding an unknown variable in an equation.

MECHANICS:

1. You will be playing an Equation Relay Game.

2. Each member in your group/column will solve one equation by finding the value of its unknown variable.

3. The first player will be given an Equation Sheet which contains six different equations. Five of these have question marks that will be substituted by constant terms. He/She will then solve the first equation and write his/her answer on a small sheet of paper.

4. After solving for “x”, he/she will pass the Equation Sheet together with the small sheet of paper containing the answer to the second player.

5. The second player will replace the question mark in the second equation with the number in the sheet of paper and then, solve for “x”.

6. The process will continue until the sixth player will solve the sixth equation.

7. After solving the last equation, the last player will raise his/her hand and all other members will clap their hands to signify that they are all finished.

8. The group/s who will get all the correct answers will become winner/s.




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


EQUATION SHEET

Equation1 2x – 7 =21

Equation2 5x + 9 = ?

Equation3 -3x + ? = 13

Equation4 2x + 8 = ?

Equation5 x + ? = -1

Equation6 5x – ?2 = 5




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


ANSWER KEY

Answer for Equation 1 x = 14Answer for Equation 2 x = 1Answer for Equation 3 x = -4Answer for Equation 4 x = -6Answer for Equation 5 x = 5Answer for Equation 6 x = 6




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 2Did You Know?

Directions: From the given set of functions and equations, identify those items that are quadratic. Write “Quadratic” in the third column of the table if the equation is quadratic and “Not” if it is not.

TRIVIA QUESTION # 1

Who made the first banana catsup and the pineapple vinegar?

ITEM NUMBER EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS QUADRATIC OR NOT LETTER KEY

1 x2 = 0 A

2 5π2 + 2π - 3 E

3 (y – 2) (y + 3) = 0 S

4 f(x) = x2 – 7x +10 O

5 C = πd E

6 y = -5x2 – 2x + 1 R

7 f(x) = x2 - 1 O

8 x(x + 3) – 5 = 0 A

9 P = 2l + 2w N

10 3x – 2x2 = -10 I

11 2 (x + 3)2 = 0 R

12 9x – 20 = x2 A

13 x + y = 5 C

14 A = πr2 M

Now, which of the equations above are quadratic? Write the corresponding item numbers in descending order in the second row of the table that follows and their corresponding Letter Key (refer to the 4th column of the table) above each item number. The combined letters form an answer to the given trivia question.


Letter Key

Item #



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS




TRIVIA QUESTION # 2

Who is the Filipino swimmer who won 6 gold medals in the 1991 ASEAN Games?

ITEM NUMBER EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS QUADRATIC OR NOT LETTER KEY

1 x2 = 0 N

2 (y – 2) (y + 3) = 0 I

3 5π2 + 2π - 3 L

4 f(x) = x2 – 7x +10 A

5 x(x + 3) – 5 = 0 H

6 y = -5x2 – 2x + 1 U

7 f(x) = x2 - 1 B

8 C = πd A

9 2 (x + 3)2 = 0 C

10 3x – 2x2 = -10 I

11 P = 2l + 2w O

12 9x – 20 = x2 R

13 A = πr2 E

14 x + y = 5 D



Letter Key

Item #



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS




TRIVIA QUESTION # 3Who invented the two-way television telephone?

Aside from inventing the video-phone, he also invented the electrical kinetic resistance known as the Zara effect. He also invented an airplane engine which used alcohol as fuel. It was first flown at the

Manila International Airport on September 30, 1954.ITEM NUMBER EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS QUADRATIC OR NOT LETTER KEY

1 5π2 + 2π - 3 S

2 2 (x + 3)2 = 0 A

3 (y – 2) (y + 3) = 0 R

4 f(x) = x2 – 7x +10 A

5 C = πd O

6 x2 + y = 5 Z

7 f(x) = x2 - 1 O

8 x(x + 3) – 5 = 0 I

9 P(x) = -3(x – 4)2 + 1 R

10 3x – 2x2 = -10 O

11 (x + 3) + 8 = 0 E

12 9x – 20 = x2 G

13 y = -5x2 – 2x + 1 E

14 A = πr2 R

15 f(x) = -x2 G


Letter Key

Item Number




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 4Hundreds of Pi's

Directions: Rewrite each of the quadratic functions in Column A and look for its equivalent function in Column B. Join each pair by connecting the dots with a straight line. Each line will pass through a letter and a number which give the puzzle code. Write the letters in the grid that correspond with the numbers to answer the given question below.

Who calculated the value of pi (π = 3.1415926535... up to 707 places),which was published in 1873?

COLUMN A COLUMN B

67114911210313582 67114911210313582

Place the letter above its corresponding number.


f(x) = x2 + 8x - 9

f(x)=5x2+ 20x+20

f(x) = (x+4)2 - 3

f(x) = -2x2 –4x- 3

f(x) =7(x – 1)2 +3

f(x) =3x2 +12x+ 7

f(x) = (x – 2)2 - 8

f(x) = -5(x+1)2 +1

f(x) =2x2 -24x+60

f(x) = 2x2-20x+48

f(x) = -3(x+1)2+3

f(x) = 4x2-16x+13

f(x)= -2(x-3)2+15

L

1

S

4

I

3

K5

H

6

M

7

N

10

A

11

A

12

L

8

W

2

13

9

I

f(x) = x2 - 4x - 4

f(x) =7x2 -14x+10

f(x) =-2(x+1)2 -1

f(x)= -5x2–10x-4

f(x) = 2(x-5)2 - 2

f(x)= -2x2 +12x-3

f(x) = x2 +8x +13

f(x) = 5(x+2)2

f(x) = 4(x-2)2 - 3

f(x) = -3x2 - 6x

f(x) = (x+4)2 -25

f(x)= 2(x-6)2 -12

f(x)= 3(x+2)2 - 5

S



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 5Graph it!

Directions:

1. Complete the table of values in each quadratic function and sketch its graph.

2. Give the characteristics of each parabola.3. Then, answer the questions that follow.

Table 1

x -1 0 1 2 3

f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 3

Table 2

x -3 -2 -1 0 1

f(x) = -2(x + 1)2 + 3


y

x



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


TABLE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARABOLAS

Characteristics of Parabola f(x) = (x – 1) 2 + 3 f(x) = -2(x + 1)2 + 3

1. direction of opening of the graph

2. axis of symmetry

3. vertex

4. minimum/maximum point

Questions:

1. How did you arrive at the following characteristics of the graphs?

• direction of opening of the graph _________________________

______________________________________________________

• axis of symmetry _______________________________________

• vertex of parabola ______________________________________

• minimum or maximum point______________________________

______________________________________________________

2. Observe the given functions with their corresponding characteristics you identified. Without looking at the graph, can you still give the three characteristics of their respective graphs? How? What will be your clues?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Given this function, f(x) = 3(x – 3)2 - 4, give the four characteristics of its parabola without graphing.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 8ADirect Thy Quadratic's Path

Worksheet 1Directions: Given a quadratic function in each item, solve and determine the vertex of its parabola, direction of the opening of the graph, axis of symmetry, y-intercept of the graph and the equivalent function when it is rewritten. Trace the path by connecting the bubbles with a line. Color the bubbles with a crayon. Use one color for every path.


f(x) = 2(x - 5)2

f(x) = -x2 – 6x - 12

f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 + 5

f(x) = x2 + 6x - 2

f(x)= -2(x + 3)2 + 3

1, 5

5, 0

-3, 3

-3, -3

-3, -11

downward

upward

upward

downward

upward

8

-12

-15

50

-2

f(x) = -(x + 3)2 - 3

f(x)=2x2 – 20x + 50

f(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 8

f(x) = (x + 3)2 - 11

f(x)= -2x2 –12x -15

QUADRATIC FUNCTION VERTEX DIRECTION OF PARABOLA Y - INTERCEPT EQUIVALENT Q.F.AXIS OF SYMMETRY

x = -3

x = 1

x = -3

x = 5

x = -3



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 8BDirect Thy Quadratic's Path

Worksheet 2 - Riddle

Directions: Match the quadratic functions in the first column with their corresponding graphs in the second column without preparing any table of values. Join each pair by connecting the dots with a straight line. Each line will pass through two matching rectangles. The smaller one answers the riddle given inside the bigger rectangle. Have fun!!!


f(x) = -2(x+4)2 - 1

f(x) = ½ x2

f(x) = 2x2 – 4x + 3

f(x) = -(x+4)2 + 3

It has a mouth butit cannot talk.

I bought it and itis costly, but I use

it for hanging only.Neither an animal nor

a person; It has nofeet, but can walk; Ithas no mouth, but

can talk.

letter

dress

earrings

the world

cave

ant

Oh, what a surprise!Oh, what a miracle!

It sprouted without aseed, it stood without

a trunk.

COLUMN 1COLUMN 2

y

y

y

y

x

x

x

x



QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 9Standing Long Jump

Objective: To explore one real-life application of a quadratic function.

Materials: masking tape, tape measure, chair/armchair or a piece of wood/plywood, graphing paper, worksheet

PROCEDURE:1. Set up a line using a masking tape to represent the x-axis, then mark the starting

point. This helps you determine the length and the coordinates of a landing point.

2. To measure the height of a jump, paste and extend a masking tape upward on one leg of a chair/armchair or a piece of wood/plywood or on a wall. This will be your y-axis.

3. Assign one person to measure the height of a jump and another to determine the length using a tape measure. Use centimeter (cm) as the unit of measure.

4. To the one who takes charge in measuring the height of a jump, position yourself in such a way that you can approximately determine the height with your line of sight.

5. Gather the data and record them in the table below.

NAME OF MEMBERS IN A GROUP

Coordinates of the

starting point

Apex/height of jump

(in cm)

Ending point/

length of jump

(in cm)

Coordinates of the

apex/height of jump

Coordinates of the

length of jump

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


INDIVIDUAL TASK:1. From the data in the table, come up with the following three points:

(0, 0) starting point

apex/height of jump or vertex of parabola (midpoint of the curve which is halfway through the forward movement)

(x1, 0) ending point

2. Using a graphing paper, plot the points in a coordinate plane and sketch the graph.

3. Finally, give the four characteristics of the parabola you have drawn.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


STUDENT ACTIVITY 10Hopping Rabbits

Objective: To generate a rule or an equation to satisfy the given challenge.

Materials: 10-20 chips of two colors or bottle caps (tanzan – 1st

half open side up and 2nd half open side down) to represent 2 different breeds of rabbits

Situation: Two groups, each having three (3) rabbits meet on a narrow hill trail. Three (3) of them will go in an opposite direction. Their challenge is to swap places using the rules below.

RULES:

Only one rabbit can move at a time. To move means to hop over another rabbit or run/hop forward to an empty space.

Rabbits can hop or run one space forward, never backward. A rabbit can hop over one incoming rabbit at a time and must land on an

empty space.

DIRECTIONS:

1. Arrange the chips or bottle caps (tanzan) as in the illustration above. Rabbits of the same color/breed go together in one side.

2. Try to make the rabbits swap places or positions. Count the number of moves and record it in the table below. If you are having trouble, try to begin with just two rabbits on each side or even with just one.

3. If you solve for 1, 2 and 3 rabbits on each side, then, make four (4) rabbits on each side swap their positions, then five, six, seven and so on.

4. Again, enter your results in the table up to ten.

No. of rabbits on each side (n)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No. of moves (m)

CHALLENGE:

Predict how many moves are there if n number of rabbits are on each side.

Predict how many moves are there if 100 rabbits are on each side.

Adapted from Jumping Kangaroos, Curriculum Corporation, 1994




QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


For the Teacher: Translate the information in this Learning Guide into the following matrix to help you prepare your lesson plans.

Stage 1. Activating Prior Learning

2. Setting the Context

3. Learning Activity Sequence

4. Check for Understanding

5. Practice and Application

6. Closure

Strategies

Activities from the Learning Guide

Extra activities you may wish to include

Materials and planning needed

Estimated time for this Stage

Total time for the Learning Guide Total number of lessons needed for this Learning Guide
