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Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration
I. Overview of Cellular Respiration (Know sequence of events)
Definition – The process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down _______ and other food molecules in the presence of ________ (_________). This is an _______ reaction.
NAD+ acts as the electron carrier (NAD – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Occurs in all eukaryotic cells.
6O2 + C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = Energy (36 ATP)
Section 9-1
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_________ __________ 3 _______ ________
Section 8-1
ATP – ____________ ________________
Supplies energy for all cellular processes
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ADP – ____ ______ ATP – ____ ______
Energy
EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Section 8-1
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
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Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and FADH2
Electron Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Section 9-1
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Glycolysis
O2 present No O2 present
Krebs Cycle Fermentation
Electron Transport Alcohol Lactic Acid
Section 9-1
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1st step – Glycolysis is when one molecule of ________ is broken in _____, producing two molecules of _______ acid, a 3-C compound.
If oxygen is present then pyruvic acid enters _____ Cycle
If no oxygen then pyruvic acid enters ____________ process
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II. Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm
A. Starting molecule is glucose
B. ATP Production – __ ATPs are needed at beginning, but 4 are produced, total of 2 net gain for the cell.
C. _____ is a carrier for electrons to the electron transport chain (____).
D. 1 glucose = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP = 2 NADH
E. Total ATP = ___
Section 9-2
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Glucose
To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
2 Pyruvic acid
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III. FermentationA. Anaerobic – ___ _____ ______1.Alcoholic fermentation by yeast and some bacteria
Pyruvic acid = _______ alcohol + CO2 + ____+
_______ dioxide causes bread to rise, heat in baking evaporates any alcohol.
Used to produce beer and wine
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2. Lactic acid fermentation
______ acid + NADH Lactic acid + NAD+
Produced in muscles during _________ exercise when the body cannot supply enough _______. Leads to soreness.Unicellular organisms ferment food and beverages.
Ex: yogurt, _______, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut
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Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
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IV. ______ Cycle•2nd step, occurs in ______________•Starts with pyruvic acid and gives off ________ dioxide•Energizes NAD+ to form NADH (_________ carriers) high energy•Results:
– High energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) take __________ to ETC
– Carbon dioxide is breathed out– 2 _____ formed
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Citric Acid Production
Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Mitochondrion
OAA – Oxaloacetate is a 4 Carbon molecule with low energy
FADH2 – Flavin adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen
OAA
succinate
Alpha-ketogluterate
Succinate – 4 carbon compound with energy
NADH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen
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Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Section 9-1
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V. Electron __________Chain (ETC) – 3rd step Occurs between __________ in the
mitochondria in all animals, plants and _____________Uses high energy electrons (stored in NADH and
______2) from Krebs to convert ____ to ATP.
Carrier proteins ________ in the mitochondrial membrane pass high-energy ________ along and ______ H+ into the intermembrane space
Oxygen is the final electron ________ and combines with hydrogen to form water
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As the amount of H+ builds in the __________ space, one H+ rushes back across the ______ membrane causes ATP synthase to spin, re-energizing ADP to _____.Each pair of e- generate enough energy to _______
3 ADP to 3 ATP.Total ATP = ______
Total ATP generated in all steps of ________ = 36
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Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
Mitochondrion
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VI. Energy and ExerciseCells normally contain enough _____ for a few seconds of intense activity.After 90 seconds, cellular respiration supplies ATPFor long-term activity,__________stored in the muscle is burned and lasts 15-20 minutes. After that, other ___________ such as fat are burned for energy (aerobics, running & swimming)Need to breathe ______ after exercise to repay oxygen debt and rid body of ______ acid
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Flowchart
Section 9-2
Glucose(C6H1206)
+Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebsCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)+
Water(H2O)
Cellular Respiration