Nationalism in Latin AmericaHWH UNIT 5CHAPTER 8.3

Review of Latin American Society

Peninsulares: those born in EuropeHeld all government positions

Creoles: American-born SpaniardsResented Peninsulares

Mestizos: of both Native American and European heritage

Mulattoes: of both African and European heritage

Impact of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and NapoleonCreoles identified with the

Enlightenment Simón Bolívar

French Revolutionary ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity inspired change

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain Creoles saw weakened Spain as an

opportunity for independence

Haiti Gains Independence Toussaint L’Ouverture Slave Revolt, 1791 Napoleon attacks, 1802

L’Ouverture captured Haitian Independence,

1820

Mexican Independence Father Miguel

Hidalgo The “Cry of

Dolores”, 1810 Rallied poor

mestizos and Native Americans

Uprising failed Hidalgo executed

No Creole support

Mexican Independence Father José Morelos

Mestizo priest Led a revolt calling for

social change in 1815 Captured and killed

Revolt in Spain, 1820 Agustín de Iturbide

leads Mexico to independence Emperor Agustín I

Mexico becomes a republic in 1824

South American IndependenceSimón Bolívar

“The Liberator” Liberated Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and

BoliviaFailed to create a “Gran Colombia”Civil wars followed

José de San Martín Joined with Bolívar

Liberated Argentina and Peru

Brazilian Independence When Napoleon’s

army invaded Portugal, the royal family fled to Brazil Dom Pedro becomes

Emperor