(Middle East, Africa, China, Latin America) Chapter 18:
Nationalism
Slide 2
Nationalism in the Middle East Before WWI, Ottoman Empire was
sided with Germany Britain used Lawrence (of Arabia) to defeat the
Ottoman empire
Slide 3
Nationalism in the Middle East Following WWI, in October 1918,
the Ottoman Empire fell Great Britain and France divided the Empire
(made the state Turkey)
Slide 4
Massacre of the Armenians During the war, Ottoman Empire killed
Christian Armenian men and expelled woman and children (first
genocide) By 1915, 1 million were dead.
Slide 5
The Creation of Turkey Mustafa Kemal was elected as president
Democratic state Economy was modernized Reject religious influences
in politics Women given rights
Slide 6
Modern Iran European often protected Persian rulers 1908-oil
was discovered Foreign presence led to a Persian Nationalist
movement
Slide 7
Arab Nationalism Ibn Saud founder of Saudi Arabia and its first
king (1932) Won support with his reforms Brought money to the
people
Slide 8
Ibn Saud Reforms He forced many of the nomad tribes to adopt a
settled way of life and to abandon their private wars and vendettas
suppressed the robbery and extortion that formerly harassed
pilgrims to Mecca and Medina
Slide 9
Ibn Saud Reforms: Oil In 1936 and 1939 he granted oil
concessions to American companies The oil deposits of Arabia proved
to be among the richest in the world, and Ibn Saud used some of the
income derived from them on national improvements.
Slide 10
Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Slide 11
Nationalism in Africa and Asia During WWI, Black Africans
fought and when they returned, they expected their independence
After the war, France and Great Britain controlled most of Africa
through mandates by the League of Nations After the war, Africans
knew about freedom and Nationalism and demanded reforms Guerilla
warfare used against their European overlord By the 1930s,
Europeans tried reforms, but it was too late.
Slide 12
Indian Movement: Mohandas Gandhi wanted Indian self rule AKA:
Mahatma: Great Soul
Slide 13
Protest and Reform Gandhi- Believer in nonviolence Began
protest against civil disobedience (refusal to obey laws that are
unjust) 1919 protest led to violence (Gandhi's arrest) 1935
Government of India Act Indians - allowed into government positions
Small amounts were allowed to vote
Slide 14
A Push for Independence Indian National Congress under M. Nehru
competed against Gandhi Movement split Gandhi: Religious, Indian
and traditional J. Nehru: Secular, western, and modern Conflict
began between the Muslims and Hindus
Slide 15
The Rise of Japan Four companies controlled majority of the
Japanese economy Few wealthy and many poor Rise in Nationalism
wanted Japan to dominate Asia and meet its needs
Slide 16
Japan and the West Japan has trouble with neutral resources At
the end of World War I, they had seized Formosa, Rorer, and
Manchuria United States worried about Japanese expansion because of
trading in the region Manchuria
Slide 17
Rise of Militarism Militant forces encouraged Japan to become
Militarist Mid-level army officials invaded Manchuria Emperor
Hirohito feared the dynasty may fall Allowed the military leaders
to run the government
Slide 18
Nationalism and Chaos in China By 1920, two political forces
emerged to challenge the Chinese government: Sun Yat-sens
Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party (CCP) In 1923, they
formed an alliance to drive imperialistic leaders out of China
Slide 19
Shanghai Massacre 1925, Sun Yat-sen dies Chiang Kai-shek new
head of the Nationalists April 1927, he killed thousands of
Communists in the Shanghai Massacre. The alliance ceased to
exist.
Slide 20
The Communists in Hiding After the massacre, CCP leaders went
into hiding into the city to try to revive the CCP among the
working class. The movement was then led by Mao Zedong in
Jiangxi.
Slide 21
Guerilla Tactics Chiang Kai-shek turned toward Jiangxi and
outnumbered Maos troops. Mao made effective use of guerilla tactics
to fight the enemy advances.
Slide 22
The Long March 1934, Chiang Kai-shek surrounded Jiangxi. Maos
army, the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), broke through and began
the famous Long March 90,000 traveled by foot for one year and over
6,000 miles. Only 9,000 made it.
Slide 23
Chiangs Successes Undertook a massive road-building project.
Repaired and extended the railway system. Established a national
bank. Improved the education system.
Slide 24
Chiangs Failures 1930 land reform program. There was no
redistribution of wealth. Government was repressive and censored
any free expression. Alienated many intellectuals and political
moderates.
Slide 25
Nationalism in Latin America The Latin American economy was
based largely on agricultural goods, exports of food and raw
materials.
Slide 26
Exports Argentina beef & wheat Chile Nitrates & copper
Brazil and Caribbean nations sugar Central America - bananas
Slide 27
Role of the United States 1920s, U.S. replaced Britain as the
foremost investor in Latin America U.S. put funds directly into
production and ran companies themselves. U.S. owned the United
Fruit Company and controlled copper mining in Chile & Peru and
oil industries in Mexico, Peru, & Bolivia.
Slide 28
Role of the United States Big investor in Latin America Latin
America companies depended on the U.S. for money Made a lot of
people upset with the U.S.
Slide 29
Good Neighbor Policy Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy-rejects
the use of U.S. military force in Latin America FDR withdrew the
last marines from Haiti in 1934.
Slide 30
Impact of the Great Depression Terrible impact on the Latin
American economy. Exports were no longer in demand. One positive:
Great Depression forced the development of new industries. Most
industry was government run.
Slide 31
The Move to Authorization Most L.A. countries had republican
forms of government. In reality, they were run by the church,
military leaders, & large landowners. They used military force
to maintain power. Unrest caused leaders to exercise stricter
controls. Examples: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina
Slide 32
Argentina Controlled by an oligarchy (Government by a few) Made
up of the wealthy landowners. 1916, Hipolito Irigoyen, Radical
Party, elected president of Argentina He feared industrial workers,
so got close to land owners 1930, military overthrew the government
& reestablished the oligarchy.
Slide 33
Argentina During World War II, military officers formed the
Group of United Officers GOU overthrew the government in 1943 Juan
Peron elected president 1889, formed a republican government.
Controlled by landed elites who became wealthy by growing
coffee
Slide 34
Brazil By 1900, of worlds coffee was grown in Brazil. Great
Depression hurt coffee prices.
Slide 35
Brazil 1930, military coup made Getulio Vargas president of
Brazil 1937, Vargas made himself dictator and established a Fascist
dictatorship. (complete power) 1945, the army forced Vargas to
resign.
Slide 36
Mexico The post-revolution government was democratic in form.
The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) controlled politics.
1934, Lazaro Cardenas became president
Slide 37
Mexico He wanted to follow through with the ideas of the
revolution. He redistributed land to peasants and took a strong
stand with the U.S., especially over oil
Slide 38
Mexico After a dispute, Cardenas seized control of the oil
fields. U.S. oil companies asked FDR to intervene, but he refused.
Mexico paid for the property and set up PEMEX.
