The Protestant Reformation

1517-1648

Objectives

To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity

To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism

To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society

The Catholic ChurchPower of the Pope:Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earthInfallible Above any earthly powerMade international treaties

All clergy take vows of celibacy -stay unmarried

What Catholics Believe

The Seven Sacraments:BaptismConfessionEucharist (mass/communion)ConfirmationMarriageHoly Orders –men to become priests, women to

become nunsAnointing of the Sick-Last rites

The Catholic Church in 1500

The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe

Held the monopoly on information and education

Owned a great deal of property

People resented the wealth of the Church

The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes

The Church was corrupt!

Conflicts That Challenged the Authority of the Catholic Church

Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury-the lending of money and charging interest

German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.

Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Height of Papal Corruption

Pope Leo X- 1513-1521Medici Pope -second son of Lorenzo the MagnificentLived a lavish lifestyleDepleted Papal coffersMoney needed for the reconstruction

of St. Peter’s and other art commissions.

Pope Leo X, Giovanni de Medici, with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

Height of Papal Corruption

Leo X had to find a solution to the Church’s money problems:

Sale of Church offices- simony

Sale of indulgences!

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church not start a separate church

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Born in 1483 in Eisleben- Holy Roman Empire

1505 became a monk

Moved to Wittenberg in 1511

Strong sense of unworthiness

Troubled by the sale of indulgences

Catholic Church taught that it was faith and good works that saved a person

Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church

Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:

Indulgences and Justification (forgiveness of sins).

Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy

Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church

Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible

He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works

Holy Roman Empire in 1500

Located in modern day Germany

Not a united country but a patchwork of independent states

Holy Roman Empire in 1500

Each State had its own prince.

The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V

The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519-1556

Inherited the Holy Roman Empire at the age of 25Had to hold his empire togetherHe was Catholic-The Princes were converting to Lutheranism!

Sale of Indulgences Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling

indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517

“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs.”

What was an Indulgence?

A Papal pardon for sins.

Purgatory-a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime

A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

What was an Indulgence?

You could purchase one for yourself or a departed relative

Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory according to Luther

Martin Luther’s Actions

Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one.

How Did Word Spread So Quickly?Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for

Luther to spread his beliefs

Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

Reaction To Luther

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

Luther had the support of many, including the princes in the HRE

Millions converted

Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings

All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.

Romans 1:17 “The righteous shall live by faith.”

Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings

Banned Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints

Simplified the elaborate mass and emphasized the sermon

Permitted clergy to marry

Luther’s Showdown with the Church

June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication

Papal Bull -Official document issued by the Pope

Luther was ordered to recant-take back- his teachings

Luther’s Showdown with the Church

Luther burned the Papal Bull

Excommunicated!His behavior caused

a conclusive and irrevocable break with Roman Catholic Church

The Diet of Worms-April 1521Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V,

summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms

Diet-assembly or meeting-of German princes

Luther asked to recant, he again refused.Charles V issued the Edict of Worms

Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner

Edict of Worms

Declared Luther an outlaw by Charles V

It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food

Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle

Luther Went into Hiding

Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!)

This spread his beliefs even further

Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language.

The Peace of Augsburg 1555

The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politically

Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states

Charles V, the HRE tried to force Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success

Results of The Peace of Augsburg:

Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the HRE

A Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran or Catholic but nothing else!

Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition

Literal interpretation of the Bible Predestination Faith revealed by living a righteous lifeProtestant work ethicExpanded the Protestant Movement

Predestination

Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination:

God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not

TheocracyCalvin set up a theocracy

in Geneva, Switzerland

Theocracy-government run by church leaders

Geneva became a magnet city for other reformers who took Calvin’s message home with them

16th century depiction of Calvinists engaged in an iconoclastic “cleansing” of a Catholic cathedral.

Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII: The Anglican Tradition

Henry VIII-King of England

Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

Henry VIII

Opposed Luther’s beliefs

Saw himself as a Roman Catholic even wrote a pamphlet denouncing Luther

Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X

Henry VIII Needed a Divorce!

The Catholic Church does not permit divorce

Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce a male heir only a girl- Mary Tudor

Henry needed a male to preserve his throne

Henry VIIIHenry asked the Pope for an

annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir

The Pope denied his request

Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it

Act of Supremacy-1534

Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy

Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”

The all monarchs of England continue to hold the title

The King was the Head of the Church!

Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason

Sir Thomas More was one of them!

Another Girl for Henry

Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn-there was actually a bit of an overlap!

He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him a girl- Elizabeth

BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533

BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH

SEPTEMBER 7, 1533

By the Queen

Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich. The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign

Henry’s Six Wives!Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.

Catherine of AragonAnnulled

Jane Seymour Diedchildbed fever

Anne of ClevesAnnulled

Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded

Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded

Catherine Parr survived

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

Henry VIII Children

The children of Henry VIII of England were:

First Child - Mary Tudor who became Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary)

Second Child - Elizabeth who became Queen Elizabeth I

Third Child - Edward who became King Edward VI

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I died

Elizabeth I

Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants

Made England a firmly Protestant nation

Little religious turmoil for decades

Catholic

Protestant

The Protestant Reformation Map

Results of the Reformation

In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions

The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

Branches of Christianity

CHRISTIANITY

RomanCatholicism

EasternOrthodox

Protestant

LutheranMartinLuther

CalvinistJohn

Calvin

AnglicanHenry VIII

Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism.

It was losing followers which meant it was losing money.

They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church.

The Council of Trent

The Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to make reforms

The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices:

The Council of Trent

Salvation comes through faith and good works

The Bible is not the only source of truth

Council took steps to end Church abuses

The Jesuits

Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits.

The Jesuits were a religious order whose mission was to defend and spread the Catholic faith world wide

The Jesuits

The Society of Jesus, another name for the Jesuits, sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas.

Known for setting up schools

Spread of Christianity

Protestant England settled in what is now the United States.

Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America.

Catholic

Protestant

Anabaptists - Rebaptizers

Baptists, Mennonites and Amish trace their roots to the Anabaptists.

Pacifist.

Adult baptism.

Complete separation of Church and State.

END

Empire of Charles V

What Luther Wanted

Sola Fidei Justification/Salvation by Faith Alone

Sola Scriptura Authority of the Scriptures Alone

Sola Gratia By grace alone