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Academic Integrity, Academic Integrity, Plagiarism, & Citation StylePlagiarism, & Citation Style

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesYou will understand the ethical use of You will understand the ethical use of

information in an academic information in an academic environment. You will be able to:environment. You will be able to:

1.1. Explain what is meant by academic integrityExplain what is meant by academic integrity2.2. Describe potential consequences for Describe potential consequences for

plagiarizing at CSU, Chicoplagiarizing at CSU, Chico3.3. Determine what information needs to be Determine what information needs to be

citedcited4.4. Demonstrate ability of cite a source in one Demonstrate ability of cite a source in one

of the citations formatsof the citations formats

Sample Syllabi Statement, Sample Syllabi Statement, CSU, ChicoCSU, Chico

o ““Students caught cheating or plagiarizing Students caught cheating or plagiarizing will not be warned. Instead, they will be will not be warned. Instead, they will be given a failing grade for the semester”given a failing grade for the semester”

EnglishEnglish 232 – Ela Thurgood 232 – Ela Thurgood


““Academic honesty is an issue of serious Academic honesty is an issue of serious concern here at CSU, Chico. Faculty concern here at CSU, Chico. Faculty expect students to maintain a high expect students to maintain a high standard of academic integrity. When standard of academic integrity. When faculty suspect students of cheating, they faculty suspect students of cheating, they may bring formal charges, and a pretty may bring formal charges, and a pretty unpleasant process is set in motion. If unpleasant process is set in motion. If charges are proved, the consequences are charges are proved, the consequences are severe, ranging from failure in an severe, ranging from failure in an individual course to expulsion from the individual course to expulsion from the University and denial of a degree.”University and denial of a degree.”

Marketing 272 Bill - McGowanMarketing 272 Bill - McGowan


““Programming assignments and homework Programming assignments and homework assignments are to be an *individual* effort. assignments are to be an *individual* effort. Anyone who as determined by the Anyone who as determined by the Instructor/TA has copied any part of another Instructor/TA has copied any part of another students work will automatically receive a students work will automatically receive a grade of "F" for the course. Anyone cheating grade of "F" for the course. Anyone cheating on an exam will receive a grade of "F" for on an exam will receive a grade of "F" for the course. Anyone who alters their exam the course. Anyone who alters their exam answers after receiving the exam back will answers after receiving the exam back will receive a grade of "F" for the coursereceive a grade of "F" for the course.”.”

CComputer Science 151 - omputer Science 151 - Melody StapletonMelody Stapleton

CSU, Chico Takes Academic CSU, Chico Takes Academic Integrity SeriouslyIntegrity Seriously

CSU, Chico’s Academic Integrity StatementCSU, Chico’s Academic Integrity Statement

“ “ The students, faculty, administrators, and The students, faculty, administrators, and staff of CSU, Chico are committed to a staff of CSU, Chico are committed to a culture of honesty in which members of culture of honesty in which members of the community accept responsibility to the community accept responsibility to uphold academic integrity in all they say, uphold academic integrity in all they say, write, and create.”write, and create.”

Why Why studentstudents should s should

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ic ic integritintegrit

y y seriouslseriousl

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Why Why students students should should take take

academiacademic c

integrity integrity seriouslyseriously

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Why Why students students should should take take

academiacademic c

integrity integrity seriouslyseriously

..

What should be yourWhat should be yourmain areas of concern?main areas of concern?

Cheating on tests/quizzesCheating on tests/quizzes Helping another to cheat on Helping another to cheat on

test/quiz, assignment, etc.test/quiz, assignment, etc. Falsifying dataFalsifying data Working in groups when prohibitedWorking in groups when prohibited Writing: plagiarism, misuse of Writing: plagiarism, misuse of

sources, paraphrasingsources, paraphrasing

Our Campus Definition:Our Campus Definition:

“…“…when a [student] deliberately when a [student] deliberately uses someone else’s language, uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.”without acknowledging its source.”

What is plagiarism?What is plagiarism?

What might cause a What might cause a student to plagiarize?student to plagiarize?

Student plagiarism: Student plagiarism: Possible reasonsPossible reasons

Have problems with writing and/or researchHave problems with writing and/or research ProcrastinationProcrastination Easy and quick to cut & pasteEasy and quick to cut & paste Pressure to maintain high grade point averagePressure to maintain high grade point average Didn’t keep track of where the information came Didn’t keep track of where the information came

fromfrom Believe it doesn’t hurt anyoneBelieve it doesn’t hurt anyone Believe they won’t get caughtBelieve they won’t get caught Don’t like the assignmentDon’t like the assignment Don’t like the teacherDon’t like the teacher See if they can get away with itSee if they can get away with it Cultural differencesCultural differences Haven’t been taught how to cite correctlyHaven’t been taught how to cite correctly Don’t know they are plagiarizingDon’t know they are plagiarizing

You honestly didn’t know You honestly didn’t know you were plagiarizingyou were plagiarizing

Misuse of SourcesMisuse of Sources

“…carelessly or inadequately citing “…carelessly or inadequately citing ideas and words borrowed from ideas and words borrowed from another source…”another source…”

– You made a legitimate mistake or you You made a legitimate mistake or you didn’t understanddidn’t understand

Ways to Avoid Being Ways to Avoid Being Accused of PlagiarismAccused of Plagiarism

Learn how to conduct college level research and Learn how to conduct college level research and select good information [Information Literacy]select good information [Information Literacy]

Give yourself time to research and write your Give yourself time to research and write your paperpaper

Take good notes while researching which include Take good notes while researching which include full bibliographic citationsfull bibliographic citations

Understand what it is meant by plagiarism, Understand what it is meant by plagiarism, paraphrasing, quoting, and, summarizingparaphrasing, quoting, and, summarizing

Understand how to cite your sourcesUnderstand how to cite your sources

Using APA Format to Using APA Format to Document SourcesDocument Sources

Why Cite Information?Why Cite Information?

Three Three ImportantImportant Reasons Reasons

1.1. So the reader can locate and read the So the reader can locate and read the exact same sourcesexact same sources

2.2. To give credit to the original authorTo give credit to the original author

3.3. To give you credibility as a writer and To give you credibility as a writer and protect you from being accused of protect you from being accused of plagiarismplagiarism

More on Why we CiteMore on Why we Cite

The correct citation of your sourcesThe correct citation of your sources

is serious business!is serious business!

If you plagiarize, even inadvertently, you If you plagiarize, even inadvertently, you may flunk your class or be expelledmay flunk your class or be expelled

Plagiarism in your professional career can Plagiarism in your professional career can result in being sued, fired, and publicly result in being sued, fired, and publicly embarrassedembarrassed

Where Do I Find APA Where Do I Find APA Format?Format?

Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological Association, 5th ed., 5th ed.– Library Call Number: REF BF76.7 P83 2001Library Call Number: REF BF76.7 P83 2001

WebsitesWebsites

http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html

http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.htmlhttp://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html

AS BookstoreAS Bookstore

APA Style: Two PartsAPA Style: Two Parts

Parenthetical CitationsParenthetical Citations–in the body of the paperin the body of the paper

Reference PageReference Page–at the end of the paper at the end of the paper

When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?

When When quotingquoting any words that are any words that are not your ownnot your own– Quoting means to repeat another Quoting means to repeat another

source word for word, using source word for word, using quotation marksquotation marks

When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?

When When summarizingsummarizing facts and ideas facts and ideas from a sourcefrom a source– Summarizing means to take ideas from a Summarizing means to take ideas from a

large passage of another source and large passage of another source and condense them, using your own wordscondense them, using your own words

When When paraphrasing paraphrasing a sourcea source– Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from

another source but change the phrasing into another source but change the phrasing into your own wordsyour own words

When Do You Cite?

Don’t fall into the trap of plagiarism!Don’t fall into the trap of plagiarism!

If the idea or information you are If the idea or information you are using did not originate in your own using did not originate in your own mind . . .mind . . .

CITE IT!CITE IT!

Paraphrasing activityParaphrasing activity

Work in pairsWork in pairs

Example #1Example #1During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of

effective and safe drugs to deal with effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.dramatically reduced.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #2Example #2During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of

effective and safe drugs to deal with effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced. (Rang et al, 1999)dramatically reduced. (Rang et al, 1999)

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #3Example #3

““During the last 60 years the development During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.” (Rang et al, 1999)dramatically reduced.” (Rang et al, 1999)

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #4Example #4In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology

(1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that: (1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that: “During the last 60 years the development of “During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.” Such a disease has been dramatically reduced.” Such a bold assertion understates the ongoing threat bold assertion understates the ongoing threat posed by microbial infection. It is estimated, for posed by microbial infection. It is estimated, for example, that worldwide there were over 8 example, that worldwide there were over 8 million cases of tuberculosis in 1998 (WHO, million cases of tuberculosis in 1998 (WHO, 2000).2000).

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.


The development of safe and effective drugs The development of safe and effective drugs to deal with bacterial infection has to deal with bacterial infection has dramatically reduced the death rate dramatically reduced the death rate arising from microbial diseases.arising from microbial diseases.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Example #6Example #6During the post-war years, the During the post-war years, the

development of effective and safe drugs development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infection has to deal with bacterial infection has transformed medical treatment, and transformed medical treatment, and death and illness resulting from death and illness resulting from microbial disease has been dramatically microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.reduced.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.


The availability of antimicrobial The availability of antimicrobial compounds has transformed healthcare compounds has transformed healthcare in the period since the second world in the period since the second world war. People are far less likely to die or war. People are far less likely to die or even be seriously ill than they had been even be seriously ill than they had been prior to the introduction of these drugs.prior to the introduction of these drugs.

Original:Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed by someone else into your own words. by someone else into your own words.

– Should not simply replace words with Should not simply replace words with synonymssynonyms

– Should not follow the same sentence Should not follow the same sentence structure of the originalstructure of the original

– Must be cited or accompanied by an in Must be cited or accompanied by an in text reference to the original source text reference to the original source even if the source is in your bibliographyeven if the source is in your bibliography

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

Readability!Readability!

Keep references briefKeep references brief Give only information needed to Give only information needed to

identify the source on your reference identify the source on your reference page--cross-referencing!page--cross-referencing!

Do not repeat unnecessary Do not repeat unnecessary informationinformation

Handling Quotes in Your Text

Author’s last name, publication year, Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must and page number(s) of quote must appear in the textappear in the text

Caruth (1996) states that a Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).phenomena” (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

Handling Parenthetical Citations

Sometimes more information is Sometimes more information is necessarynecessary

Example: more than one author with the Example: more than one author with the same last namesame last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Example: Two or more works in the same Example: Two or more works in the same

parenthesesparentheses(Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996; (Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996;

Showalter, 1997)Showalter, 1997) Example: Work with six or more authorsExample: Work with six or more authors

(Smith et al, 1998)(Smith et al, 1998) Example: Specific part of a sourceExample: Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)


A reference to a personal A reference to a personal communication:communication:Source: email message from C. Everett Source: email message from C. Everett KoopKoopCitation: (C. E. Koop, personal Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)communication, May 16, 1998)

A general reference to a web siteA general reference to a web siteSource: Purdue University web siteSource: Purdue University web siteCitation:Citation: (http://www.purdue.edu)(http://www.purdue.edu)


Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6). individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

Handling Quotes in Your Text

There are There are many different combinationsmany different combinations and and variationsvariations within APA citation within APA citation format. format.

If you run into something unusual, look If you run into something unusual, look it up! it up!

Example of a Reference Page

Shell Shock 36

References

Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war,

and madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser (Ed.),

The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York: Routledge.

Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the

central nervous system. The Lancet, 1, 331-38.

Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and

modern media. New York: Columbia University Press.

Reference PageReference Page

A list of every source that you make A list of every source that you make “reference to” in your paper“reference to” in your paper

Provides the information necessary for a Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essaycited in your essay

Each retrievable source cited in the essay Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and must appear on the reference page, and vice versa--cross-referencing!vice versa--cross-referencing!

Reference Page DetailsReference Page Details

Starts on a new pageStarts on a new page Type the word “References” centered at Type the word “References” centered at

the top of the pagethe top of the page Use hanging indent form.Use hanging indent form.

– The first line of each reference is set The first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are flush left and subsequent lines are indented on half inch.indented on half inch.

Arrange alphabetically, not by format of Arrange alphabetically, not by format of publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)

What to Include in a Reference Citation

Most citations should contain the Most citations should contain the following basic information:following basic information:

Author’s nameAuthor’s name Title of workTitle of work Publication informationPublication information

book: date, place, publisher name, etc.book: date, place, publisher name, etc. article: date, volume, page numbers, etc.article: date, volume, page numbers, etc.

References: Some Examples

BookBook

Shay, J. (1994). Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Combat trauma and the undoing of trauma and the undoing of charactercharacter. New . New York: Touchstone.York: Touchstone.

Article in a MagazineArticle in a Magazine

Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The The New Yorker, New Yorker, 40-45.40-45.


A newspaper articleA newspaper articleTommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).

Master teachers whose artistry Master teachers whose artistry glows in glows in

private. private. New York TimesNew York Times, p. B2., p. B2.

A source with no known authorA source with no known authorCigarette sales fall 30% as California tax Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. rises.

(1999, September 14). (1999, September 14). New York New York TimesTimes, ,

p. A17.p. A17.


Web page citations need 2 additional Web page citations need 2 additional pieces of information:pieces of information:1.1. URLURL

2.2. Accessed (retrieved) dateAccessed (retrieved) date

Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. button. RoughcutRoughcut. Turner Network . Turner Network Television. Television. Retrieved October 28, 1998 Retrieved October 28, 1998 from from http://www.roughcut.comhttp://www.roughcut.com

APA Citation ActivityAPA Citation Activity

•Book

•Newspaper article

•Full-text article from a library database

•Web site

How would you cite this How would you cite this book?book?

Citing a bookCiting a book

LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print:

Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in

scientific publishing. Berkeley: University

of California Press.

How would you cite this How would you cite this newspaper article?newspaper article?

Citing a newspaper articleCiting a newspaper article

McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dogwrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 7.

OR:

McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dogwrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 43.

How would you cite an How would you cite an article from a library article from a library

database?database?

Citing an article from aCiting an article from alibrary databaselibrary database

Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.

(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,

18, 40-43. Retrieved November 16, 2004,

from Academic Search Elite database.

OR

Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.

(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,

18, 40-43.

How would you cite this How would you cite this WWW pageWWW page

NOTE: The author lists his name and last up-date near the bottom of the page: Bruce H. Leland 01/29/02

Citing a WWW pageCiting a WWW page

Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the

web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from

http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm

Final Reference ListFinal Reference ListReferences

LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print: Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in scientific publishing. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm

McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 7.

Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy. (2004, September 1). Nursing Standard, 18, 40-43. Retrieved October 21, 2004, from Academic Search Elite database.

The Reference List: Final Words of Advice

There are many different types of materials There are many different types of materials you could cite you could cite

If you run into something unusual, look it If you run into something unusual, look it up! up!

Final words of adviceFinal words of advice

Realize that plagiarizing is always Realize that plagiarizing is always the worst solution to any the worst solution to any academic problemacademic problem

When in doubt, ask for help.When in doubt, ask for help.

People and places and People and places and things things

that can help youthat can help you

The Writing CenterThe Writing Centerhttp://www.csuchico.edu/uwc/students/index.http://www.csuchico.edu/uwc/students/index.htmlhtml

Your InstructorYour Instructor The LibrariansThe Librarianshttp://www.csuchico.edu/library/ask.htmhttp://www.csuchico.edu/library/ask.htm

A Style ManualA Style Manual

ReflectionReflection

I DIDI DID: Think about your own academic : Think about your own academic integrity and ethical use of information integrity and ethical use of information in the pastin the past

I SHOULDI SHOULD: Think about ways you could : Think about ways you could demonstrate academic integrity or demonstrate academic integrity or more ethically use information in the more ethically use information in the futurefuture

I WILLI WILL: What are you really going to do?: What are you really going to do?