Questions of Western Encounters

and Modernization

» Western Economic Expansion Western Economic Expansion ˃ INDUSTRIALIZED

+ Need Raw materials & Markets˃ Capitalistic Free Market - COMMERCIAL

+ Strong should Go get it!˃ IMPERIALISTIC

+ Going and getting it!˃ POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

+ Every country does what is in its best interest+ There is a role for the masses in decision making

» ““Traditional & Isolated” Old Traditional & Isolated” Old World EMPIRESWorld EMPIRES˃ Ottoman Empire, Qing Dynasty,

Tokugawa Shogunate, Russian Empire

Ottoman Sultans

Ulama

Janissaries

JanissariesAgricultural EconomyBypassed by TradeSharia Advice & Consent of Ulama

» Romanov Dynasty

» Feudalism˃ Ag / Command Economy

˃ Serfs Freed!

˃ Ex-Serfs Factories as Russia

Industrialization

» Caesaropapism

» Orthodox Church

challenged: Rasputin

Alexander II

Nicholas & Alexandra

» Confucian Scholars» Mandate of Heaven» Qing - foreign overlords» Only Canton open to foreign merchants

Powerful landlord class

Cixi, Dowager Empress 1904

» Bakufu» Shogun» Daimyo» Samurai» Alternate

Attendance» Floating Worlds» Seclusion Policy» Edo- largest city in

world» Japan – most urban

in world» Peasants in cities –

wait! Who is farming?!

» STUNNING Military DEFEATS STUNNING Military DEFEATS ˃ Ottomans – Russian

Aggression, WWI

˃ China - Opium Wars

˃ Russia - Lost Crimean War, Japanese War, WWI

˃ Japan- Admiral Perry’s Arrival with Black Boats to force trade

Why did they enter these Wars? Maybe they did not Believe how far behind they were…

1. Conservative -Traditional - Conservative -Traditional - Autocratic – Absolute RulersAutocratic – Absolute Rulers No individual rights Heavily patriarchal, Elitist, Landed Aristocracy Dissent not permitted Old Rules / Protocols

2. 2. People Rebelled against their People Rebelled against their - inability to solve crises crises/ govern - insistence on fighting wars they were not equipped to win - waste of human life, - disregard for the people under the law.

Of Old World EmpiresOf Old World Empires

3. NOT INDUSTRIALIZED3. NOT INDUSTRIALIZED˃ No capital to invest.No capital to invest.˃ Unskilled workforce. Unskilled workforce. ˃ Insufficient infrastructure.Insufficient infrastructure.˃ NOT fully commercialized.NOT fully commercialized.China & Japan – were closed Artisan economies – little contact with outside world, international trade

Ottomans & Russians – agricultural economies w/ large unskilled peasant populations, they CHOSE not to industrialize. All these societies were Agriculture & Artisan Societies, OR in Russia’s case, a Command

Economy.

Western Imperialists moved in toexploit them – for raw materials, luxuries, strategic location, competition…

» China:China: Lost control of economy & territorial sovereignty

» Ottomans:Ottomans: Did not have the Political Will or Cooperation of Europe to become a European power

» JapanJapan industrialized quickly & became an imperialist nation

MOSTLY at the discretion MOSTLY at the discretion

of the Rulers… Did NOT WANT TO of the Rulers… Did NOT WANT TO

GIVE UP POWER!GIVE UP POWER!

˃ RussianRussian CzarCzar granted, then rescinded,

permission for an elected legislature after the

Revolution of 1905.

Ottoman Sultan / Hamid II Ottoman Sultan / Hamid II granted, then rescinded the Constitution, then granted again under pressure from the Young Turks (liberal minded elites).

A.A. WEAK MILITARY & WEAK MILITARY & BUREAUCRACYBUREAUCRACY˃ European Armies better

equipped now

˃ Janissary Corps politically corrupt, undisciplined

˃ Provincial Governors gained power & pulled away

+ Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali

Under Suleiman, The Magnificent

» No trade in Atlantic Ocean

» Exported raw materials, imported manufactured goods from Europe

Balance of Trade deficit.

» Foreign Loans with high interest rates ˃ Modernize railroads,

utilities, mining

» ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality:: Europeans (French, especially) exempted from Ottoman law while in Ottoman Empire, residing or doing business.

» Tax exempt banks» Levied duties on goods sold in Ottoman ports

» Seen as humiliating intrusions on Ottoman sovereignty.Seen as humiliating intrusions on Ottoman sovereignty.

The Auspicious EventThe Auspicious Event

• 1826 - Janissaries rebelled against the new European-style army being formed by the Sultan.

• Upon their retreat to their barracks, the sultan’s cavalry

fired 15 volleys into the barracks, killing over 4,000 Janissaries.

• Survivors were executed or banished, and two years

later Mahmud II confiscated the last Janissary possessions & beheaded the remaining Janissaries.

» Military Academies ˃ No more Devshirme, Janissaries

» Schools» Roads» Telegraphs» Railroad:˃ Orient Express

Sultan Mahmud II - Reformer

»SECULARIZATION˃ European-style ministries & Constitution˃ Broad Legal Reforms - Modeled after Napoleon’s

Codes+ public trials, + privacy, + equality before the law for all Ottomans

whether Muslim or not…

˃ State Reform of Education+ Free compulsory primary education – boys

Against

Russian

Aggression &

Egyptian

Growth

British feared an Ottoman loss against Russia Russian aggressionIn Europe next… Britain, France & Turkey fought Russia in Crimean War.

» Secret society: progressive dissenting university students and military cadets

» Formed cells, in which only one member might be connected to

another cell.

» Ottoman Empire had tried to change, but was left weak, divided, & vulnerable… and at the mercy of its alliances against imperialist Russia…

» Ottoman Empire entered World War I in the Ottoman-German Alliance in 1914, and was DEFEATED. After the war, the victorious Allied Powers sought to dismember the Ottoman state.

» Mustafa KemalMustafa Kemal » ““AtaturkAtaturk” - Father of the Turks

» Leader of the Young Turks

» Founder, 1st President: Republic of Turkey˃ Democratic, Secular, Unitary,

Constitutional Republic

» EqualityEquality before the law, before the law, » Freedom of/from religionFreedom of/from religion, ,

» SecularizationSecularization of the state of the state

» Free public educationFree public education, ,

» Emancipation of womenEmancipation of women..

» Restored Restored Constitution & Constitution & ParliamentParliament

˃ UnitaryUnitary,, not Federal not Federal Gov= Centralized power.Gov= Centralized power.

» NationalisticNationalistic: “Turk,” rather than “Ottoman”

» Anti-imperialistic

» Wanted to be considered part of WesternWestern Civilization

» Parliament composed of selected intellectuals working on behalf of the people without cooperating in any capacity with the 'ignorant' masses

SecularizationSecularization» European-style legal system, laws.

» Arabic script Turkish writing using European Roman script.

» Eliminated mandatory Arabic call to prayer, the caliphate, and all the mystical Sufi orders of Islam.

Efforts to emulate this secularization have been unsuccessful in other Islamic states.

ExpansionEmancipation

IndustrializationDiscontent… & Revolution…

» Like the Ottoman Empire, Russia was

˃ Autocratic, Autocratic,

˃ Multi-ethnicMulti-ethnic

˃ Multi-lingualMulti-lingual

˃ Multi-culturalMulti-cultural

» Support Russian Orthodox Church, Church legitimized rule

» Support Feudal Nobility – ˃ Owned most of land, paid no tax˃ Serfs bound to the land˃ Social Stability

» Autocratic rule

» Russian expansion…

Mediterranean area:Mediterranean area: Europeans (Brit, Fr, Sardinia) allied with Ottomans to stop Russia.

» Russia learned it Russia learned it needed to needed to modernize! modernize!

1853-1856

» Emancipation of the Serfs˃ Rural instability & peasant revolt˃ Needed in industrial centers˃ But – Terms of emancipation NOT FAIRNOT FAIR!

+ Few political rights+ Pay redemption tax for little land rec’d -> in debt for rest of their lives!+ Felt they were forced to pay for land that should Felt they were forced to pay for land that should

have been given to them!have been given to them!

˃ More alienation & radicalization of More alienation & radicalization of peasants as they realized this and as peasants as they realized this and as they moved to cities!they moved to cities!

Expansionism:»Russo-Japanese War – 1904-1905˃ Attempt to annex Korea,

Manchuria. ˃ Japanese surprise attack on

Port Arthur in Feb. 1904

˃ Russia LOST: JapaneseRussia LOST: Japanese destroyed Russian Navy in a destroyed Russian Navy in a sneak attacksneak attack. That was a surprise.

» Emancipation of the serfs w/oEmancipation of the serfs w/o Land redistribution!Land redistribution!

» State-sponsored industrialization!State-sponsored industrialization!» Zemstvo (assemblies) mostly nobles!Zemstvo (assemblies) mostly nobles!

» Czars refused to curtail their Czars refused to curtail their own absolute power!own absolute power!

Political opposition became Political opposition became radicalizedradicalized crisis crisis

Witte SystemWitte System to Stimulate economic development

1.1.Remodel State Remodel State Bank Bank

support and protect support and protect infant industriesinfant industries

Wow, another novel idea. Weren’t the Ottomans doing this as well?

2. 2. Loans from Europe Loans from Europe to pay for modernization of to pay for modernization of

industryindustry

3. Massive railway construction to unite Russian Massive railway construction to unite Russian people and products: people and products: Trans-Siberian RailwayTrans-Siberian Railway

» Low standard of living

» Factory work, city living

» Underground

movements,

revolutionary

propaganda

Here it comes!

»University students – University students – intelligentsiaintelligentsia˃ Wanted social change & social justice˃ Inspiration from West˃ But, despised individualism, materialism, unbridled capitalism…so

worked toward a socialist system

» AnarchistsAnarchists – did not want present system nor to work toward any other system…

» Czarist forces, frightened by the radicalism, censoredcensored publications & sent secret secret policepolice to infiltrate & spy on the citizenry.

» Czar created a DumaDuma: Russia’s parliamentary institution. Czar considered this a major concession, but the people want more.

» Urban workers at village level created “soviets” “soviets” (urban worker’s councils) to organize strikes & demonstrations …

» Ethnic tensionsEthnic tensions continued…

Petrograd Soviet meets

» Campaign to unite the Campaign to unite the Russian PeopleRussian People:

˃ Unite the Unite the languages & traditions languages & traditions – speak Russian, not local languages

˃ Restrict educationRestrict education to those loyal to the Czarist state

˃ Suspicion of JewsSuspicion of Jews grew (not really Russian, you see)

+ Jewish neighbors’ business success+ Jews emigrated to avoid this violence ->

Europe & US

+ FREQUENT POGROMSPOGROMS

» Nicholas II Nicholas II (1894 – 1917)

» succeeded to the throne when Alexander II died in a car bombing…

» Weak rulerWeak ruler

» Oppression & controlOppression & control

Last Czar, Nicholas, and the Royal Family

Foreign Domination!! Rebellion… Revolution!

» CohongCohong System System restricted foreign access to ONE port city

» BEIC cultivated Opium in India to create demand

» Manchu outlawed Opium Trade

» Confiscated & destroyed 20,000 chests of opium

» British retaliated and destroyed part of Grand Canal

BRITISH DECLARED WAR

» Forced trade concessions from Qing

» Treaty of NanjingTreaty of Nanjing – 1842˃ BritainBritain could trade opium in could trade opium in

ChinaChina˃ Most favored Nation StatusMost favored Nation Status˃ Hong KongHong Kong˃ Open Trade PortsOpen Trade Ports˃ ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality

» Other Western Other Western countries wanted countries wanted in! in!

» And Japan! And Japan!

» By 1900, China was forced to open 90 90 ports to foreigners

» Internal turmoil in ChinaInternal turmoil in China˃ Population grew by 50%

˃ Land & Food more slowly

˃ Lots of povertyof poverty

» Official CorruptionOfficial Corruption

» Drug AddictionDrug Addiction

» 4 Major Rebellions4 Major Rebellions

» Called for end of Qing end of Qing Dynasty; resented OUTSIDER (Manchu) rule

» Radical social change:Radical social change:

˃ No private propertyNo private property

˃ No footbindingNo footbinding

˃ No concubinageNo concubinage

» Defeated by Qing & ForeignQing & Foreign troops

1860-1895

» Tried to blend Chinese culture & European industrial technology

˃ Built shipyards, railroads, shipyards, railroads, weapon industries, steel weapon industries, steel foundries, academiesfoundries, academies

» Not enough industry for real change!

» Foreign powers also seized Chinese tribute states: : Vietnam, Burma, Korea, Taiwan

US Open Door Policy

» ““Society of the Righteous and Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists”Harmonious Fists”

» Secret local militia attacked foreigners, Chinese Christians

» Crushed by European & Crushed by European & Japanese troopsJapanese troops

» Qing collapsed: 1912

Who will control ChinaWhen the Son of Heaven is no more?

» LOST TERRITORY ˃ War

˃ Local rulers like Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali

˃ Nationalist revolts on borders

» Janissaries Corrupt disbanded & executed

» Urban riots protested foreign imports

» “Sick Man of Europe” Isolated, poor, inept.

» TANZIMAT = DEFENSIVE TANZIMAT = DEFENSIVE MODERNIZATIONMODERNIZATION˃ Factories – paper, cloth, armsFactories – paper, cloth, arms

˃ Modern miningModern mining

˃ Telegraphs, RR, Steam Ships, Telegraphs, RR, Steam Ships, Post office, Napoleonic CodePost office, Napoleonic Code

˃ Secular educationSecular education

˃ EQUAL RIGHTS FOR NON-EQUAL RIGHTS FOR NON-MUSLIMS, 1839MUSLIMS, 1839

» Young OttomansYoung Ottomans

» Young Turks - Young Turks - secularizesecularize

» Serfs Emancipated- early 1800’s - Dissatisfied

» Zemstovs- 1864˃ District Assemblies

˃ Jury Trials, other western reforms

» Russification ˃ Violent, repressive- Jews,

Armenians, others

» Duma˃ Parliament but dissolved at will

» SovietsSoviets--˃ Workers organizations for strikes,

etc.

» Bolshevik Revolution! Bolshevik Revolution!

» Crimean War Crimean War – 1853-6˃ Ottoman Empire territory

˃ Constantinople for Christians- Holy War

˃ Huge loss of life

» Russo Japanese WarRusso Japanese War˃ Failed to annex Korea 1904

˃ Huge loss of Life

» WWIWWI˃ Huge loss of life

» Industrialization not successful

» Peasants dissatisfied

» Opium AddictionOpium Addiction» Opium Wars Opium Wars 1832-42

» Unequal Treaties Unequal Treaties 1839-42

& Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy» Self-Strengthening Self-Strengthening

MovementMovement 1861-95

˃ Shipyds, Arms, factories for steel, textiles, coal mines, telegraph, Better Civil Service Exam… but

˃ NO SOCIAL REFORM.

˃ Land Lord class rich & abusive.

» Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion 1850-64

Religious fanatic

VS. Manchu outsiders, Westerners

» Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion ˃Anti-foreigner, Manchu.

˃Westerners including Japanese helped put down rebellion

» REPUBLIC - 1911REPUBLIC - 1911˃End of Qing & EMPIRE

˃Sun Yat Sen – Western educated intellectual as new President

» Admiral Perry’s Black Admiral Perry’s Black ShipsShips

» Unequal TreatiesUnequal Treaties

» Meiji Restoration: Meiji Restoration: EMPEROR!EMPEROR!˃ United Japan as NATION STATE

˃ Destroyed Daimyo provinces

˃ Taxes, draft now from all classes

» Western FascinationWestern Fascination˃ Adopted dress, tech, sci,

Constitutional style, ed, etc.

» Industrialized FAST!Industrialized FAST!˃ Without Western LOANS!Without Western LOANS!

» Became Imperial PowerBecame Imperial Power˃ Won wars against Russia &

China, Annexed Korea & Taiwan & part of Manchuria.

•The Big Four

•Mitsubishi (三菱財閥 )

•Mitsui (三井財閥 )

•Sumitomo (住友財閥 )           •Yasuda (安田財閥 )

•Second-tier zaibatsu

•Asano (浅野財閥 )•Fujita (藤田財閥 )•Furukawa (古河財閥 )•Mori (森コンツェルン )•Kawasaki (川崎財閥 )•Nakajima (中島飛行機 )•Nitchitsu (日窒コンツェルン )           

•Nissan (日産コンツェルン )           •Nisso (日曹コンツェルン )•Nomura (野村財閥 )•Okura (大倉財閥 )•Riken (理研コンツェルン )•Shibusawa (渋沢財閥 )

•Bankrupt zaibatsu

•Suzuki shoten (鈴木商店 )