Wars & expansion of the military

Nine Years War

Control American colonies & Ireland, defend

Dutch allies

Tax burdens were increased

Went from least taxed citizens in Europe to

highest taxed citizens

Shift in power

Increased debt & servicing

Bank if England was formed

Parliament demanded more power to

fiscally manage & tax citizens

“Taxation without representation” caused

Revolution in America

England vacillated in its support of piracy

Supported piracy when it served the country

England pirated strong Spanish rivals

Kept England competitive

During Ear of Spanish Succession

Suppressed piracy when it hurt

England condemned piracy after it affected their trade relations with India

Piracy was an economic “necessity” to support the colonies

Pirates Practiced democracy

Majority ruled and made decisions

Loot & booty was split evenly

Captain was allowed to be captain as long as the majority accepted him as captain

Unemployed faced starvation

Impoverished populations increased in urban areas

Imperial wars increased number of disabled & alcoholic veterans in cities

Number of widows & orphans increased too

Emigration increased work force without increasing jobs in seaports

Cold-weather cycle affected jobs

British creditors affected unemployment rates by limiting credit or calling loans due

“Poverty” on farms too

They had food on their table but debts far exceeded the income

Large families lived in tiny farm houses with dirt floors & worked diligently

Most could not afford tools & supplies

Churches were a place for social gathering and receiving news from Europe

Male membership declined as female membership maintained

Most were eager to get baptized but were less hasty in receiving communion

Conflicts arose between the evangelicals and the rationalists

Differed on what “type” of God they are worshipping

Differed on how to worship

There was large diversity in churches and many choices

Congregationalists were largest group with 450 churches

Anglicans were second largest with 300 parishes

Quakers had 250 meetings, Presbyterians had 160 churches, Baptists had 100 churches, Lutherans had 95 churches, Dutch Reformed had 78 churches, German Reformed had 51 churches

There were also Jewish synagogues & Catholic churches

Colonists had a good thing and everyone new it

Most colonists did not want national independence

England insisted on new taxes

Who would back down?

Growing population in the colonies led to a powerful new confidence

England was equally confident after defeating the French & Spanish

Neither side backed down & war cost many lives

After victory, the new U.S. began to expand across the continent

Expansion cost lives of Native Americans, Hispanics & slaves

“Thomas Jefferson aptly described the U.S. as an „empire of liberty,‟ by and for the white citizenry.”

Hawaiian Islands became a stopping point for trade ships

Island chiefs sought weapons

Some natives left the islands on trade ships

Some members of the military deserted to enjoy the “island life”

Brought the usual scourges: disease, weeds, missionaries, and weapons

British naval officer gave Kamehameha a European-style warship

He seemed to be the dominant chief

In hopes of gaining a unified ally