PART I: LOC AND EXAM OF GEO-POLITICS.

PART II: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RAMIFICATIONS.

PART III: DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL STRUCTURE.

PART IV: ECONOMIC POLICIES AND INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL.

LOC AND EXAM OF GEOSTRAT SIGNIFICANCE

LOC AND EXAM OF GEOSTRAT SIGNIFICANCE

4900 KMS

3000 KMS9.6 MILLION SQ KMS

AFGANISTAN

MORE THAN 2000 KMS OF LAND FRONTIER IS DISPUTED

MORE THAN 2000 KMS OF LAND FRONTIER IS DISPUTED

14,500 KMS OF COASTLINE14,500 KMS OF COASTLINE

BOUNDARIES & COASTLINEBOUNDARIES & COASTLINE

21,000 KMS OF LAND FRONTIER21,000 KMS OF LAND FRONTIER

5000

ISLA

ND G

PS

AND R

EEFS

5000

ISLA

ND G

PS

AND R

EEFS

RESOURCESRESOURCES

•PETROLIUM•TWO MILLION BRLS PER

DAY•20 TRILLION BRLS AS RES•100 BILLION BRLS OF

OFFSHORE RES

•PETROLIUM•TWO MILLION BRLS PER

DAY•20 TRILLION BRLS AS RES•100 BILLION BRLS OF

OFFSHORE RES

COAL RES OF 44 MILLION TONS

COAL RES OF 44 MILLION TONS

MINERAL RESOURCES MORE THAN 140 TYPES IRON RES OF 44 MILLION TONS

MINERAL RESOURCES MORE THAN 140 TYPES IRON RES OF 44 MILLION TONS

TOPOGRAPHYTOPOGRAPHY

TIBET PLATEAUTIBET PLATEAU

TAKLA MAKANTAKLA MAKANGOBI D

ESERT

GOBI DESERT

TARIM BASINTARIM BASINTURFAN DEPRESSIONTURFAN DEPRESSION

TROPICAL

SE COASTTROPICAL

SE COAST

32% OF AREA IS MOUNTAINS AND CANYONS

32% OF AREA IS MOUNTAINS AND CANYONS

HIMALAYAS

HIMALAYAS

KUNLUNKUNLUN

ALTAI

ALTAITIEN SHANTIEN SHAN

DENSELY POPULATEDLOWLANDS

DENSELY POPULATEDLOWLANDS

LOAMY SOIL

PLATEAU

LOAMY SOIL

PLATEAU

DRAINAGE AND RIVERSDRAINAGE AND RIVERS• GRND IS SLOPING WEST TO EAST

•RIVERS• MORE THAN 26 LAKH MILLION CUBIC

METERS OF WATER FLOW– YANGTSE– YELLOW– AMUR– TSANG PO

• GRND IS SLOPING WEST TO EAST

•RIVERS• MORE THAN 26 LAKH MILLION CUBIC

METERS OF WATER FLOW– YANGTSE– YELLOW– AMUR– TSANG PO

MOST RIVER ARE USED FOR TPT & COMN

MOST RIVER ARE USED FOR TPT & COMN

CLIMATECLIMATE

• GREAT VARIANCE FROM PLACE TO PLACE

• REGIONAL SEASONS• WINTER WINDS FROM SIBERIA• SUMMER WINDS FROM SOUTH CHINA

SEA• DESTRUCTIVE TYPHOONS

COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS• ROADS• MORE THAN ONE MILLION KMS OF

RDS • RDS ARE UNSURFACED IN OUTER

REGIONS• RLYS• 50,000 KMS OF RLY TR CONC IN

EASTERN PART• ELECTRIFICATION IS UNDER

PROGRESS

COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS

•1/3rd OF INTERNAL FRIEGHT IS BY WATERWAYS

•GRAND CANAL FROM BEIJING TO HANGCHOW

•MISC•GREAT MAJORITY STILL USE

BYCYCLES

WATERWAYS

FROM PAMIR KNOT TO VLADIVOSTOK ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

IT INCL :SINGKIANG AREA.MONGOLIAN BORDER.MANCHURIA.

SINO – RUSSIAN REGION

CHINA

•3000 KMs OF BORDER WITH RUSSIA.

• FRONTIERS WITH INDIA, POK, AFGHANISTAN AND MONGOLIA

•KHUNJERAB PASS - VITAL FOR MOV FROM SINGKIANG TO POK ALONG KARAKORAM HIGHWAY.

•KASHGAR - AN IMP COMN CENTRE.

SINKIANG

SHORTEST ROUTE

FOR RUSSIAN

OFFENSIVE.TRN - OPEN &

PARTIALLY DESERT.

MONGOLIA

DIFFERENCES WITH RUSSIA ON THE ALIGNMENT OF BORDER.POTENTIAL FOR A BASE TO CUT OFF EASTERN SEA BD OF RUSSIA.

MANCHURIA

SOCIAL CULTURAL

RAMIFICATION

social cultural

ETHNIC DIVISIONSHAN CHINESE SOCIETY

MULTI-ETHNIC OFFICIAL POLICY

REPRESENTATION OF EVERY MINORITY NATIONALITY IN NATIONAL PEOPLE’S CONGRESS

5 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS AND 75 AUTONOMOUS COUNTIES

ETHNIC TENSION

•RELIGION

•ORGANISATION OF THE SOCIETY

•WORK PLACE--STATE v/s

COLLECTIVES

URBAN-RURAL DISTINCTIONSLEGAL

DISTINCTION

CHINESE CULTURE

• OPERA & THEATRE

• MUSIC

•TORTUOUS DEVELOPMENT•LITERATURE

PRESENT DAY ATMOSPHERE

•LOSS OF IDEALISM

•EASY LIFESTYLE OF THE PEOPLE

•THE FORBIDDEN CITY

•THE LIVING STANDARDS

• TAONISM

• LEGALISM

• CONFUCIANISM

THE CENTRAL NATIONAL CONGRESS

ORGANISATION OF PROVINCES AND AUTONOMOUS REGION

BASIC LEVEL ORGANISATION

•ONE MAN RULE.

•BUREAUCRATIC SYSTEM.

•LEGITIMACY.

OPENING CHINA TO WESTERN WORLD

ALLOWING FOREIGN INVESTORS

CHINESE NATIONALS INTO WESTERN WORLD

POPULAR POLICIESCHANGE IN ECONOMIC

POLICIES

ECONOMIC POLICIESAND

INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL

GEN NATUTRE OF ECONOMY

AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALIST ECONOMY SINCE 1949.

INSTRUMENT OF PRODUCTION HAS BEEN STATE OWNED.

GOVT DETERMINED ECONOMIC GOALS AND CONT PROD PROCESS.

MOB OF RESOURCES TO INCR NATIONAL ECONOMIC OUTPUT.

MODERNISATION OF ECONOMY

BASED ON MODERNISATION PROGRAM BT ZHOU ENLAI IN 1975.

STARTED UNDER HUA GUO-FENG AND DENG XIAOPING.

THETHE FOURFOURMODERNIZATIONSMODERNIZATIONS

AGRICULTUREPEASANTS ALLOCATED OWN PLOTS AFTER 1978.LED TO AN INCR IN AGRICULTURAL PROD. FIRST CLEAR SUCCESS.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

1978

2000

$ 12.34 BILLION

$ 124.55 BILLION

INDUSTRYALL ROUND GROWTH FROM 1980 ONWARDS.PROD INCR BY 600%.ELECTRICITY GEN INCR BY 300%.STEEL PROD ROSE BY 250%.COAL PROD UP BY 200%.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

LOSS OF ONE GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS.

PEOPLE EDUCATED FROM WEST ENCOURAGED TO TEACH IN UNIV.

5000 NEW INSTITUTES WERE OPENED BY GOVT AND WITH MIL SP.

ECONOMY IN 1990’s

GREATEST PERIOD OF CHINESE ECONOMY.

STEP UP AGRI PROD , STRENGTHEN INDUSTRY AND ACCELERATE DEVP OF SCI & TECN AND EDN.

FLY PLG, ENVIRON PROT & NARROW INCOME GAP.

ECONOMY IN 1990’s

ADOPTION OF “CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALIST MKT ECONOMY”.

SOE’s CORPORATISED AND MADE MORE COMPETITIVE.

TWO THIRD SOE’s TURNED INTO JT STK COYS.

ECONOMY IN 1990’s

LESS PROFITABLE SOE’s MADE BANKRUPT.

VIGOROUS PUSH OF COMPETITIVENESS.

EXTERNAL CAPITAL INFLOWEXTERNAL CAPITAL INFLOW

$ 2.4 BILLION

$ 19.3 BILLION

1980

1993

PROBLEMS

• IDEOLOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS.

• REGIONAL IMBALANCES.

• INFLATION.

PROBLEMSBUDGET DISPARITY AND DEFICIT.UNEMPLOYMENT.FISCAL MGMT.

PROBLEMSPOOR PERFORMANCE OF SOE’s.INFRASTRUCTURE BOTTLENECKS.POLITICAL PATRONAGE.

ECONOMYCHINA IS CALLED AN AWAKENED DRAGON

AND A LATE RISER.

LOW CAPITAL, STATE OWNERSHIP AND CENT CONT OVER PLG & FIN SYS.

ECONOMY• FAILED TO ENTER THE ERA OF

MODERN ECONOMIC GROWTH UNTIL 1949.

• INCREASED RAPIDLY AFTER 1949.

• CHANGED OVER TO OPEN MKT SYS AFTER 1957.

ECONOMYOPEN MKT SYS MIRACLE?

INCR IN AGRICULTURAL PROD.

PERIOD OF THE “THE GREAT

LEAP FORWARD”.

ECONOMY• PVT OWNERSHIP BROUGHT

UNDER STATE CONT.

• GROWTH RATE OF 9%.

• FOREIGN TRADE PROCEDURES

EASED FROM 1957 ONWARDS.

ECONOMYLIVING STDS IMPROVED.

REVIVAL OF EDN SYS.

ADOPTION OF FOREIGN TECH.

DISPERSAL OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES.

FOUR POINT MODERNISATION

PROGRAMME• AGRICULTURE.

• INDUSTRY.

• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

• ARMED FORCES.

CULTURAL CHANGES

•INCREASED INFLUENCE OF RELIGION.

•VISIBLE IMPACT OF WESTERN CULTURE.

•OPENNESS IN POPULATION.

•BREAK - UP OF FAMILY BONDS & TENSION IN CHINESE SOCIETY.

POLITICS & DEMOCRACY

• CPC’S ABILITY TO ENFORCE DECISION IS LIKELY TO DIMINISH.

• DEMOCRACY LIKELY TO GAIN MORE GRND.

• ONE COUNTRY TWO SYSTEM CONCEPT

ECONOMY• SEC LARGEST ECONOMIC

POWER IN NEXT 15 YRs.

• PURSUIT OF REFORMS & OPEN - MARKET POLICY.

• FLOODING OF WORLD MARKET WITH CHINESE GOODS.

•FULLY DEVP CORPORATE SECT.

•DOUBLING OF GNP.

•SUSTAINED GROWTH RATE OF 6 - 8 %.

ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

• PETROLEUM. TOP THREE NATIONS IN THE WORLD.

• MINERALS. LARGEST PRODUCER OF IRON ORE,URANIUM AND STEEL.

FOREIGN POLICY

• MODERATE FOREIGN POLICY.

• BY 2020 IN POSITION FOR GLOBAL POWER STATUS.

• USE DIPLOMACY PLUS MODERN, MIGHTY PLA TO STRENGTHEN CLAIM TO SOUTH CHINA SEA.

• DEVP OF SOUND ECONOMIC BASE.