Citation and Referencing in Research Work

- to overview referencing practices in research

- to explain WHY it is necessary to cite the sources we

use to support what we write in our papers; and

- to explain HOW to cite these sources in correct

APA style (i.e., according to the Publication Manual

of the American Psychological Association).

Purpose of the presentation

Overview of the

Referencing Style and Practices

Citation

Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).

More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).

References to single, machine-readable assertions in

electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications,

a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important

purposes:

to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism)[1]

to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources,

to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced

material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and

to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the

author has used.[2]

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic

integrity. http://web.mit.edu/academicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html.

2. Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ALWD Citation Manual: A

Professional System of Citation, 4th ed.(New York: Aspen, 2010)

There are literally hundreds of different referencing

styles from which to choose when you are citing the

sources of your research material.

Different academic disciplines have differing priorities of

what is important to the subsequent reader of an

academic paper, and different publishing houses have

differing rules about the citation of sources.

Which referencing style is the right one ?

Some styles in PracticeFACULTY RECOMMENDED REFERENCING STYLES

ArtsHarvard, Chicago, MLA, APA, University of

Auckland Style

Business and Economics APA

The Business of Writing: Written Communication

Skills for Business Students

Creative Arts and Industries APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA

Education APA

Engineering Harvard, Chicago, UoA Engineering Numbered Style

Law New Zealand Law Style Guide

Medical and Health Sciences Vancouver, APA

ScienceReferencing styles recommended by Science

Departments

Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for

authors, editors, and publishers

Theology Chicago

1. APA stands for "American Psychological Association"

and comes from the association of the same name.

Although originally drawn up for use in psychological

journals, the APA style is now widely used in the social

sciences, in education, in business, and numerous

other disciplines.

2. MLA comes from the "Modern Language Association of

America" and is used mainly in English and the

Humanities.

A few of the common referencing

styles and their origins

3. Chicago is sometimes referred to as Turabian or

Chicago/Turabian.

It comes from the "Chicago Manual of Style" and the

simplified version of it, "A Manual for Writers of Term

Papers, Theses, and Dissertations", that Kate

Turabian wrote [Source: The Writing Center at the University

of North Carolina at Chapel Hill].

Chicago is used mainly in the social sciences,

including history, political studies, and theology.

Styles and their origins cont

4. Vancouver originally came from The International

Committee of Medical Journal Editors which produced

the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to

Biomedical Journals" following a meeting that was held

in Vancouver in 1978 [Source: Jönköping University Library].

The Vancouver style is used mainly in the medical

sciences.

Styles and their origins cont

5. Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform

System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law

Review Association.

The Harvard style and its many variations are used in

law, natural sciences, social and behavioural

sciences, and medicine.

Styles and their origins cont

If you are unsure which referencing system to use, consult your course

guide or ask your lecturer or tutor

Thankfully, there are some referencing styles used by the majority of disciplines !

APA is an author/date referencing system common in the social

sciences; it uses parenthetical in-text citations to refer readers to the list

of references at the end of the paper. Numbered notes or footnotes are

reserved for extra explanatory information that would disrupt the

continuity of the text. The date of the research is important in scientific

disciplines, since it conveys how recent or indeed historical the material

is, thus the author/'s last name and the year of publication appear within

the text. Page numbers are used in the text only in the case of direct

quotations, not for paraphrased material.

Example

Pinker (1999) notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an

obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.

A brief outlines and difference of theAPA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes

APA

The alphabetical Reference List at the end of the paper provides the

necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited

in the body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of

the author followed by the initials and the year of publication in brackets.

In the case of a book with one author, the title of the book comes next, in

italics, with just the initial letter of the first words of the title and subtitle

capitalised. This is followed by the place of publication, and the name of

the publisher. The information in the List of References must be detailed

enough to enable the reader to easily locate the edition or volume or

issue number, in the case of journals, or web page etc.

Example

Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules: The ingredients of language.

London: Phoenix.

A brief outlines and difference of theAPA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes

The MLA system, common in the arts and humanities, is similar to APA

in that it uses parenthetical in-text citations keyed to a List of Works cited

at the end of the paper. The author's last name appears in the text close

to the borrowed material along with a page number rather than the year.

Literature and language rely more on exactly where in the text the

quoted material can be found, either directly quoted or paraphrased,

rather than the year . Numbered notes or footnotes are only for extra

information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. MLA is generally

simpler and more economical than other styles; interruptions are kept to

a minimum, usually citing just the last name of the author and the

relevant page number within the text.

Some scholars in the fields of art, dance, history, music, religion, theatre

and theology use Documentation Notes (endnotes or footnotes) to

document sources. In this case, a list of works cited or a bibliography

may be unnecessary.

Example

Pinker notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an

obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (281).

MLA

The List of Works Cited at the end of the paper provides the necessary

information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited in the

body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of the

author followed by the first names. In the case of a book with one author,

the title of the book comes next, italicised, with the initial letter of each

significant word in the title capitalised. This is followed by the place of

publication, and the name of the publisher, the year of publication, and

finally the medium.

Example

Pinker, Steven. Words and Rules: the Ingredients of Language. London:

Phoenix, 1999. Print.

The Chicago notes-bibliography citation system, used by some

humanities and social sciences, signals to the reader by a superscript

number at the end of the sentence that a source has been used:

Example

According to Pinker, memory loss, including memory for words, is an

obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.1

The source of the quotation and information about the author, title

and publication details and the relevant page numbers are then cited

in a correspondingly numbered footnote at the bottom of the page, or

endnote at the end of the paper. If the text is cited again, the

subsequent notes may be shortened.2

________________________________________1 Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (London:

Phoenix, 1999), 281. 2 Pinker, Words and Rules, 297.

Chicago notes

Although the same information appears in both the notes and the

bibliography it serves two different functions: The notes supply a quick

check of the source, and the bibliography illustrates the extent of the

research and the relationship to earlier studies. Thus both notes and

bibliography are usually provided.

There are, however, slight differences in punctuation since the notes are

designed to be read as text and the bibliography constitutes a list of

independent entries.

The author's name appears in the notes as first name last name, Mickey

Mouse, while the bibliography entry inverts them, Mouse, M.

Number all notes consecutively from 1. Substantive notes are inserted

as appropriate within the list of footnotes.3

________________________________________3 Supplementary information that would disrupt the flow of the text ...

Chicago notes

How and when to cite within text according to APA style

How to create a References list, citing a variety of

sources:

Print sources

Electronic sources

Media sources

What to do if we come across something unusual not

covered

In this presentation, We will cover

Personal communication

Materials in Websites

Unpublished sources

Why Should be Cited?

1. Citing identifies sources used in a research project

2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers

whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their

role in shaping your research.

3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material

4. To avoid charges of plagiarism

What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is:

The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another

person’s words or ideas

A form of cheating or stealing

A serious academic offense

When we borrow words or ideas from sources to support

our argument or research we must give proper credit. By

crediting our sources, we avoid plagiarism.

If we do not cite a source--intentionally or unintentionally--

we are guilty of plagiarism.

When Should be Cited?

Many students plagiarize unintentionally.

Remember, whenever we summarize,

paraphrase or quote another author's

material we must properly credit our

source.

If we are using another person’s idea, we

must also cite our source!

My parent always said,

“Don’t wet your bed”

(Mom, 1990).

When in doubt, give credit to source!

Summary, Paraphrase, Quote

A summary (aka ‘abstract’) briefly captures the main ideas of your source

A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source in your own words

Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or indirect (no quotation marks and often introduced by ‘that’)

A noted psychologist states, “As recently as 20 years ago, a bed-wetter was psychologically castigated for what could have been a physiological problem” (Tikling, 2009).

A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed-wetters suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may have had a physiological source (Tikling, 2009).

In any of these cases, must credit to source

How to Cite?

There are two parts to citing according to APA style:

1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the

body of your essay or paper

2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of

your paper

Note:

Sources cited in the text must appear in the References page.

Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited in the

text.

What is APA?

APA = American Psychological Association

Promulgates guidelines for preparing research papers and

projects and scholarly manuscripts in the social science

“APA style” refers to a system of citing research sources

For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Times New Roman

font

Purpose of APA-style references in the body of a paper?

The references in the body of the paper gives appropriate

credit to the person or persons whose words or ideas we

are using to support what we have written in our paper.

If we do not give credit to those whose work we use, we are

guilty of plagiarism, which is a VERY serious violation of

academic integrity.

APA provides guidelines for citations

In-text citations:

“References . . . are cited in text with an author-date . . .

and are listed alphabetically in the reference list cited”

(Publication Manual, 2010).

Reference list citations:

“Choose references judiciously . . . [and] reference data

must be correct and complete” (Publication Manual, 2009).

If we use a direct quotation from an original source, we

give the author(s) credit for her/his/their words as

follows.

Where we must include the page number(s) of the

quotation to enable the readers to find it.

“Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis

in the treatments of phobias” (Jones & Smith, 2002, p.

44).

If we paraphrase from a source (i.e., translate it into our

own words), we should give the author(s) credit for their

ideas as follows.

According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be

treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than

psychoanalysis.

If we refer to a primary source (e.g., a journal article by

Jones) we read about in a secondary source (e.g., a

textbook by Smith), we must create the following type of

citation.

According to Jones (as cited in Smith, 2003), phobias

can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy

than psychoanalysis.

If we refer to a personal communication (e.g., an e-mail

message or conversation) that is not available to the

readers, we must include it in the body of our paper in

the following way.

According to P. J. Jones, Director of the Counseling

Center (personal communication, May 1, 2002),

phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive

therapy than psychoanalysis.

If we refer to an online source (e.g., the website of the

British Psychological Association), we must include it in

the body of our paper in the following way.

Phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive

therapy than psychoanalysis (British Psychological

Association, n.d.).

Important details to remember...

Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their

names are within parentheses.

. . . is the most effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 1999)

Use a regular “and” between authors when their names

are not within parentheses.

. . . is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones

(1999).

If our source does not have a date, replace the date in

the citation with n.d., which is the abbreviation for “no

date.”

. . . British Psychological Association (n.d.).

APA-Style References in the Body of the Paper

In-Text Citations

Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the

sentence before the punctuation mark.

Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist mostly of

two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal

chemicals (Wasser, 2009).

We must provide information that will allow the reader to

locate exactly where we found information in our source.

Usually this is the author's last name and the year of

publication, for example: (Wasser, 2009)

In-Text Citations, Cont’d

When the author's name appears as part of sentence (known

as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the parenthetical

citation. Just give the year of publication:

Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is ultimately a genetically

predisposed behavior.

When there are two authors, name both authors every time

their work is referenced in your paper:

Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling (2008) found

that early onset social anxiety disorder results from adverse

parental responses to bedwetting.

The study also showed that there was a high rate of alcohol and

drug abuse associated with unresolved bedwetting issues (Selbst

and Tikling, 2008).

Other Citation PossibilitiesWhen there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including

the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first

author and replace the others with “et al.”:

Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a

genetic predisposition for their behaviors.

In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the

unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity.

When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the

others as in second example above in all citing instances.

If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency),

use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be

abbreviated after the first instance:

According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-

economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental

Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000)

When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the

reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if

periodical, book, report, use italics:

Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)

A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends

use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.

Other Citation PossibilitiesWhen there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including

the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first

author and replace the others with “et al.”:

Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a

genetic predisposition for their behaviors.

In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the

unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity.

When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the

others as in second example above in all citing instances.

If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency),

use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be

abbreviated after the first instance:

According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-

economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental

Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000)

When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the

reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if

periodical, book, report, use italics:

Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)

A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends

use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.

Other Citation Possibilities

Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that

case, you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon:

Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud

1901; Jung 1905).

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation;

chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in the your text:

In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only

in those people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward

their parents because of unjust punishment [especially because of punishment for

enuresis]” (Brabant, Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271).

Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young

children (1916, chapter 3).

In-text Citing of Electronic Sources

Treat electronic sources the same as print sources.

Direct quotations from e-sources which don’t have page numbers are referenced

by paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available:

Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that “nocturnal

enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age

affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of

frequencies between populations” (para. 4).

A recent Italian study found that “the prevalence of enuresis was higher when

the child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the child's

age group” (Chiozza et al., 2002, “Results,” para 3). [This source has > 6

authors (in fact, 8), so ‘et al.’ is used for all authors after the first named

author.]

APA-Style Referencesin the

Reference Section

References List

The References list appears at the end of your paper on

its own page.

Everything you referenced in your text must be listed in

your References list .

Conversely, everything you list in the References list must

be cited in your essay.

The References list provides the information needed for a

reader to find and retrieve any source used in your paper.

Sample References Page

*Sources are listed alphabetically

Indent all lines after

the first ½ inch for

each reference

listed

*The entire

References page

is double-spaced

Title “References” is centered

at the top of the page

Be sure to

include the digital

object identifier

(doi), if the

source has one

All citations end

in a period (.),

except those with

a doi or URL

*All papers in APA

style must be in 12-

pt., Times New

Roman font

Most Periodical Citations Will Include:

Author

Date

Title

Source information

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Bennett, H. J. (2004, December). Bedwetting: An overview

of treatment options. Nutrition Health Review, 90, 5-7.

doi:10.9911.1137/1 Page numbers

Last Name, Abbreviated First

Commas

Source in italics

Year, Month (in parentheses)Period

All words in title are lower case--

except for first word, first word after a

colon, and proper nouns

Volume # in italics

“digital object identifier”

Digital Object Identifier (doi)

A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with “10,” used to

identify and to locate an item on the Internet

Example: doi:10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end)

Also assigned to print sources

In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with

the name of the database on it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word

“Article.”

When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary

General Tips: Print Resources

Author’s last name first, then his first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated.

Lee, K.

If more than one author, but no more than six, list all authors, separated

by a comma, and connecting the last with an ampersand:

Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C.

Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in

title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized:

Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it.

Clinical Pediatrics

Article and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for

capitalization:

To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.

Books : What Should Be Included?

Author(s) or Editor(s).

(Date of publication).

Complete title.

Edition (if indicated).

Place of publication:

Publisher.

DOI (if available).

Butler, R. J., Green, D., & Procter, H.

(2007).Child within: Taking the young person's perspective byapplying personal construct psychology.(2nd ed).

Chichester, England:

Wiley & Sons.

10.1007/978-1-84882-023-4

Book Examples

With one author:

Seligman, L. (1999). Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive,

systematic guide to treating mental disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

With three to six authors:

Tikling, S. F., Avulsion, D. T., Bonds, B., & Huckabee, T. S. (2008).

Unstoppable leakages: Every child deserves plumbing. Lanham, MD:

Rowman & Littlefield.

List all authors Last Name in full, then first

(and middle) name(s) abbreviated

Italicize title of bookUse a colon between the

main title and the subtitle

Remember to indent all

lines after the first line ½

inch

Date of publication in parentheses,

followed by a period

Publisher’s

name

If city of

publication is

not welknown,

add state

postal code

Books, Cont

Editors as authors:

Schmandt, J., & Schmundt, R. (Eds.). (1999). Regional bedwetting

styles: Impacts and response strategies. New York: Oxford

University Press.

Book by a corporate author:

National Research Council. (1992). China and the damming of the

Three Gorges: Opportunities for psychic enuresis. Washington:

National Academy.

For books with editors, list the editor’(s)

name(s) followed by “Eds.” in parentheses.

Follow with a period.

For corporate author, use full name

Two or More Sources by the Same Author(s):

Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2009). The changing

atmosphere: Enuretic raindrops. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press.

Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2010). The adipose

greenhouse: Population, climate change, and creating a sustainable

water supply. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

List sources by the same author(s) in chronological order of their publication date.

Periodical Articles: What Should Be Included?

Author(s).

Article title.

(Publication date in parenthesis.).

Periodical title (journal, magazine) italicized.

Volume # italicized, (Issue # in parentheses),

Page numbers of the article.

Digital Object Identifier or URL preceded by the phrase, “Retrieved from” (w/o quotation marks)

Depends on the type of

periodical: Journal,

Magazine, or Newspaper

But they generally require

this information

What Should Be Included?

Journal Articles

Author(s).

(Date of publication.).

Article title.

Periodical title (journal, magazine, newspaper) Italicized.

Volume #(Issue #),

Page #.

Digital Object Identifier.

Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G., & Short, M. (2008).

The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males.

Monthly Review

60(3),

68-90.

doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.

ArticlesJournal article with doi:

Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for

enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90.

doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.

Magazine:

Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). "Feminists look at the scienc

of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31.

Newspaper:

Tilgham, S. M. (2009, September 30). Science vs. women--a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1,

F5.

Volume numbers in italics

Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable,

week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD.

Issue # in parentheses

Periodical titles in italics

In a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more

than one page, “p.” if only a single page.

General Tips

Electronic Resources

Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the doi if it’s

available

e.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end)

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): If the doi is not available, use the URL

(begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from”

e.g., Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com (no period at the end)

Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the database is

archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC)

Internet Sources

What Should Be Included?

Author(s), if available:

(Date electronic publication was last updated.).

Title of the document.

Title of scholarly project, database, periodical, or website.

URL address

Woo, C., & Hwang, D.

(2010).

Adjunctive behaviors in enureticpreschoolers.

In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2010 ed.).

Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavioralism

Websites

Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and

its affect on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy

gertys. HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from

http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce

Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal patterns of

urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov

Electronic Articles

Journal:

Laurance, A. R. A. B. (2008). Can carbon-

laundering save bedsheets? Bioscience, 58(4),

286-87. doi:10.2010.1492/cc.3shps

Digital Object Identifier

No period

Volume #(Issue#),

page numbers

Electronic Articles, Cont..

Newspaper:

Ball, J. N., Chain, A., & Bonds, B. (2008, October 9).

“Warmer climates a determinant in free-flow enuretic

behaviors.” Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A5.

Source in italics

Date article was published

If only a single page, use “p.”; if continuous pages, use

hyphen, e.g., A1-A5

Electronic Books

Electronic versions of print book:

Salty, J. (2009). Bed-time stories for bedwetters: Putting a cork in it [10th ed.]. doi:

10.1036/00713393722

Sweet, W. (2010). Kicking the bedwetting habit: What it takes to dry up [Rev. ed.].

Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

Electronic-only book:

Trojan, S. C. (n.d.). Creating a climate for change: Communicating change and

facilitating social change. Retrieved from http://www.googlebooks.com/itemID=456

Info re: editions, volume numbers, page numbers go

in brackets followed by a period

Other Sources

Other sources can also be used and cited

•Technical & research

reports

•Meetings & symposia

•Doctoral dissertations &

master’s theses

•Audiovisual media

•Data sets, software,

measurement instruments, and

apparatus

•Internet messages boards,

electronic mailing lists, online

communities

Other SourcesWhat Should Be Included?

Technical reports:

Browning, R. & Barrett, E. (2006). Romantic auras and enuretic halos

(Report No. 1869). Devonshire, England.

National Institute of Mental Health. Task Force on Female Enenurism.

(2008). Report on the sexualization of prepubscent girls diagnosed

with enurism. Retreived from

http://www.nimh.gov/taskforceenurism/sexualization

Meetings & symposia, published proceedings:

Hegel, J., Bach, J. S., & Maeterninck, F. (2008, May). Dialectics, atonal

harmony, francophile politics and interdisciplinary enuretics. In

Godel, J. (Chair), 109th Symposium of Enuretics Anonymous.

Symposium conducted at the meeting of Enuretics Anonymous,

Thailand.

What is the purpose of APA-style references in a reference section?

The references in your reference section provide

your readers with the information necessary to

retrieve the sources you cited in the body of your

paper by performing a library or online search.

What questions are answered in an APA-

style reference that will enable a reader to

perform a successful search?

Who wrote this document?

When was it written?

What was its title?

Where was it published?

Who published it?

EXAMPLES

Example

Suppose you paraphrased information from a book titled

Sigmund Freud: Champion of the Unconscious by Gerald

R. Smith and Thomas T. Ferguson that was published by

Worth Publishers of St. Paul, Minnesota in 2001.

Who wrote it?

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T.

When was it written?

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001).

What was its title?

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund

Freud: Champion of the unconscious.

Where was it published?

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:

Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:

If two or more publisher locations are given, use the

location listed first in the book or, if specified, the

location of the publisher’s home office.

Who published it?

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:

Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.

Include only the publisher’s name, without any

unnecessary words like Publisher, Co., or Inc., but do

retain the words Books or Press.

Important details to remember...

Spacing

Use of the ampersand (&)

Use of italics

Capitalization

Hanging indentation

Primary and secondary sources

Spacing

Follow each punctuation mark (e.g., comma, period,

and colon) with one space.

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund

Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul,

MN: Worth.

Use of the ampersand (&)

Use an ampersand before the final author and

precede it with a comma.

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund

Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:

Worth.

Use of italics

Italicize the title of the book.

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund

Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:

Worth.

Capitalization

Capitalize only the first word in the title of a book,

except for proper nouns and the first word that follows

a colon.

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund

Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul,

MN: Worth.

Hanging paragraph indentation

Use Word’s hanging indent command to indent the second and all

following lines of your reference.

(FormatParagraphIndent and SpacingSpecial Hanging)

Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion

of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.

Important exceptions

to the rules

All the important words in the title of a journal

are capitalized, and the journal title and its

volume number are italicized. If page numbers

start at 1 in each issue of a volume, put the

issue number in parenthesis—but not in

italics—immediately after the volume number.

Jones, L. K. (2003). The social life of chimpanzees.

Journal of Animal Behavior, 7(2), 1-18.

If two references by the same author(s) with the same date appear

in the text of your paper, one will appear as Jones (2006a) and the

other will appear as Jones (2006b).

The a or b will be determined by how they are alphabetized in the

reference section, not the order in which they appear in the text.

In this case, the references in the reference section would look like

the following because the B in Birds comes before the Z in Zebra.

(Please note that an A or a The at the beginning of a title is

ignored in the alphabetizing process.)

Jones, T. J. (2006a). Birds are smart creatures. Dallas, TX: Harcourt.

Jones, T. J. (2006b). A zebra is a striped horse. Peoria, IL: Wiley.

When a book has no author, use

the publisher as the author and

replace the publisher with the

word “Author.”

Harvard University. (1999). The diary of

William James. Cambridge, MA: Author.

When referencing an online source, follow the title with the date you retrieved it and its url. Do not put a period after the url.

Smith, J. N. (n.d.). Careers for psychology majors.

Retrieved October 1, 2008, from Yale University,

Psychology Department Web site:

http://www.YalePsych.edu/jobs

If the document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a university or government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself.

When referencing a publication of limited circulation (e.g., a class syllabus or handout), follow its title with the mailing and/or email address of where it can be obtained.

Jones, P. J. (2004). Syllabus for PSY B301

Abnormal Psychology. (Available from the

Butler University Psychology Department, 402 Main

Street, Indianapolis, IN 46222-3456)

Personal communications that cannot be

retrieved by readers (e.g., conversations,

classroom discussions, email messages)

are not included in the reference section

of your paper.

Other SourcesWhat Should Be Included?

Doctoral dissertations:

Wannabee, R. J. (1996). Bedwetters and broomsticks: An inquiry into

discipline and enurism (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from University

Microfilms. (Accession No. 192883-96)

Audiovisual Media, video:

Hitchcock, A. (Director). (1957). Rear window on enuretic behavior among

adults [DVD]. Available from Universal Studios.

Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and online communities—

blog post:

Jobs, S. (2010, June 6). I-phone 4 and enuretic ring tones [Web log comment].

Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/newproducts/iphone/4/php

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (2010.)

6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Trimmer, J. F. A guide to MLA documentation: with an appendix to APA

style. (2010.) 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth.

If you come across

anything not mentioned in

this presentation or need

further information, consult

the Publication Manual of

the APA in the library!

Subtitle for this slim, but handy guide is “with an appendix to APA style.”

The EndPlease send comments or suggestions about this presentation to

Rajendra P SharmaGPO: 21488

Kathmandu, Nepal

January 2015

rpsharma@mailcity.com