Plagiarism and Correct Documentation (Citing)

Plagiarism Plagiarism 11

Plagiarism and Plagiarism and Correct DocumentationCorrect Documentation

by by Karey PerkinsKarey Perkins


What is “plagiarism”?What is “plagiarism”? It is presenting other’s work, words, or ideas as It is presenting other’s work, words, or ideas as

your own, or documenting such work incorrectly, your own, or documenting such work incorrectly, whether intentional or not intentional.whether intentional or not intentional.

There are four kinds or levels of plagiarism:There are four kinds or levels of plagiarism: Cheating or StealingCheating or Stealing Lying and FalsifyingLying and Falsifying Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion,Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion, CarelessnessCarelessness Inadvertent PlagiarismInadvertent Plagiarism

Plagiarism Plagiarism 33Author’s unique ideas (must cite)Author’s unique ideas (must cite)vs.vs.

Common knowledge (don’t cite)Common knowledge (don’t cite)

Author’s unique ideas Author’s unique ideas (must cite)(must cite)

Information that the author Information that the author has researched herselfhas researched herself

Information that the author Information that the author has discovered (his own has discovered (his own experiments, etc.) himselfexperiments, etc.) himself

Thoughts, insights, opinions, Thoughts, insights, opinions, and ideas of the author that and ideas of the author that are original to that authorare original to that author

Author’s own synthesis of Author’s own synthesis of other’s information or own other’s information or own conclusions from other’s conclusions from other’s information information

Common knowledge (don’t Common knowledge (don’t cite)cite)

Information that appears in Information that appears in multiple sourcesmultiple sources

Information that most Information that most educated people know, educated people know, though they may have to though they may have to remind themselves by remind themselves by checking a reference bookchecking a reference book

You may not already know You may not already know the information before you the information before you find it in your source, but if find it in your source, but if it conforms to one of the it conforms to one of the above criteria, it is still above criteria, it is still common knowledgecommon knowledge


Pop Quiz 1:Pop Quiz 1: Which statements below are common Which statements below are common knowledge? Why or why not?knowledge? Why or why not?

1.1. Sugar causes tooth decay in children and adults.Sugar causes tooth decay in children and adults.

2.2. The earth is 93.2 million miles from the sun.The earth is 93.2 million miles from the sun.

3.3. It seems that the majority of people find their solutions to problems or It seems that the majority of people find their solutions to problems or puzzles not through labored and sequential logical calculations, but puzzles not through labored and sequential logical calculations, but through an “aha! experience”.through an “aha! experience”.

4.4. Universal grammatical rules do not originate in any brain location or Universal grammatical rules do not originate in any brain location or through a genetic determination, but rather, they emerge spontaneously through a genetic determination, but rather, they emerge spontaneously and evolve through adaptation.and evolve through adaptation.

5.5. Elephants are mammals of the pachyderm family of the Proboscidea Elephants are mammals of the pachyderm family of the Proboscidea order, and only three living species remain.order, and only three living species remain.


Transferring information from Transferring information from your source to your paperyour source to your paper

When you put another’s work, words, or ideas within When you put another’s work, words, or ideas within the text of your paper, you maythe text of your paper, you may

QUOTEQUOTE

PARAPHRASEPARAPHRASE

SUMMARIZESUMMARIZE


QUOTESQUOTES

Convey your author’s ideas in the AUTHOR’S words, not your Convey your author’s ideas in the AUTHOR’S words, not your own words.own words.

ALL word-for-word interpretations MUST BE IN QUOTATION ALL word-for-word interpretations MUST BE IN QUOTATION MARKS. (“ ”)MARKS. (“ ”)

In in-text citations for quotes, you need page numbers in addition In in-text citations for quotes, you need page numbers in addition to author and year: (Smith, 1999, to author and year: (Smith, 1999, p. 45p. 45).).


Quote the author EXACTLYQuote the author EXACTLY Quote EXACTLY (word-for-word, punctuation for punctuation).Quote EXACTLY (word-for-word, punctuation for punctuation).

If you subtract unnecessary words, use an ellipses (3 dots) (…) Have If you subtract unnecessary words, use an ellipses (3 dots) (…) Have a period after the ellipses if it is at end of sentence (4 dots) (….)a period after the ellipses if it is at end of sentence (4 dots) (….) ““He [President Bush] cited numerous reasons for a troop surgeHe [President Bush] cited numerous reasons for a troop surge…. …. ChiefChief

among them was the need to among them was the need to ‘‘winwin’’ in Iraq” (Jones, 2007, p. A1). in Iraq” (Jones, 2007, p. A1).


WHEN to quoteWHEN to quote quote sparinglyquote sparingly, usually no more than 10-15% of your , usually no more than 10-15% of your

citations citations

quote if author has said somethingquote if author has said something Uniquely wordedUniquely worded Technical and difficult to translateTechnical and difficult to translate Something you will object to or refuteSomething you will object to or refute Speaker is famous or has special authoritySpeaker is famous or has special authority

don’t begin or end paragraph with a quotedon’t begin or end paragraph with a quote


PARAPHRASESPARAPHRASES convey your author’s ideas in YOUR own words, not hisconvey your author’s ideas in YOUR own words, not his

keep the same amount of information and detail – the keep the same amount of information and detail – the passage in your paper should be same length and text space passage in your paper should be same length and text space as the passage in your sourceas the passage in your source

do not skip pointsdo not skip points do not insert your own ideasdo not insert your own ideas only after you cite the paraphrase will you then add only after you cite the paraphrase will you then add

your commentsyour comments


SUMMARIESSUMMARIES

Same as paraphrase: completely in your own words EXCEPTSame as paraphrase: completely in your own words EXCEPT

condense the author’s messagecondense the author’s message convey author’s ideas in shorter form, with less detailconvey author’s ideas in shorter form, with less detail just convey the major concepts just convey the major concepts sum up author’s main points sum up author’s main points


Formatting in-text citationsFormatting in-text citations Citations give credit to your source IN THE MIDDLE OF Citations give credit to your source IN THE MIDDLE OF

YOUR PAPER.YOUR PAPER.

They go immediately They go immediately AFTERAFTER the information from your the information from your source that you used.source that you used.

They go They go BEFOREBEFORE the punctuation (usually a period, the punctuation (usually a period, sometimes a semi-colon or comma).sometimes a semi-colon or comma).

They They ALWAYSALWAYS have a corresponding References page have a corresponding References page (bibliography) entry.(bibliography) entry.

Basic APA style has the following: parenthesis, author’s Basic APA style has the following: parenthesis, author’s last name, comma, year, close parenthesis, period or last name, comma, year, close parenthesis, period or comma or semicolon, as in:comma or semicolon, as in:

Blah, blah, blah (Williams, 2003).Blah, blah, blah (Williams, 2003).


In-text citation for a In-text citation for a PARAPHRASEPARAPHRASE

Blah, blah, blah (Author’s last name, year).

Example: Example:

Global warming is increasing the earth’s Global warming is increasing the earth’s temperature by an average of 1 degree every temperature by an average of 1 degree every 500 years (Smith, 1999).500 years (Smith, 1999).


In-text citation for a In-text citation for a QUOTEQUOTE

The The PAGE NUMBERPAGE NUMBER is required for direct quotations is required for direct quotations only. only.

“ “Blah, blah, blah” (Author’s last name, year, p. #).Blah, blah, blah” (Author’s last name, year, p. #).

Example:Example: Some scientists believe that “without aggressive Some scientists believe that “without aggressive

intervention in systems of present energy use, the intervention in systems of present energy use, the beaches of Florida will be underwater by the year 2500” beaches of Florida will be underwater by the year 2500” (Smith, 1999, p. 54).(Smith, 1999, p. 54).


Review of basic APA in-text citationReview of basic APA in-text citationIn-text citation of a PARAPHRASE: In-text citation of a PARAPHRASE:

Blah, blah, blah (Smith, 2006).Blah, blah, blah (Smith, 2006).

In-text citation of a QUOTE:In-text citation of a QUOTE: ““Blah, blah, blah” (Smith, 2006, p. 45).Blah, blah, blah” (Smith, 2006, p. 45).

Alternate in-text citation placement for a PARAPHRASE:Alternate in-text citation placement for a PARAPHRASE:Smith (2006) believes yadda, yadda, yadda.Smith (2006) believes yadda, yadda, yadda.

Alternate in-text citation placement for a QUOTE:Alternate in-text citation placement for a QUOTE:According to Smith (2006), “Yadda, yadda, yadda” (p. 45).According to Smith (2006), “Yadda, yadda, yadda” (p. 45).


In-text Citation of In-text Citation of Internet SourcesInternet Sources

NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER,NEVER, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER use the NEVER use the Internet web addressInternet web address

(http://www.etc.etc.com) (http://www.etc.etc.com) in your in-text citation!!!!!!!**in your in-text citation!!!!!!!**


Citing Internet SourcesCiting Internet SourcesPARAPHRASESPARAPHRASES

The Internet source will often have an The Internet source will often have an AUTHORAUTHOR, (so use , (so use author’s name as in your other sources):author’s name as in your other sources):

Blah, blah, blah (Taylor, 2007).Blah, blah, blah (Taylor, 2007).

If your Internet source doesn’t have an author, use a If your Internet source doesn’t have an author, use a SHORTENED TITLESHORTENED TITLE of the web source ( of the web source (the pagethe page, not the , not the whole site):whole site):

Blah, blah, blah (“Women’s Health,” 2007).Blah, blah, blah (“Women’s Health,” 2007).


Citing Internet SourcesCiting Internet SourcesQUOTESQUOTES

There is ONE difference between in-text citations of Internet There is ONE difference between in-text citations of Internet sources and print sources:sources and print sources:

If you If you QUOTE QUOTE an Internet source, use an Internet source, use PARAGRAPHPARAGRAPH numbers (yes, you must count them), not page numbers (yes, you must count them), not page numbers:numbers:

“ “Blah, blah, blah” (Taylor, 2007, para. 6).Blah, blah, blah” (Taylor, 2007, para. 6).


Formatting the Title Page: ExampleFormatting the Title Page: Example

FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apa-sample1.html FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apa-sample1.html

New Computer Users 1

RUNNING HEAD: New Computer Users

New Computer Users and Fear:

A Review of Some Related Literature

Samantha Smith

Psychology 101, Semester 2, Class 3A

Professor H. Lawson

May 2, 2006


THE REFERENCES PAGETHE REFERENCES PAGE

Now that you know how to format your in-text Now that you know how to format your in-text citations and your paper in general, let’s look citations and your paper in general, let’s look at how to write your at how to write your bibliographybibliography, the list of , the list of all your sources at the END of your paper. In all your sources at the END of your paper. In APA style it is called:APA style it is called:

REFERENCESREFERENCES


The References Page (your bibliography)The References Page (your bibliography) A References page is REQUIRED or you will receive a zero A References page is REQUIRED or you will receive a zero

on your paper.on your paper.

That doesn’t mean you don’t have to have IN-TEXT That doesn’t mean you don’t have to have IN-TEXT CITATIONS – they are also REQUIRED or you will still CITATIONS – they are also REQUIRED or you will still receive a zero.receive a zero.

EACH IN-TEXT CITATION must have a corresponding or EACH IN-TEXT CITATION must have a corresponding or matching REFERENCES PAGE ENTRY.matching REFERENCES PAGE ENTRY.

List ALL sources you used (“referred” to) when you wrote List ALL sources you used (“referred” to) when you wrote your paper.your paper.

Compile the list as you go, not at the end of your project.Compile the list as you go, not at the end of your project.

Use APA format at DeVry (discussed below). Use APA format at DeVry (discussed below).


Formatting the References PageFormatting the References Page Put all entries in Put all entries in ALPHABETICAL ORDERALPHABETICAL ORDER by author’s last name or by author’s last name or

shortened title if no author.shortened title if no author.

The word “References” goes at top of first reference page.The word “References” goes at top of first reference page. References

Bedford, F. (1990, October 30). The psychology of fear: Is it all in our heads?

The New York Times, p. B4.

Chrissie, S. (1995, July 31). Are we afraid of our computers? The Chicago

Tribune, pp. D4, D6.

Gorman, J.R., & Smithson, R.T. (1997). The dynamics of human fear

neuroses in the age of the modern computer (pp. 345-353). Toronto:

University of Toronto Press.


TitlesTitles

UnderlineUnderline OR OR ItalicizeItalicize titles of LONG WORKS titles of LONG WORKS

QuoteQuote titles of SHORT WORKStitles of SHORT WORKS

What is a short work? What is a long work?What is a short work? What is a long work?


When to Underline, Italicize, or Quote TitlesWhen to Underline, Italicize, or Quote Titles

UNDERLINE or ITALICIZE UNDERLINE or ITALICIZE

titles of titles of Long WorksLong Works:: BooksBooks PlaysPlays MoviesMovies NewspapersNewspapers Magazines or journalsMagazines or journals TV showsTV shows

QUOTE titles of “QUOTE titles of “Short Works”Short Works”:: A poem, essay, or selection A poem, essay, or selection

from a bookfrom a book An article in a newspaperAn article in a newspaper An article in a magazineAn article in a magazine An episode of a TV showAn episode of a TV show


References page entry for a References page entry for a BOOKBOOK

For a book with one author:For a book with one author:

Author’s last name, first initial. (Date). Author’s last name, first initial. (Date).

Title of bookTitle of book. City Published: Publisher. . City Published: Publisher.

Didion, J. (1997). Didion, J. (1997). A book of common prayer.A book of common prayer.

New York: Simon & Schuster. New York: Simon & Schuster.


References page entry for a References page entry for a NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLENEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE

For a newspaper article:For a newspaper article:

Broad, W. J. (1999, November 21). Nuclear roulette Broad, W. J. (1999, November 21). Nuclear roulette for Russia: Burying uncontained waste. for Russia: Burying uncontained waste. The New The New York TimesYork Times, p. A1., p. A1.

For a magazine article:For a magazine article:

Winson, J. (2002, June). The meaning of dreams. Winson, J. (2002, June). The meaning of dreams. Scientific American, 12,Scientific American, 12, 54-61. 54-61.

Plagiarism Plagiarism 2626References page entries for References page entries for

INTERNET SOURCESINTERNET SOURCES With the web, you try to approximate as print citations as closely as you can. With the web, you try to approximate as print citations as closely as you can.

Try to find an author, an article title, the magazine or main site from which it Try to find an author, an article title, the magazine or main site from which it comes from. You may have to search around the site. comes from. You may have to search around the site.

At the end of the entry, you have the At the end of the entry, you have the DATE OF RETRIEVALDATE OF RETRIEVAL, or when YOU , or when YOU accessed the web page and found the information. Therefore, you will have TWO accessed the web page and found the information. Therefore, you will have TWO dates in your entry.dates in your entry.

You also will have the You also will have the FULL WEB ADDRESSFULL WEB ADDRESS, of the web page or file., of the web page or file.

So, you have an entry that looks just like a regular print entry, followed by:So, you have an entry that looks just like a regular print entry, followed by:

Retrieved March 1, 2007, from Retrieved March 1, 2007, from http://kareyperkins.com/classes/112/112links.htmlhttp://kareyperkins.com/classes/112/112links.html


ReferencesReferencesCsikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention.Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention.

New York: HarperPerennial.New York: HarperPerennial.

Deacon, T. (1997). Deacon, T. (1997). The symbolic species: The Co-evolution of language and the brain.The symbolic species: The Co-evolution of language and the brain. New New York: Norton.York: Norton.

Degelman, Douglas. (2006). Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style EssentialsAPA Style Essentials.. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/

DeVry/Alpharetta COLL 147/149 Resource Notebook.DeVry/Alpharetta COLL 147/149 Resource Notebook. (2004). General Education Department. (2004). General Education Department. Alpharetta, GA: DeVry University.Alpharetta, GA: DeVry University.

Fawcett, Shaun. (2007). Fawcett, Shaun. (2007). Writing Help Central.Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 2, 5, 2007 from Retrieved March 2, 5, 2007 from http://www.writinghelp-central.com http://www.writinghelp-central.com

Glenn, C., Miller, R.K., Webb, S.S., and Gray, L. (2004). Glenn, C., Miller, R.K., Webb, S.S., and Gray, L. (2004). The Writer’s Harbrace Handbook, The Writer’s Harbrace Handbook, 22ndnd ed. Boston: Thomson.ed. Boston: Thomson.

Goleman, D. (1995). Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligenceEmotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.. New York: Bantam.

Troyka, L. Q. (2002). Troyka, L. Q. (2002). Simon & Schuster handbook for writersSimon & Schuster handbook for writers , 6, 6thth ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Prentice Hall.