Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
Chasing Perfection: How Standardization of Elite Sport Horse
Conformation and Judging Ideals Drive Up Scores
Exercise Science
McKenna Holliday 002140-0008
Word Count: 3816
May 2014 Examination Session
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………..…………………………..…………… 3
Introduction……………………………………….……………………..……………4
Figure Skating.……….……….…………………………………………...………….6
Table 2.1 Comparisons of judging……………………………………………7
The Rasch Model to Dressage (Part 1)……………….……….………...…...
………..8
Figure 3.1 KWPN Conformation Score sheet……………………….…...
…..11
Figure 3.2 Chopin Conformation…………………………….……....………12
Figure 3.3 Valegro Conformation……………………………………………13
The Rasch Model to Dressage (Part 2)……………….…………………...…………14
Real Improvement or simply grade
inflation?..................................................
...........16
Conclusion……………………….………………………………………….….……17
Reference list…………………………………………………………………….…..19
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
Abstract
Word Count: 278
Incredible scores, such as the dressage Grand Prix
Special world record of 88.022% are increasingly common on
the international stage, especially within the last few
decades. This paper will examine two aspects of the issue;
elite sport horse conformation and standardization of
judging ideals, to provide a viable and convincing argument
to the declining future of international competitive
dressage due to the inflation of scores. The implications of
the argument will be presented through the use of the Rasch
Model, and its purpose to address the two aspects of the
paper. The Rasch Model is a statistical model intended to
predict scores based upon quantitative variables. The Rasch
model consists of two core factors: sport horse
conformation, or the overall quality of build of an
individual equine, and the standardization of judging
ideals. Also addressed is the similarity between the judging
of figure skating and the foreshadowing effect of the
previous scandals that have occurred. This model provides
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
dressage a unique perspective to avoid possible consequences
that have the potential to occur as they did with elite
figure skating. This paper presents convincing evidence that
within the last 100 years, both dressage horse conformation
and judging ideals have been standardized for elite
international competition. The research question addressed
in this paper is whether the increase in scores is due to an
actual improvement in the elite dressage community, or if it
is simply grade inflation, caused by factors addressed in
this paper. The implications of a perfect score are too
great to be overlooked, and the intention of this paper is
to demonstrate both the causation of the acceleration
towards this outcome and a means to avoid it.
Introduction
Dressage, in its most basic context, is a sport
demonstrating the elegance and grace of the horse with
little to no visible interference of the rider. Dressage was
originally created as a means to prove equine excellence in
the Greek Calvary. Xenophon, the credited creator, invented
it for obedience and maneuverability training for the
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
military horses of his State. Modern day dressage is still
engrained in the traditional militarism, but is now used
purely for sport purposes.
According to Betsy Berry, a USEF “S” judge (2009),
“Dressage is a numbers game” (pg. 32). In all competition,
the horse is ridden in a test of varying difficulty and
scored in a first set of marks on a 1-10 scale for each
movement by a panel of one to five judges. At the end of the
test, the horse/rider pair is scored again in a second set
of marks, called the collectives (paces, impulsion,
submission, rider’s position and seat, and harmony) and of
which are also based on the same 1-10 scale. In the case of
some movements being considered more important within the
level, the scores are doubled and referred to as the
“coefficient” scores. Final scores are presented in a
percentage, with average scores in the regional levels
typically between 55-65% and with an excellent score
considered a 70% or above. The winner of the class will have
been awarded the highest percentage.
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
One of the key defining elements of dressage is the
virtual impossibility to receive a perfect score. Dressage
training is intended to last a lifetime for both horse and
rider. Therefore, the causation of the seemingly inexorable
path to a perfect score is questioned. The majority of
typical dressage horses do not achieve the highest levels,
and those that do are most often ten years old or older. As
the dressage horse matures, it progresses up the established
levels set forth by The International Federation for
Equestrian Sports (Fédération Équestre Internationale; FEI).
The international competition levels are, in order from
relative easiest to hardest, Prix St. Georges, Intermediare
I & II, and Grand Prix. The Olympic qualifying test is the
Grand Prix Special, which is considered more difficult than
the standard Grand Prix test due to its emphasis on
transitions between movements as well as the individual
movements themselves. The term “Elite horse/rider” is
specifically referring to those who compete on the
international stage successfully.
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
As reported by Astrid Appels (2012), in the 2012
Olympics, the world record for the highest Grand Prix
Special score, achieved by Charlotte Dujardin on her mount
Valegro, was an 88.022%. This score, as accompanied by the
previous record (84.08%) by Edward Gal and Totilas (BBC,
2009), demonstrate the incredible scores achieved by elite
riders. Much controversy surrounds the achievement of these
scores and whether or not they speak to the health, or to
the degradation of the sport, which is seemingly well on the
way to the perfect 100%.
Much of the current concerns in the dressage community
have also previously affected the figure skating world, and
the major issues that figure skating has encountered will be
discussed in this paper as a possible foreshadowing of
event, to come in dressage. Though there is no current
scholarly work on the potential perfect score in dressage,
there is a surplus on the judging controversies of figure
skating. Despite the lack of direct references to the
implications of a perfect score in dressage, much of the
work cited in this paper can be applied to both dressage and
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
figure skating, due to the similarities of judging between
the two sports.
In this paper, evidence will be provided to confirm
that both elite dressage horse conformation, in way of the
quality of build of the individual equine, and judging
ideals have been standardized for international and Olympic
competition. The research question addressed in this paper
is whether the increase in scores is due to an actual
improvement in the elite dressage community, or if it is
simply grade inflation, caused by factors addressed in this
paper. Further, these major factors have created enough of
an effect to propel elite dressage to the possible
achievement of a perfect score through inflation alone.
Additionally discussed will be the foreshadowing of judging
corruption of figure skating, from the implications of a
perfect score, to a methodology to analyze judging trends in
order to prevent similar occurrences of the 2002 Winter
Olympic figure skating scandal from reoccurring in the
dressage world. The paper include a discussion of the Rasch
model and its significance, and discuss the two crucial
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
points of the Rasch model, and the specific variable
associated in the physical equation, before delving into the
implications of the causation of a perfect score.
Figure Skating
During the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Kim Yuna, a
professional figure skater from Korea, achieved the world
record total score (228.56) (Yonhap, 2013). Controversy and
scandal during the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City has
somewhat marred the integrity of the sport, and led to an
entire transformation of the judging process (Amegashie,
2004). The occurrences of corruption in figure skating give
strong evidence to similar possible occurrences in dressage
due to the resemblances of the judging of the two sports.
According to Amegashie, “In the wake of a judging
controversy at the Winter 2002 Olympic Games the governing
council of the International Skating Union (ISU) scrapped
its judging system, replacing it with a new system which
uses scores from only some of the judges, selected
randomly.” (2004, pg. 1). Similar in the judging of the two
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
sports, each movement is “given a mark, or grade of
execution (GOE)…based only on how well the element was
preformed, not how difficult it was” (US Figure Skating,
2009). Despite the lack of judging based upon difficulty, it
is still realistic to question inflation, due to the
diminishing ability for the judge to be subjective in
opinion of movement. As is said by Bonnie Walker, “any trend
towards falling standards hurts the integrity of our sport”
(2013, pg. 68). Similar to the collective scores in
dressage, a second set of marks given is called the program
components score, composed of 5 factors (skating skills,
transitions, performance/execution,
choreography/composition, and interpretation). The total
score (the technical element score, added with the program
component score) is presented as a whole number. Table 2.1
demonstrates the similarities of the judging of both sports.
Dressage Judging Figure Skating Judging
A scaled (1-10) mark for eachmovement/transition
A scaled (1-6) mark for each movement/transition
Collective scores Component scores
Judged based on the quality Judged based on the quality
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
of the movement and not the difficulty
of the movement and not the difficulty
Judges accord to a set of objectives per level/movement
Judges are to follow a set ofobjectives for each movement
In 2002, the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City
experienced a massive scandal that rocked the figure skating
world and its future. One of the judges on the official
panel was bribed into intentionally scoring the Canadian
pair lower marks as compared to the Russian team. Exposure
of this scandal assumed the necessity for a complete
reevaluation of the judging processes to subsequently change
“to one that put less weight on the judges’ scores, but the
compatriot judge effect on those scores again increased…”
(Zitzewitz, 2010, pg. 1).
Due to the similarities in the judging processes of
figure skating to dressage, figure skating will continue to
be a comparison point throughout the paper. Since the 2002
scandal, figure skating has continued to go through a
reformation process, recently demonstrated by the fact that
“The aggregation method was also changed from median ranking
to a trimmed mean.” (Zitzewitz, 2010, pg. 5) One of the
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
methods to counter-acting this problem is by using
statistical models to explicate the outliers (e.g. the Rasch
model). This recent reformation process derailed figure
skating from the same track that dressage is currently
riding, but still beckons the question for the causation of
the score inflation.
Rasch Model
The Rasch Model is a statistical model that was
originally designed to show trends in education and polling
questions. However, the model has also been applied to
sports (Kang & Kang, 2006), and also more specifically,
figure skating (Looney, 2004). Since the model has the
ability to demonstrate trends, it has the potential to
demonstrate future possibilities in both figure skating and
dressage. The model may be used to analyze judging trends in
past years, and potentially pinpoint the cause of inflation.
In broad terms, the Rasch Model discerns two key points
which will be validated in great detail in this paper, (a)
the respondent’s abilities or traits (i.e. sport horse
conformation) and (b) Item difficulty, or in this case,
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
dressage judging ideals. These two key points will be
discussed in two parts within this work. M. Looney of
Northern Illinois University created an equation to apply
the Rasch Model to figure skating (2012). Looney’s modified
version at i), in which the variables have been altered to
pertain to dressage1. The Rasch model does not have any
published application towards dressage specifically, and
despite the current lack of hard data, still can be
postulated for analytical purposes. The modified Rasch model
equation is:
i) ln[ Pnijk
Pnij(k−1)]=Bn−Di−Cj−Fk, Where
Pnijk = probability of rider n being scored k by judge j on
test i
Pnij(k-1) = probability of rider n being scored k – 1 by
judge j on test i
Bn = Difficulty of competition participation of rider n
(scale 1-10)
1 Thanks to Kelsey Wooley for collaboration on the definition of variables and adaption of Rasch model equation.
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
Di = Difficulty of test i (scale 1-10)
Cj = severity of judge j or Cj = X±3σ(see explanation
below)
Fk = rating of horse’s overall conformation (scale 1-
100)
The difficulty of the competition and difficulty of the
test must be noted to account for the possibility of
difficulty bias, or that “Athletes attempting more difficult
routines receive higher scores, even when difficulty and
execution are judged separately.” (Morgan, 2013, pg. 1). The
severity of the judging is accounted by Cj=X±3σ or that the
entirety of the judge’s given scores are averaged and any
outliers of the entire career of the judge are accounted for
by 3σ. The rating of the conformation is obtained from the
common 1-100 scale of in-hand judged sport horses, which
occurs before every set of Olympic Games. Conformation
judging is based upon a standardized set of analyzed points.
Each one of these points is given a score, and then the
final overall score is placed into the Rasch model to
account for the quality of the individual equine’s
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
conformation. It is therefore important that both the
analyzed points and the significance of them are discussed
within this work. The two key variables discussed in this
paper are Cj and Fk. These are imperative to pinpointing the
cause of inflation, which is furthering the possibility of a
perfect score.
Part A of the Rasch model; Sport horse conformation
Equine conformation judging is a heavily practiced tool
of evaluation for talent, level, potential, and value.
According to Christian Schacht (2011), "conformation
supports security of rhythm and length of stride and allows
you to recognize a horse’s talent…” Schacht places the most
emphasis on the “upper neckline…shoulder center of rotation,
its position and length, as well as the shape of the croup
[to determine] the potential quality of gaits.” (Pg. 22) It
is also important to note the most important features that
are judged and scored in order to be quantifiable to further
the Rasch Model. As the conformation of the sport horse
continues to become more and more quantifiable, it continues
to become increasingly standardized, and therefore
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
perpetuates the inflation problem. To start, in figure 3.1,
the points analyzed for the KWPN of North America are
demonstrated. These points of reference allow insight into
the quantifiable conformation points, as well as the
incentive for standardization. As stated, conformation is a
key component that may indicate a horse’s capabilities, and
also predict ability to campaign hard enough to reach
international standards successfully before the horse is too
old or unusable. Though it is common to see a horse in its
late teens on the international stage, in recent years, the
5, 6, and 7 year-old Young Horse Championships have placed a
new-found emphasis on the upper level training by the time
the horse is approximately seven (or even younger), and much
earlier than was the precedence before the start of these
competitions. This is important to note due to its
applicability of the necessity of incredible conformation to
achieve the physical feat to undertake the amount of levels
required in so short a time.
However, this does not mean that only a specific horse
can ever do dressage, it only signifies that most horses,
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
without the ideal conformation, would not be able to
campaign at the rate and intensity as one who is ideal. The
other aspect of the in-hand conformation evaluation is the
outlier that does have noticeable or important flaws and who
still is successful.
Figure 3.1 (previous page)
Inserted in this paper is a photograph of both Chopin,
a seven-year-old Oldenburg
-Cross gelding, owned and competed by MJ Babcock, and
trained by Bethany Wilhelmsen, to represent the average
dressage horse, and Valegro, an eleven year old KWPN
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
gelding, the receiver of the world record Grand Prix Special
score and ridden by Charlotte Dujardin, to represent the
elite dressage horse, compared side by side with Schacht’s
method of observation, and with outlined points of interest
inserted by the author. (See figure 3.2 and 3.3) The
purpose of the side-by-side figures are to demonstrate the
potential differences in conformation and to demonstrate its
necessity to be quantified in the Rasch model.
Figure 3.2 Chopin conformation
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
Figure 3.3 Valegro conformation
This simplified demonstration is representative enough
to see that, although there are similarities between both
horses, the visible differences in conformation indicate
that Valegro holds a clear advantage over the “average”
dressage horse. Comparing lines (A), it is apparent that the
center of gravity between the two horses intersects at
different points of the topline than the other. Valegro’s
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
correct center of gravity is closer to the center of his
body, while Chopin’s is closer to the shoulder. This impacts
the horse’s ability to sit on his haunch and lift the
shoulder in the ultra-collected movements. Line (B)
determines the hip angles, which specify the part of the
horse that powers through the collection and keeps the
haunch balanced. “A straight croup…find it hard to step far
under their center of gravity to round their back up
sufficiently to develop carrying power required in
dressage.” (Schacht, 2011). Line (C) demonstrates the
openness of the throatlatch. This indicates the horse’s
ability to round the neck and back sufficiently so that the
horse has the ability to come over the topline, and
demonstrate the movements correctly. Though Chopin receives
impressive scores and is ranked within the region at his
level (Wilhelmsen, 2013), his potential for upper-level
international competition is limited by his conformation
faults, despite his ultra-correct training during his
campaigning career. Valegro, with his incredible uphill
conformation, shoulder angle, neck placement, and croup
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
shape, is the epitome of an ideal dressage horse. Though
Valegro and his equals represent the pinnacle of dressage
horse conformation presently, they also create a situation
to advance standardization of the elite sport horse, by way
of improving the next generation. Correct conformation
provides Valegro a significant advantage over Chopin by
inherently providing a greater ease of both learning and
executing the movements, and maintaining the stamina to
sustain and finish the test correctly and consistently
impressive.
Part B; Judging Ideals
The virtual impossibility of a perfect score very much
rests in the hands of the judges. As the ideals are
examining with increased specificity and thusly, more
tangible standardization, the judging system causes a more
attainable perfection. In Pre-Olympic dressage, there was
both more variety in the conformation of the dressage horse
and also more variety of judging ideals and points of view
on “perfection”. Once dressage was integrated into the
Olympic Games in the late 1800’s, however, a great wave of
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
standardization took place. The cornerstone of
standardization was the instigation of the Fédération
Équestre Internationale in 1921. The FEI is the governing
body over the entirety of equestrian sport, and which also
governs over the dressage global community. It is also the
organization that sets forth the international tests for all
upper level competitors, including elite horse and rider
combinations. The federation sets forth tests that follow
these ideal objectives and are altered every four years to
remain continuing this trend. The tests are also a proponent
of the standardization, as they are based on a “perfect”
ideal.
All judges must go through a specific education program
and pass a qualifying test to be eligible to judge, even at
the regional level and below. All judges are taught to look
for specific, designated desired qualities and base their
scores on the same scale. The purpose of the education is
also to intentionally standardize scores, for the purpose of
creating equality amongst the judges, and also giving a
usable quantifiable score to allow and perpetuate correct
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
progression of both horse and rider. In consequence,
however, this is yet another means of standardization in
dressage, despite its requirement within the sport. Despite
the issues provoked by the standardization of both education
and a set ideal put forth by the FEI, it is a seemingly
necessary evil; as it is more important to maintain the
subjectivity of the judges for both a useable feedback
option as well as to retain the potential dishonest
abilities of judges, such as taking bribes for good scores,
and the like.
As stated by Yukins, “[Scores by a panel of judges] are
usually very consistent unless something happened to have
gone much better or worse in the tests…the phenomenon may
[also] occur, however, when a judge tends to “wear a Santa
Claus hat…[” or in other words, give consistently, and
sometimes significantly, higher scores.]” (2013, Pg. 31)
This could possibly be considered a foreshadowing for
dressage as the 2002 figure skating scandal was one of which
the judge gave significantly lower scores to a specific pair
for exchange of a bribe, and is also a possible occurrence
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
in competition of which there is a panel of judges, as is
true in elite dressage. Though perfection is a looming
possible detriment to dressage as it creates a peak of
performance that cannot be surpassed, some aspects of the
standardization are necessary to preserve the integrity of
the sport in order to maintain an ever-improving discipline.
Real improvement, or simply grade inflation?
The basis of this work is to demonstrate the path of
the current elite dressage world towards that of continued
increased standardization, as well as a currently
unrelenting inflation of scores. Though there has been an
undeniable improvement in both the execution of the
movements and the quality of competition on the
international stage, there is a massive aspect of score
inflation that is causing the accelerated track towards a
perfect score. The principal proponent towards the perfect
score is that of across-the-board standardization throughout
all elements of dressage. Though necessary aspects of the
sport cause some of this standardization, there must be, at
the very least, an analysis of trends through the use of the
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
Rasch model, or a similar device. Understanding the current
trends would allow both a method of capping the inflation
and also sanction a means to prevent a future rebound.
Revisiting the Rasch model helps us show that it can be
a powerfully informative analytical tool. The Rasch model
has already been used for figure skating to accomplish the
same goal, and because of this we can see its ability to
demonstrate trends among judges in a similar sport. This
research, preformed in part by M. Looney of Northern
Illinois University, was intended to “(a) determine if the
judges’ scores fit the Rasch rating scale model; (b)
determine if judges, in general, had trouble evaluating
transitions….” (Looney, 2012, pg. 57) These two things can
also be evaluated with dressage as an answer to the question
of the amount of inflation in dressage, as well as to point
out the weaknesses in the current judging system of
dressage, as it has done in Looney’s analysis of judging for
figure skating.
Despite the current lack of hard data to define the
quantitative inflation of scores, use of the Rasch model
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
with real data would be effective in evidencing the rising
inflation of dressage scores, and this can be proven by its
success with analyzing figure skating data for the purpose
of weeding out corruption.
Conclusion
The evidence supplied in this paper is intended to
demonstrate the increasing ability for the achievement of a
perfect score in elite dressage, very much due to the
collective standardization in the sport. With the
achievement of a perfect score, the bedrock of dressage
(i.e. the impossibility of perfection) would be both
shattered and would also greatly alter the key incentives of
the community striving for a supposedly impossible goal. The
continued standardization of conformation has been further
perpetuated by the observation and scoring model of which
the internationally competing horses are rated on the day
before competition. This factor, since quantified, has been
a influential aspect in deciding potential of the subject of
interest and closing the gap between the uniqueness of each
competing equine.
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
The use of the modified Rasch Model is an attempt to
demonstrate a possible observational point in which judging
trends can be both analyzed and monitored. The potential use
of the model has also provided a means for the top
organizations to be proactive about slowing, or even
stopping, the progression to a perfect score.
A look at the data reveals its potential to be
successful in uncovering both the ratio of actual
improvement of the dressage community versus the inflation
amid the ever-growing standardization of the sport, and also
in finding the major proponents of the inflation.
In closing, it is important to note that the Rasch
Model is simply a breakdown of the significant factors that
can be quantified. With the exception of the judges score
input, there is no quantifiable data about the harmony
between the horse and rider, nor how either of the
individuals is feeling on a specific day, both factors of
which can greatly modify the performance and resulting
score. However, it is important to analyze the available
quantifiable data so that there is an opportunity for the
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Standardization to a perfect score, Holliday, 002140-0008
dressage community to decipher the data and understand the
direction that we are headed and, if any are decided to be
necessary, provide solutions to prevent similar occurrences
that have marred the past of figure skating from happening
in the dressage world as well.
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Betsy, B. (2009, June). Get more 10s on the 6.5 horse. USDF Connection, 32-34.
Centerline Scores. (n.d) Bethany Wilhelmsen test scores. Retrieved from http://centerlinescores.com/Horse/Details/1094859#filterBy=scores
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US Figure Skating. (2009-2010) A User’s Guide to the ISU
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Walker, B. (2013, October). Our responsibility to dressage judges. USDF Connection, 15(5), 68.
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Zitzewitz, E. (2010). Does transparency really increase corruption? Evidence from the 'Reform' of Figure Skating Judging. Informally published manuscript, Dartmouth College,Hanover, NH, Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ericz/transparency.pdf.
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