WATER-

Water: The Drop of Life

DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT:WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN DELHI

–…BY THE AUGMENTATION OF GROUND WATER

BY RAIN HARVESTING UNIT.

-GIVING A NEW LIFE TO RIVER YAMUNA, THUS TO DELHI…

safe, sustainable and for all…

CASE STUDIES…

TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

The traditional water harvesting strategies had effected an integration of storm and floodwater regulation, wastewater collection, drinking water supply and micro-irrigation. These were •Location specific, •Slope efficient, •Gravitation based, •Inexpensive and non extractive methods of harvesting the extremely limited fresh water supply, accessible to human use. Indian communities had perfected management of the natural watersheds of forests, hills and dales, using knowledge of the hydrological regimes and rhythms, water veins and aquifers, slope and lie of land, history and movement of rivers.

Pushkarni at Loni Bhapkar

Kunda with a well, Roti

Aside from archaeological examples, water harvesting structures continue to be maintained by endogenous communities all over the country. Groundwater continues to be drawn from aquifers or palaeo channels in Rajasthan through bardi (shallow wells in depressions), tankas, khadin and johad (underground storage pits), kunds (cisterns in catchments), beris (wells on river beds).

CONTINUING TRADITIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES:

CASE STUDIES…

View of udaigiri caves showing a tank

WATER SYSTEMS AT UDAIGIRI:

Udayagiri consists of two hills joined together with a low ridge or a saddle. The hills are aligned northeast-southwest, forming a crescent-shaped pocket in the west with ancientThe western end of the passage leads to a high embankment of a tank, two sides of which are formed by two sides of the northern hill divided by a valley. There are three other tanks and two major channels apart from minor drains forming four independent water systems at Udayagiri

CONTEMPORARY WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

CASE STUDIES…

Urban centers in India are facing an ironical situation today. On one hand there is the acute water scarcity and on the other, the streets are often flooded during the monsoons.

   * In areas where there is inadequate groundwater supply or surface resources are either lacking or insufficient, rainwater harvesting   offers an ideal solution              .* Helps in utilizing the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going into sewer or storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants. • Reduces urban flooding.* Recharging water into the aquifers help in improving the quality of existing groundwater through dilution

This system is practiced on a large scale in cities like Chennai, and Bangalore where rainwater harvesting is a part of the state policy. Elsewhere, countries like Germany, Japan, United States, and Singapore are also adopting rainwater harvesting.

Rain water harvesting system advantages

•The system consists of a collection tank, slow sand filtration, and a “living systems” componentwhich uses aquatic plants and fish to purify the water. The rainwater collection basin is located on the roof of the Farm Centre and integrated with the existing roof structure and drainage systems.

An example of a Rainwater Harvesting System.  This one is integrated into the design of a home and yard in Portland

Parapet wall has been given corrugated profile to facilitate more quantity of rain flow to the gutter

CASE STUDIES…

SITE ANALYSIS

DELHI

INDIA

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING SITE:

Proximity to riverBetter geology conditions

HATHI SHALA, ADJACENT TO VIKAS

MARG, NEAR ITO, DELHI

VIKAS MARG

SITE DETAILS: LOCATION: Hathi Shala, adjacent to Vikas

Marg, near ITO, DelhiAREA: 1.2 sq km

LANDUSE: Agricultural

TOWARDS ITO

22 Km STRETCH OF YAMUNA ALONG DELHI

THE RIVER…

NAME OF STATE

TOTAL CATCHMENT AREA IN YAMUNA (IN SQ. KM.)

%AGE CONTRIBUTION TO THE SUPPLY

Delhi 1485 0.4

STATE SEGMENT CATERED BY YAMUNA

AREA COVERED

Delhi Wazirabad Barrage toOkhla Barrage

(22 kms)

YAMUNA & DELHI- …the relationship

The river bed area in Delhi is 97 sq km. The whole of it is coarse sand up to a depth of 40m. This feature is the key to the riverbed recharge

capability!!

Sources of Water in Delhi Delhi receives its water from 3 sources:

A. Surface Water: 86% of Delhi's total water supply comes from surface water, namely the Yamuna River, which equals 4.6% of this resource through interstate agreements.

B. Sub-surface water: Rainey wells and tube wells. This source, which is met through rainfall (approx. 611.8 mm in 27 rainy days), and unutilized rainwater runoff, is 193 MCM (million cubic meters).

C. Graduated Resources: It is estimated at 292 MCM, however current withdrawal equals 312 MCM. Salinity and over exploitation has contributed to depletion and drastically effected the availability of water in different parts of the city. However, according to a report released by the Central Ground Water Board (GCWB), Delhi's ground-water level has gone down by about eight meters in the last 20 years at the rate of about a foot a year.

PRESET SITUATION Source: Delhi Jal Board SITE

ANALYSIS

WATER REQUIREMENT OF DELHI

Delhi is experiencing increasing pressure to meet demand for its water resources. •Growing urbanization, improvements in living standards, exploding population are just some of the contributing factors. •Average water consumption in Delhi is estimated at being 274 liters per capita per day (lpcd), the highest in the country. •The large-scale extraction of groundwater is a result of this widening gap between the demand (830 mgd) and supply (650mgd) of water.• And still worse, serious doubts are also being raised about both the quality and quantity of groundwater.•The population of Delhi is expected to cross 220 lakhs by the end of 2021.

SITE ANALYSIS

…The requirement of water conservation

HYDRO-GEOLOGY OF DELHI

GEOLOGY OF DELHI

BEDROCK LEVELS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF DELHI

GEOLOGY OF SITE: ALLUVIAL BED ROCK LEVEL OF SITE :

35m SITE ANALYSIS

NOTE : INDICATES THE SITE

GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VARIOUS BLOCKS OF DELHI.

THE QUALITY IN THE AREA OF THE SITE IS CONSIDERED ALL RIGHT. SITE

ANALYSIS

MONTHLY AVERAGES ACROSS CHOSEN YEARS FOR PRECIPITATION [PERIOD:FROM 2001 TO 2002],[UNITS:INTEGER,MM ]

Month Average across years

Jan 12.4

Feb 11.95

Mar 2.85

Apr 13.8

May 30.7

Jun 60.35

Jul 75.05

Aug 176.5

Sep 93.5

Oct 1.95

Nov 0.0

Dec 4.85AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DELHI: 611mmPRESENT RUNOFF OF RAINFALL IN DELHI : 50%

WATER TABLE FLUCTUATION IN DELHI

As can be compared from the data given above, the water fluctuation levels of Delhi is highly alarming.

The situation is worsening due to exploitation of groundwater at a rate higher than the rate of its replenishment.

Rain water harvesting is a boon for us in the given scenario. Recharging of groundwater from rain water harvesting can

meet more than half of the city’s supply demands.SITE ANALYSIS

CATCH THE RAIN WHERE IT

FALLS

THE CONCEPT…

Financial Sustainability & Accountability Operation

alEfficiency

Improved Services

To the Poor

Customer Orientation &

HRDContinuous

Supply

Vision

Environmental

Sustainability

THE CONCEPT…

शु�द्धा� न आपस्तन्वे क्षरं�त�, यो� न� से दुरंप्रि�यो त� प्रिन दध्मः� Iपप्रिवेत्रे र्ण� प�थि वे! मः�त प�न�मिमः I I

The atharvaveda invokes mother earth to yield the life giving water to those of pure conduct and right means , and to punish water polluters in these words:

•An ideal solution to water problems in areas having inadequate water resources.•The ground water level will rise.•Mitigates the effects of drought & achieves drought proofing.•Will reduces the runoff which chokes the storm water drains.•Flooding of roads and low land areas will reduce•Quality of water will improve.•Soil erosion will be reduced.

WHY RAINWATER ??

•Using natural cleansers of water like fine sand, microbiotic culture.

•Usage of natural materials for rainwater filter chamber therefore cost of materials reduced

•Increase in ground water level.• The level of river Yamuna increases.

•The system is devised to work on a pressure knob,.i.e. When the level of water increases the defined limit, the discharge of water into river stops

THE CONCEPT…

RAIN WATER FILTER CHAMBER

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF THE PROPOSED UNIT

RAIN WATER PIPES COLLECTING RAIN WATER FROM RESIDENTIAL AREA

RIVER

CLEAN WATER GETTING DISCHARGED INTO THE GROUND

MAIN RAIN WATER PIPES

SETTLEMENT

PRESENT SITUATION

SITUATION AFTER IMPOSITION OF PLANT

WATER RISING THROUGH CAPILLARY ACTION

After saturation of ground

MAIN INLET

PRIMARY INLET

GROUND LEVEL

RAIN WATER COLLECTING PIPE

•The pressure knobs get activated when the levels of water rises the defined limit and closes the valves of the rain water filter chamber for further flow of water.

•The water saturates the soil and thus recharges the river by capillary action

PRESSURE KNOB SYSTEM

River

THE CONCEPT…

ANALYSING THE NUMBER OF CISTERNS

•A suitable size of cistern was taken as 6 m diameter and 25 m depth.

•The size is considered suitable keeping in mind the bedrock levels of the area, i.e., 50 m deep.

•The number of cisterns has been calculated keeping the projected population in 2021 in mind.

•Estimated population of Delhi in 2021 = 220 lakhs

•Present per capita per day water demand= 274 lcpd

•Total demand in 2021= 220,0,000 X 274= 6.02 X 109 litres.

•Volume of 1 cistern= 2826 X 103 litres

•Ideal no. of cisterns required = 6.02 X 109 / 2826 X 103 = 2130

•No. of cisterns in our site= 97

RAIN WATER FILTER CISTERN

25 m

Dia: 6m

MAIN INLET

Dia : 1m WATER

GRAVEL (5m thick layer)

FINE SAND ( 8 m thick layer)

WATER PERCOLATIN

GOUTLET PORES

MATERIAL : GI

THE DESIGN…

MICROBIOTIC CULTURE is added to naturally clean the water and the tank , thereby reducing the cost of maintenance

GROUND LVL

5

m

THE DESIGN…

THE DESIGN

•THE DESIGN HAS TRIED TO INCORPORATE BOTH THE PRINCIPLES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT.

•THE CISTERNS ARE CONNECTED TO THE RAINWATER HARVESTING UNITS OF THE BUILT UP AREAS IN VICINITY THROUGH A NETWORK OF PIPES. THE WATER PERCOLATED BY THE CISTERN (EQUAL TO THE VOLUME OF THE CISTERN) ADDS TO THE GROUNDWATER. TYHIS SATURATES THE SOIL AND THUS RECHARGES THE RIVER THROUGH UPWARD CAPILLARY ACTION.

•THE PARKING AREA IS SLOPED TOWARD THE RIVER. TREES WITH CRESCENT SHAPED LANDSCAPE HOLDING AREA.

A LANDSCAPED AREA HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN THE AREA WHICH UTILIZES THE WASTE WATER FROM THE BUILT UP AREA. THE WASTE WATER IS FILTERED THROUGH A FILTER TANK ABOVE GROUND.

THE WATER CHANNEL THUS FLOWS AND ADDS TO THE LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS, ULTIMATELY FLOWING INTO THE RIVER.

THE DESIGN…

THE PLAN OF THE SITE IS ENCLOSED IN A DRAWING

THE DESIGN…

THE CENTRAL O.A.T.

EFFICIENCY OF THE DESIGN

WITH RESPECT TO WATER SUPPLY:

1. QUALITY OF THE WATER SUPPLY WILL IMPROVE2. THERE IS SCOPE OF EQUAL DISTRIBUTION AND ALSO

BULK SUPPLY IS A BOON3. IT WILL ADD TO THE EXISTING WATER TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM4. THERE ARE REDUCED HEALTH RISKS DUE TO BETTER

QUALITY MONITORING.5. IT IS COST EFFICIENT AS TRADITIONAL METHODS OF

PURIFICATION HAVE BEEN INCULCATED. THIS WOULD ENSURE THAT THE SYSTEM IS POCKET- FRIENDLY FOR THE POOR.

WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

1. REDUCED POLLUTION AND CONTAMINATION OF RIVER YAMUNA2. BETTER CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES DUE

TO EFFECTIVE MONITORING

THE DESIGN…

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. CASE STUDIES: a.Traditional Water Management Systems of India

Edited by: Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty

Gyani Lal BadamVijay Paranjpye

b. www.rainharvesting.org

2. DELHI JAL BOARD

3. INTERNET BASED SEARCH:a.www.indiawaterportal.orgb.www.rainharvesting.orgc.Google search

THANK YOU

-BYSAKSHI JAIN , SURUCHI SHAH