Italy & Germany

Berlin Conference• Otto von Bismarck hosted the major European powers (Britain,

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium) in a conference in Berlin to carve of up continent of Africa (only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent).

Victor Emmanuel II• King of Sardinia, that believed strongly in Italian unification and Italy

was a united kingdom under him.

Giuseppe Garibaldi• An Italian nationalist that commanded an army to overthrow the

Austrian kingdom whose citizens pledged allegiance to Sardinia.

Count Camillo Cavour• Prime Minister under Victor Emmanuel II who favored Italian

unification.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)• Series of treaties that asserted the authority of regional governments

that ended the Thirty Years War.

Otto von Bismarck• Prime Minister under King William I of Prussia, defeated Austria,

formed alliance with the Catholic German states against France, crowned King William I as emperor of the new German Empire, and hosted the Berlin Conference.

Franco-Prussian War• War between France and Prussia which Prussia won and consolidated

the German Catholic regions under Prussian control.

First Reich• First Empire (Holy Roman Empire).

Second Reich• Second Empire (New German Empire after Franco-Prussian War).

William I• King of Prussia that appointed Otto von Bismarck prime minister.

William II• German Emperor that forced Otto von Bismarck to resign as prime

minister and re-established authority as the emperor.