keyless ignition system and smart riding

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI - 590018

KARNATAKA

A project report on

“KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEM AND SMART RIDING”

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Submitted by

LOKESH.G 1NH12EC049 VISHAL.C.RAI 1NH13EC127 PRUTHVI RAJ A 1NH14EC418 BHARATH M 1NH14EC426

Under guidance of

Ms. APARNA

Senior Assistant Professor, ECE, NHCE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

2017-18

This is to certify that the project work entitled “KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEM AND SMART

RIDING” carried out by Mr. LOKESH.G, Mr. VISHAL.C.RAI, Mr. PRUTHVI RAJ A and

Mr. BHARATH M bearing 1NH12EC049,1NH13EC127,1NH14EC418 and 1NH14EC426

bonafide student of New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru in partial fulfillment for the

award of Bachelors of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of the

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2017-18. It is certified that all

corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report

deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the

academic requirements in respect of Project Work prescribed for the said degree.

…………………………..

Signature of the Guide

………………………….. Signature of the HOD

…………………………………

Signature of the Principal

(Ms. Aparna) (Prof.Aravinda K)

(Dr. Manjunatha)

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1………………………… …………………………….

2………………………… …………………………….

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance received

from several people in preparation of this report. It would not have been possible to prepare

this report in this form without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance.

First and foremost, we wish to record our sincere gratitude to Management of New

Horizon College of Engineering, Chairman, Mohan Manganani and to our beloved

Principal, Dr. Manjunatha, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore for his

constant support and encouragement in preparation of this report and for making available

library and laboratory facilities needed to prepare this report.

Our sincere thanks to Prof. Aravinda.K, Head, Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, NHCE, for his valuable suggestions and guidance throughout

the period of this report.

The project on “KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEM AND SMART RIDING” was very

helpful to us in giving the necessary background information and inspiration in choosing

this topic for the project. Our sincere thanks to Professor Aparna, Project Guide and

Professor Divya Sharma, Project Coordinator for having supported the work related to

this project. Their contributions and technical support in preparing this report are greatly

acknowledged.

Last but not the least, we wish to thank our parents for financing our studies in this college

as well as for constantly encouraging us to learn engineering. Their personal sacrifice in

providing this opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully acknowledged.

ii

ABSTRACT The paper proposes a Smart Riding; the main advantage of this system is that it can provide

ease of access and can also prevent road accidents to a great extent. The bike riders in our

country are increasing day by day and the traffic rule followers are outnumbered. The driver

can start the bike without any key just by walking next to the bike, the driver should have RF

transmitter with him which is detected by the RF receiver in the bike and the second module

consists of smart helmet. The module in the helmet consists of IR Module which finds out if

the driver is wearing the helmet. If the driver is not wearing the helmet the engine will not start.

If the driver tries to remove the helmet and ride the bike fails to start. The helmet circuit is

connected to bike using RF module. If someone tries to disrupt the vehicle trying to steal or

damage the vehicle the gsm module will send a message to the owner

iii

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6

LITERATURE SURVEY ................................................................................................... 8

2.1Accident and its Impact on Humans .............................................................................. 8

2.2Accident Prevention Techniques suggested so far ......................................................... 8

RF MODULE .................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Description ................................................................................................................ 10

3.2 HT12D DECODER ................................................................................................... 15

3.3 HT12E ENCODER ................................................................................................... 17

3.4 RF modules (434mhz) ............................................................................................... 19

3.5 PIN DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................ 20

3.6 Features of RF Module: ............................................................................................. 20

BLOCK DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................... 21

TRANSMITTER PROGRAM.......................................................................................... 22

RECEIVER PROGRAM .................................................................................................. 23

GSM INTERFACE ........................................................................................................... 26

7.1 Use SIM900 GSM Module ........................................................................................ 27

7.2 Check the power requirements of GSM module ......................................................... 28

7.3 Check for TTL Output Pins in the module ................................................................. 28

7.4 Connecting GSM Module to 8052: ............................................................................ 29

7.5 Features: .................................................................................................................... 31

LI FI ................................................................................................................................... 33

8.1 HISTORY ................................................................................................................. 33

8.2 HOW IT WORKS ..................................................................................................... 34

8.3 Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi ........................................................................................................... 35

8.4 The future of Li-Fi: .................................................................................................... 36

iv

8.5 APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................................... 37

INTELLIGENT HELMET ............................................................................................... 39

9.1 Abstract : ................................................................................................................... 39

9.2 Smart Helmet for Indian Bike Rider : ........................................................................ 39

9.3 Principle Of Operation:.............................................................................................. 39

9.4 Smart helmet Using GSM & GPS Technology for Accident Detection and Reporting

System: ........................................................................................................................... 40

COMPONENTS USED ..................................................................................................... 43

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 44

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 45

v

LIST OF FIGURE

FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Road Accidents Statistics by “WHO” 7

1.2 Statistics of Accidents 8

3.1 RF Module Transmission 12

3.2 Encoder Module 13

3.3 Decoder Module 14

3.4 Circuit Diagram of Transmitter and Receiver 15

3.5 Pin Diagram of HT12D Decoder 16

3.6 Pin Diagram of HT12E Encoder 18

3.7 RF Module 20

3.8 Pin diagram of RF Module 21

7.1 Shows SIM 900 Module 29

7.2 GSM Module 30

7.3 Connections from 8052 To GSM 32

7.4 Shows Top View of GSM 33

7.5 Shows Pin Sheet 33

8.1 LIFI Vs WIFI 38

8.2 Lifi Transmission 39

9.1 Shows Brightness Detection by Ir Sensors 42

9.2 Module of Helmet 44

KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEM AND SMART RIDING

Department of ECE, NHCE Page | 6

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION Drowsy driving is one of the major causes behind fatal road accidents. Recent studies show

that one out of five road accidents are caused by drowsy driving which is roughly around 21%

of road accidents, and this percentage is increasing every year as per Global Status Report on

Road Safety 2015, based on the data from 180 different countries. This certainly highlights the

fact that across the world the total numbers of road traffic deaths are very high due to driver’s

drowsiness. Driver fatigue, drink-and-drive and carelessness are coming forward as major

reasons behind such road accidents. Many lives and families are getting affected due to this

across various countries. The total number of road accidents are the world is shown in fig

Fig 1.1 Road Accidents Statistics by “WHO”



Fig 1.2 Statistics of Accidents



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1Accident and its Impact on Humans

In general, an unplanned, unexpected, and undersigned (not purposefully caused) event

which occurs suddenly and causes (1) injury or loss, (2) a decrease in value of the resources,

or (3) an increase in liabilities. As a technical term 'accident' does not have a clearly defined

legal meaning. In insurance terminology, an accident is the event which is not deliberately

caused, and which is not inevitable.

Drowsiness is one of the main reasons for accidents. Safe driving is a major concern of

societies all over the world. Thousands of people are killed or seriously injured due to drivers

falling asleep at the wheels each year.

Being involved in a serious car accident can cause you to deal with injuries that could

have a major impact on your day-to-day life. Additionally, it is important to recognize the fact

that a traumatic experience such as a car accident can also cause you to deal with several

emotional problems. After all, it is understandable that someone who was seriously injured in

a traffic incident that was not their fault could end up dealing with a high level of anxiety the

next time they get behind the wheel.

2.2Accident Prevention Techniques suggested so far

In 2008, Hong Su described ‘A Partial Least Squares Regression-Based Fusion Model

for Predicting the Trend in Drowsiness’. They proposed a new technique of modeling driver

drowsiness with multiple eyelid movement features based on an information fusion technique-

Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), with which to cope with the problem of strong

collinear relations among eyelid movement features and, thus, predicting the tendency of the

drowsiness. The predictive precision and robustness of the model thus established are

validated, which show that it provides a novel way of fusing multi-features together for

enhancing our capability of detecting and predicting the state of drowsiness



. In 2011, M.J. Flores described ‘Driver drowsiness detection system under infrared

illumination for an intelligent vehicle’. They proposed that to reduce the amount of such

fatalities, a module for an advanced driver assistance system, which caters for automatic

driver drowsiness detection and also driver distraction, is presented. Artificial intelligence

algorithms are used to process the visual information in order to locate, track and analyze

both the driver’s face and eyes to compute the drowsiness and distraction indexes. This real-

time system works during nocturnal conditions as a result of a near-infrared lighting system.

Finally, examples of different driver images taken in a real vehicle at nighttime are shown to

validate the proposed algorithms.

In June, 2012, A. Cheng described 'Driver Drowsiness Recognition Based on Computer

Vision Technology’. They presented a nonintrusive drowsiness recognition method using eye-

tracking and image processing. A robust eye detection algorithm is introduced to address the

problems caused by changes in illumination and driver posture. Six measures are calculated

with percentage of eyelid closure, maximum closure duration, blink frequency, average

opening level of the eyes, opening velocity of the eyes, and closing velocity of the eyes. These

measures are combined using Fisher’s linear discriminated functions using a stepwise method

to reduce the correlations and extract an independent index. Results with six participants in

driving simulator experiments demonstrate the feasibility of this video-based drowsiness

recognition method that provided 86% accuracy.

In 2013, G. Kong described ‘Visual Analysis of Eye State and Head Pose for Driver

Alertness Monitoring’. They presented visual analysis of eye state and head pose (HP) for

continuous monitoring of alertness of a vehicle driver. Most existing approaches to visual

detection of non-alert driving patterns rely either on eye closure or head nodding angles to

determine the driver drowsiness or distraction level. The proposed scheme uses visual features

such as eye index (EI), pupil activity (PA), and HP to extract critical information on non-

alertness of a vehicle driver. A support vector machine (SVM) classifies a sequence of video

segments into alert or non-alert driving events. Experimental results show that the proposed

scheme offers high classification accuracy with acceptably low errors and false alarms for

people of various ethnicity and gender in real road driving condition



CHAPTER 3

RF MODULE

This circuit utilizes the RF module (TX/RX) for making a wireless remote, which could

be used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests, uses radio

frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular frequency and a baud

rate. A receiver can receive these signals only if it is configured for that frequency.

A four channel encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input

signals, at the transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are monitored

on a set of four LEDs corresponding to each input switch. The circuit can be used for designing

Remote Appliance Control system. The outputs from the receiver can drive corresponding

relays connected to any household appliance. 3.1 Description

This radio frequency (RF) transmission system employs Amplitude Shift Keying

(ASK) with transmitter/receiver (TX/RX) pair operating at 434 MHz. The transmitter

module takes serial input and transmits these signals through RF. The transmitted signals

are received by the receiver module placed away from the source of transmission.

The system allows one-way communication between two nodes, namely, transmission

and reception. The RF module has been used in conjunction with a set of four channel

encoder/decoder ICs. Here HT12E & HT12D have been used as encoder and decoder

respectively. The encoder converts the parallel inputs (from the remote switches) into serial set

of signals. These signals are serially transferred through RF to the reception point. The decoder

is used after the RF receiver to decode the serial format and retrieve the original signals as

outputs. These outputs can be observed on corresponding LEDs



Fig 3.1 RF Module Transmission Encoder IC (HT12E) receives parallel data in the form of address bits and control bits. The

control signals from remote switches along with 8 address bits constitute a set of 12 parallel

signals. The encoder HT12E encodes these parallel signals into serial bits. Transmission is

enabled by providing ground to pin14 which is active low. The control signals are given at pins

10-13 of HT12E. The serial data is fed to the RF transmitter through pin17 of HT12E.

Transmitter, upon receiving serial data from encoder IC (HT12E), transmits it

wirelessly to the RF receiver. The receiver, upon receiving these signals, sends them to the

decoder IC (HT12D) through pin2. The serial data is received at the data pin (DIN, pin14) of

HT12D. The decoder then retrieves the original parallel format from the received serial data



Fig 3.2 Encoder Module

The HT 12E Encoder IC’s are series of CMOS LSIs for Remote Control system

applications. They are capable of Encoding 12 bit of information which consists of N address

bits and 12-N data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary programmable if bonded

out.

The HT 12D Ics are series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. This

Ics are paired with each other. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder with the same

number of address and data format should be selected. The Decoder receive the serial address

and data from its corresponding decoder, transmitted by a carrier using an RF transmission

medium and gives output to the output pins after processing the data.



Fig 3.3 Decoder Module

When no signal is received at data pin of HT12D, it remains in standby mode and consumes

very less current (less than 1μA) for a voltage of 5V. When signal is received by receiver, it is

given to DIN pin (pin14) of HT12D. On reception of signal, oscillator of HT12D gets activated.

IC HT12D then decodes the serial data and checks the address bits three times. If these bits’

match with the local address pins (pins 1-8) of HT12D, then it puts the data bits on its data pins

(pins 10-13) and makes the VT pin high. An LED is connected to VT pin (pin17) of the decoder.

This LED works as an indicator to indicate a valid transmission. The corresponding output is

thus generated at the data pins of decoder IC.

A signal is sent by lowering any or all the pins 10-13 of HT12E and corresponding signal is

received at receiver’s end (at HT12D). Address bits are configured by using the by using the

first 8 pins of both encoder and decoder Ics. To send a particular signal, address bits must be

same at encoder and decoder Ics. By configuring the address bits properly, a single RF

transmitter can also be used to control different RF receivers of same frequency.

To summarize, on each transmission, 12 bits of data is transmitted consisting of 8 address bits

and 4 data bits. The signal is received at receiver’s end which is then fed into decoder IC. If

address bits get matched, decoder converts it into parallel data and the corresponding data bits

get lowered which could be then used to drive the LEDs. The outputs from this system can

either be used in negative logic or NOT gates (like 74LS04) can be incorporated at data pins



Fig 3.4 Circuit Diagram of Transmitter and Receiver



3.2 HT12D DECODER

HT12D IC comes from HolTek Company. HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that

belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control

system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly

provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders.

The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.

In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial

addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to

output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times

continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A

valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12

bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4-bit latch type output pins

remain unchanged until new is received.

Fig 3.5 Pin diagram of HT12D Decoder



PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin No

Function Name

1

8 bit Address pins for input

A0

2 A1

3 A2

4 A3

5 A4

6 A5

7 A6

8 A7

9 Ground (0V) Ground

10

4 bit Data/Address pins for output

D0

11 D1

12 D2

13 D3

14 Serial data input Input

15 Oscillator output Osc2

16 Oscillator input Osc1

17 Valid transmission; active high VT

18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc



3.3 HT12E ENCODER

HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212

series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing

RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of

addresses and data format. Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It

encodes the 12-bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These

12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits. HT12E has a transmission enable pin

which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin, the programmed

addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared

transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a

transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to

high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.

Fig 3.6 Pin Diagram of HT12E Encoder



PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin No

Function Name

1

8 bit Address pins for input

A0

2 A1

3 A2

4 A3

5 A4

6 A5

7 A6

8 A7

9 Ground (0V) Ground

10

4 bit Data/Address pins for input

AD0

11 AD1

12 AD2

13 AD3

14 Transmission enable; active low TE

15 Oscillator input Osc2

16 Oscillator output Osc1

17 Serial data output Output

18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc



3.4 RF modules (434mhz)

Fig 3.7 RF Module

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding

frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is

represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known

as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The

transmitter/receiver (TX/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter

receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at

pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received

by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for

encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-

HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair IC



3.5 PIN DIAGRAM

Receiver Module Transmitter Module

Fig 3.8 Pin diagram of Rf Module

3.6 Features of RF Module: Receiver frequency 433MHz

Receiver typical frequency

105Dbm Receiver supply

current 3.5mA Low power consumption

Receiver operating voltage 5v

Transmitter frequency range

433.92MHz Transmitter supply

voltage 3v~6v Transmitter output power 4v~12v

Main Factors Affecting RF Module’s Performance: As compared to the other radio-frequency devices, the performance of an RF module will

depend on several factors like by increasing the transmitter’s power a large communication

distance will be gathered. However, which will result in high electrical power drain on the

transmitter device, which causes shorter operating life of the battery powered devices. Also

by using this device at higher transmitted power will create interference with other RF

devices



CHAPTER 4

BLOCK DIAGRAM



CHAPTER 5

TRANSMITTER PROGRAM

#include<reg51.h> sbit data1=P1^0; sbit data2=P1^1; sbit data3=P1^2; sbit data4=P1^3;

void delay (unsigned int);

void main () { data1=1; data1=0; data1=1; data1=0;

delay (100); data1=0; data1=1; data1=0; data1=1; delay (100); } void delay (unsigned int d) { unsigned int k; for (d; d>0; d--);

{

for (k=255; k>0; k--);

for (k=255; k>0; k--);}}



CHAPTER 6

RECEIVER PROGRAM #include<reg51.h> sbit data0=P1^0; sbit data1=P1^1; sbit data2=P1^2; sbit data3=P1^3; sbit led= P1^4; sbit ir=P1^5; sbit led1=P1^6; sbit m1=P2^4; sbit m2=P2^5; sbit m3=P2^6; sbit m4=P2^7; sbit gsm=P2^3;//GND CONNECT TO P2^3 MSG WILL BE SEND

void delay1(unsigned int msec) // Function for delay {

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<msec;i++)

} for(j=0; j<1275; j++);

void delay(unsigned char);

void init_serial() // Initialize serial port {

TMOD=0x20;

// Mode2 TH1=0xfd; // 9600 baud SCON=0x50; // Serial mode=1 ,8-Bit data,1 Stop bit ,1 Start bit, Receiving on

} TR1=1; // Start timer

void transmit_data(unsigned char str) // Function to transmit data through serial port {

SBUF=str;

//Store data in SBUF while(TI==0); //Wait till data transmits

// delay(15); TI=0;



} void transString (char *x) { unsigned char ch; while (*x! =0) { ch =*x; transmit_data(ch); delay1(1); x++; } } char number[]="9535245791"; void main() { m1=0; m2=0; m3=0; m4=0; if(data0==1&&data1==0&&data2==1&&data3==0) { led=0; if(ir==0) { led1=0; m1=0; m2=1; m3=0; m4=1; delay(100); m1=0; m2=0; m3=0; m4=0; delay(100); } } else { led=1; if(gsm==0) {



{ init_serial();

delay1(500); transmit_data('A'); // Transmit 'A' to serial port

delay1(1);

transmit_data('T'); // Transmit 'T' to serial port

delay1(1); transmit_data(0x0d);

// Transmit carriage return to serial port

delay1(50); transString("AT+CMGF=1"); transmit_data(0x0d); delay1(50);

transString("AT+CMGS=\""); transString(number); transmit_data('\"'); transmit_data(';'); delay1(1); transmit_data(0x0d); delay1(1); transString("THIEF DETECTION"); delay1(1); transmit_data(0x1A); transmit_data(0x0d); delay(1); } } } void delay(unsigned char i) { unsigned int d; for(i;i>0;i--) { for(d=1;d;d++); for(d=1;d;d++);



CHAPTER 7

GSM INTERFACE In this article, we are going to see how to interface GSM Module to 8052. There are different

kinds of GSM modules available in market. We are using the most popular module based on

Simcom SIM900 and 8051.Interfacing a GSM module to 8052 is pretty simple. You only need

to make 3 connections between the gsm module and 8052.

A GSM Module is basically a GSM Modem (like SIM 900) connected to a PCB with

different types of output taken from the board – say TTL Output (for Arduino, 8051 and other

microcontrollers) and RS232 Output to interface directly with a PC (personal computer). The

board will also have pins or provisions to attach mic and speaker, to take out +5V or other

values of power and ground connections. These type of provisions vary with different modules.

Lots of varieties of GSM modem and GSM Modules are available in the market to

choose from. For our project of connecting a gsm modem or module to 8052 and hence send

and receive sms using 8052 – it’s always good to choose an 8052 compatible GSM Module –

that is a GSM module with TTL Output provisions.

This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency

of 850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used not only to access the Internet, but also for

oral communication (provided that it is connected to a microphone and a small loud speaker)

and for SMSs. Externally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches’ x 0.94 inches’ x 0.12 inches)

with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and at the

bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which controls

phone communication, data communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through

an UART and a TTL serial interface) the communication with the circuit interfaced with the

cell -phone.



In addition, the GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an

SPI bus, an I²C, and a PWM module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+ compatible and is

either class 4 (2 W) at 850/ 900 MHz or class 1 (1 W) at 1800/1900 MHz.

The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data relative to the

SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the data-rate

is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving the circuit commands

(in our case, coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that can be either AT standard

The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a

maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.

Fig 7.1 SIM 900 Module

7.1 Use SIM900 GSM Module

This means the module supports communication in 900MHz band. We are from India and

most of the mobile network providers in this country operate in the 900Mhz band. If you are

from another country, you have to check the mobile network band in your area. A majority of

United States mobile networks operate in 850Mhz band (the band is either 850Mhz or

1900Mhz). Canada operates primarily on 1900 MHz. band. Please read this wiki entry on

GSM Frequency Bands Around the World



7.2 Check the power requirements of GSM module

GSM modules are manufactured by different companies. They all have different input power

supply specs. You need to double check your GSM modules power requirements. In this

tutorial, our gsm module requires a 12 volts input. So we feed it using a 12V,1A DC power

supply. I have seen gsm modules which require 15 volts and some other types which needs

only 5 volts input. They differ with manufacturers. If you are having a 5V module, you can

power it directly from 8052’s 5V out. Note: - GSM Modules are manufactured by connecting a particular GSM modem to a PCB and

then giving provisions for RS232 outputs, TTL outputs, Mic and Speaker interfacing provisions

etc. The most popular modem under use is SIM 900 gsm modem from manufacturer SIMCom.

They also manufacture GSM Modems in bands 850, 300 and other frequency bands.

7.3 Check for TTL Output Pins in the module You can feed the data from gsm module directly to 8052 only if the module is enabled with

TTL output pins. Otherwise you have to convert the RS232 data to TTlusing MAX232 IC and

feed it to 8052. Most of the gsm modules in market are equipped with TTL output pins. Just

ensure you are buying the right one.

Fig 7.2 GSM Module



7.4 Connecting GSM Module to 8052:

There are two ways of connecting GSM module to 8052. In any case, the

communication between 8052 and GSM module is serial. So we are supposed to use serial pins

of 8052 (Rx and TX). So if you are going with this method, you may connect the TX pin of

GSM module to Rx pin of 8052 and Rx pin of GSM module to TX pin of 8052. You read it

right? GSM TX –>8052 Rx and GSM Rx –>8052Tx. Now connect the ground pin of 8052 to

ground pin of gsm module! So that’s all! You made 3 connections and the wiring is over! Now

you can load different programs to communicate with gsm module and make it work.

NOTE: The problem with this connection is that, while programming 8052 uses serial ports to

load program from the 8052 IDE. If these pins are used in wiring, the program will not be

loaded successfully to 8052. So you have to disconnect wiring in Rx and TX each time you

burn the program to 8052. Once the program is loaded successfully, you can reconnect these

pins and have the system working!

To avoid this difficulty, I am using an alternate method in which two digital pins of 8052

are used for serial communication. We need to select two PWM enabled pins of 8052 for this

method. So I choose pins 9 and 10 (which are PWM enabled pins). This method is made

possible with the Software Serial Library of Arduino. Software Serial is a library of 8052 which

enables serial data communication through other digital pins of 8052. The library replicates

hardware functions and handles the task of serial communication.

I hope you understood so far! Let’s get to the circuit diagram! So given below is the

circuit diagram to connect gsm module to 8052 – and hence use the circuit to send sms and

receive sms using 8052 and gsm modem



Fig 7.3 Connections from 8052 to GSM

Make the connections as shown Now the coding part. The program has two objectives as

described below: -

1) Send SMS using 8052 and GSM Module – to a specified mobile number inside the program 2) Receive SMS using 8052 and GSM Module – to the SIM card loaded in the GSM Module.



Fig 7.4 Shows Top View of GSM

Fig 7.5 Shows Pin Sheet

7.5 Features: Dual Band GSM/GPRS: 900 / 1800 MHz. Built in RS232 to TTL and vice versa Logic Converter (MAX232) Configurable Baud Rate



SMA (Sub Miniature Version A) connector with GSM L Type Antenna

Built in SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Card holder

Built in Network Status LED

Inbuilt Powerful TCP / IP (Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) stack for

internet data transfer through GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

. GSM Interfacing Board

GSM (Global System for Mobile) / GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) TTL Modem is

SIM900A Dual-band GSM / GPRS device, works on frequencies 900 MHZ and 1800 MHZ.

It is very compact in size and easy to use as plug in GSM Modem. The Modem is designed

with 3V3 and 5V DC TTL interfacing circuitry, which allows User to directly interface with

5V Microcontrollers (PIC, AVR, Arduino, 8051 etc.) as well as 3V3 Microcontrollers (ARM,

ARM Cortex XX, etc.). The baud rate can be configurable from 9600-115200 bps through

AT (Attention) commands. This GSM/GPRS TTL Modem has internal TCP/IP stack to

enable User to connect with internet through GPRS feature. It is suitable for SMS as well as

DATA transfer application in mobile phone to mobile phone interface. o Audio Interface Connectors (Audio in and Audio out) o Most Status and Controlling pins are available o Normal Operation Temperature: -20 °C to +55 °C o Input Voltage: 5V to 12V DC DB9 connector (Serial Port) provided for easy interfacing



CHAPTER 8

LI FI Li-Fi is a bidirectional high-speed and fully networked wireless communication technology

similar to Wi-Fi. The term was coined by Harald Haas and is a form of visible light

communication and a subset of optical wireless communication (OWC) and could be a

complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or cellular networks, or even a replacement in

contexts of data broadcasting. It is wire and UV visible-light communication or infrared and near-ultraviolet instead of radio-

frequency spectrum, part of optical wireless communications technology, which carries much

more information and has been proposed as a solution to the RF-bandwidth limitations.

8.1 HISTORY The general term visible light communication (VLC), whose history dates back to the 1880s,

includes any use of the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit

information. The D-Light project at Edinburgh's Institute for Digital Communications was

funded from January 2010 to January 2012. Haas promoted this technology in his 2011 TED

Global talk and helped start a company to market it. Pure LiFi, formerly pure VLC, is an

original equipment manufacturer (OEM) firm set up to commercialize Li-Fi products for

integration with existing LED lighting systems. Oledcomm, French company founded by Pr

Suat Topsu from Paris-Saclay University (one of the inventors of the LiFi in 2005), launched

in May 2017 during the Paris Healthcare Week the first bidirectional lamp dedicated to hospital

patient room.

In October 2011, companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to promote

high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio-based

wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic

spectrum.

A number of companies offer uni-directional VLC products, which is not the same as Li-Fi -

a term defined by the IEEE 802.15.7r1 standardization committee.

VLC technology was exhibited in 2012 using Li-Fi. By August 2013, data rates of over 1.6

Gbit/s were demonstrated over a single color LED. In September 2013, a press release said

that Li-Fi, or VLC systems in general, do not require line-of-sight conditions. In October

2013, it was reported Chinese manufacturers were working on Li-Fi development kits.



8.2 HOW IT WORKS Li-Fi and Wi-Fi are quite similar as both transmit data electromagnetically. However, Wi-Fi

uses radio waves while Li-Fi runs on visible light.

As we now know, Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications (VLC) system. This means that it

accommodates a photo-detector to receive light signals and a signal processing element to

convert the data into 'stream-able' content.

An LED lightbulb is a semi-conductor light source meaning that the constant current of

electricity supplied to an LED lightbulb can be dipped and dimmed, up and down at extremely

high speeds, without being visible to the human eye.

For example, data is fed into an LED light bulb (with signal processing technology), it then

sends data (embedded in its beam) at rapid speeds to the photo-detector (photodiode).

The tiny changes in the rapid dimming of LED bulbs is then converted by the 'receiver' into

electrical signal.

The signal is then converted back into a binary data stream that we would recognize as web,

video and audio applications that run on internet enables devices



8.3 Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi

While some may think that Li-Fi with its 224 gigabits per second leaves Wi-Fi in the dust, Li-

If’s exclusive use of visible light could halt a mass uptake.

Li-Fi signals cannot pass through walls, so in order to enjoy full connectivity, capable LED

bulbs will need to be placed throughout the home. Not to mention, Li-Fi requires the lightbulb

is on at all times to provide connectivity, meaning that the lights will need to be on during the

day.

What's more, where there is a lack of lightbulbs, there is a lack of Li-Fi internet so Li-Fi does

take a hit when it comes to public Wi-Fi networks.

In an announcement yesterday, an extension of standard Wi-Fi is coming and it's called Wi-Fi

Hallow

This new project claims to double the range of connectivity while using less power. Due to

this, Wi-Fi Hallow is reportedly perfect for battery powered devices such as smartwatches,

smartphones and lends itself to Internet of Things devices such as sensors and smart

applications.

But it's not all doom and gloom! Due to its impressive speeds, Li-Fi could make a huge impact

on the internet of things too, with data transferred at much higher levels with even more devices

able to connect to one another.

What's more, due to its shorter range, Li-Fi is more secure than Wi-Fi and it's reported

that embedded light beams reflected off a surface could still achieve 70 megabits per second.



Fig 8.1 LIFI VS WIFI

8.4 The future of Li-Fi: In November 2014, Li-Fi pioneers pure LiFi joined forces with French lighting company

Lucibel aiming to bring out Li-Fi enables products, by the end of 2015. Pure LiFi already have two products on the market: Li-Flame Ceiling Unit to connect to an

LED light fixture and Li-Flame Desktop Unit which connects to a device via USB, both aiming

to provide light and connectivity in one device.

Plus, with faster connectivity and data transmission it’s an interesting space for businesses. The

integration of internet of things devices and Li-Fi will provide a wealth of opportunities for

retailers and other businesses alike. For example, shop owners could transmit data to multiple

customers' phones quickly, securely and remotely.

Li-Fi is reportedly being tested in Dubai, by UAE-based telecommunications provider, du and

Zero1. Du claims to have successfully provided internet, audio and video streaming over a Li-

Fi connection.



What's more, reports suggest that Apple may build future iPhones with Li-Fi capabilities. A

Twitter user found that within its iOS 9.1 code there were references to Li-Fi written as 'LiFi

Capability' hinting that Apple may integrate Li-fi with iPhones in the future. Whether or not

Li-Fi will live up to its hype is yet to be decided. Watch this space...

8.5 APPLICATIONS

Security In contrast to radio frequency waves used by Wi-Fi, lights cannot penetrate through walls and

doors. This makes it more secure and makes it easier to control who can connect to your

network. As long as transparent materials like windows are covered, access to a Li-Fi channel

is limited to devices inside the room.

Fig 8.2 LIFI Transmission

Underwater Application Most remotely underwater operated vehicles (ROVs) use cables to transmit command, but the

length of cables then limits the area ROVs can detect. However, as a light wave could travel

through water, Li-Fi could be implemented on vehicles to receive and send back signals.



While it is theoretically possible for Li-Fi to be used in underwater applications, its utility is

limited by the distance light can penetrate water. Significant amounts of light do not penetrate

further than 200 meters. Past 1000 meters, no light penetrates. Hospital Many treatments now involve multiple individuals, Li-Fi system could be a better system to

transmit communication about the information of patients. Besides providing a higher speed,

light waves also have little effect on medical instruments and human bodies. Vehicles Vehicles could communicate with one another via front and back lights to increase road safety.

Also street lights and traffic signals could also provide information about current road

situations



CHAPTER 9

INTELLIGENT HELMET 9.1 Abstract:

As the bikers in our country are increasing, the road mishaps are also increasing day by

day, due to which many casualties, most of them are caused due to most common negligence

of not wearing the helmets, and also many deaths occur due to lack of prompt medical attention

needed by the injured person. This motivates us to think about making a system which ensures

the safety of biker, by making it necessary to wear helmet, as per government guidelines, also

to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. The proposed

system is an intelligent helmet. A module affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync

with the module affixed on bike. Additional feature of accident detection module will be

installed on the bike, which will be able to detect accident and will be able to notify quickly

the accident to police control room and in case if the accident is minor, rider can abort message

sending by pressing the abort switch.

9.2 Smart Helmet for Indian Bike Rider: This paper presents the smart helmet that makes sure that the rider cannot start the bike

without wearing it. This helmet replaces the cable connections for wirelessly switching on a

bike, so that the bike would not start without both the key and the helmet. A LED indicator is

used to demonstrate the working of the model. The system is a simple telemetry system, which

is activated with the help of a pressure that is applied to the inner side of the helmet when the

rider wears it. The framework model uses a DPDT electromechanical relay and hence there is

some time lag in wearing the helmet and switching on of the circuit.

9.3 Principle of Operation: We have already discussed how a light sensor works. IR Sensors work by using a specific

light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an

LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can

look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from

the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the

intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold



Fig 9.1 Shows Brightness Detection by IR Sensors

9.4 Smart helmet Using GSM & GPS Technology for Accident Detection and Reporting System:

A smart helmet is an innovative concept which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. It

uses the GPS and GSM as its core technologies. The mechanism of this smart helmet is very

simple, vibration sensors are placed in different sections of helmet where the chances of

hitting is more which are connected to microcontroller board. So when the rider crashes and

the helmet hit the ground, these sensors sense and provide it to the microcontroller board,



then controller extract GPS data using the GPS module that is integrated to it. When

the data goes below the minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends alerting

message to ambulance or family members. The hardware used in this system is alcohol sensor,

GSM, GPS, microcontroller, pressure sensor and vibration sensor.

Helmet part:

It basically consists of an IR Sensor, Alcohol Sensor, Accelerometer, Microcontroller

and Transmitter. IR Sensor: An IR sensor consists of an emitter, detector and associated

circuitry. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply

an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the

IR LED. The LOW or HIGH output of the IR sensor determines if the helmet is worn or not

worn Microcontroller:

All the analog outputs from all the sensors on the helmet are sent to this microcontroller

as input. According to the threshold set for alcohol sensor, accelerometer and the low or high

output of the IR sensor, a decision is made and sent to the module on bike wirelessly

Transmitter:

A RF transmitter operating at 434 MHz Radio Frequency is used to transmit the serial

data to the receiver over wireless media.

Bike Part: It basically consists of a Receiver, Microcontroller, GSM Module and Abort switch.

Receiver: A RF receiver operating at 434 MHz Radio Frequency is used to receive the data

over wireless medium



Microcontroller:

This is the actual decision making unit of the entire circuit and the programs will be fed into it.

According to the data it will receive from the module on bike it will control the output of

remaining components. Based on the output of both the accelerometers on bike and helmet, it

will send message to nearest police station in case of an accident using GSM module and based

on the outputs of IR sensor, it will send a relay output to the engine.

GSM Module:

This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile

phone with its own unique phone number. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote

control and logging can be developed easily. The modem can be connected directly to any

microcontroller. It can be used to send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. We will

be using SMS application of it to send an SMS to the police station in case of accident. Abort Switch: Abort switch is used to abort the operation in case of a minor accident occurred.

Fig 9.2 Module of Helmet



COMPONENTS USED

SERIAL NUMBER COMPONENTS NAME

1 IR MODULE IR OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE SENSOR

2 RF MODULE ASK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 434 MHz.

3 ENCODER HT12E

4 DECODER HT12D

5 MICROCONTROLLER NUVOTON 8052

6 GSM MODULE SIM 900



CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

Intelligent Helmet ensures the safety of the rider, by making it necessary to wear helmet. If

any of these prime safety rules are violated, the system will prevent the biker from starting

the bike. The system also helps in efficient handling of the aftermath of accidents by sending

a SMS with the location of the biker to the police station. This ensures that the victims get

proper and prompt medical attention, if met with an accident.



CHAPTER 11

REFERENCES

[1] National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental deaths and suicides in India. New Delhi:

Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2005.

[2] V.Krishna Chaitanya, K.Praveen Kumar, “Smart helmet using Arduino”, Hyderabad,

2013.

[3] R. Prudhvi Raj, Ch. Sri Krishna Kanth, A. BhargavAdityaandK. Bharath, “Smart-Tec

Helmet,” AEEE, India.

[4] Manjesh N, Prof. Sudarshan Raj, “Smart Helmet Using GSM&GPS Technology for

Accident Detection and Reporting System”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics

Research, Vol. 2, Issue 4, October - December 2014.

[5] SudharsanaVijayan, Vineed T Govind, Merin Mathews, SimnaSurendran, Muhammed

Sabah,” Alcohol detection using smart helmet system”, IJETCSE, Volume 8 Issue

[6] Ruize Xu, Shengli Zhou, Li, W.J. “MEMS Accelerometer Based Nonspecific-User Hand

Gesture Recognition”, IEEE, Volume:12 Issue:5, 05 September 2011.

[7] Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems”, Pearson Education.

[8] “Wireless accident information using gps and gsm” September15, 2012, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.

[9] Y. Zhao, “Mobile phone location determination and its impact on intelligent

transportation systems.

Documents

keyless ignition system and smart riding