Spatial Data Infrastructure – An Overview

Md. Ashraful Islam Dept. of Geology

University of Dhaka

What is the SDI?

“. . .the technology, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute, and improve the utilization of geospatial data.”

What is the SDI?

Organizations and individuals cooperating

Using electronic technology to help find

and share geographic information

Following mutually accepted standards

Developing common base themes of data

So that

………………together we create networks of organizations and unified collections of data to ease decision-making for common pieces of geography.

Why do we need to build SDI?

Need for Spatial Data a. Spatial data/information is one of the most critical

elements underpinning decision making for many disciplines,

b. An estimated 90% of all information used by government has geo-spatial characteristics or attributes,

c. The same data sets will be collected by different agencies again and again.

d. 70-80 % cost of any GIS project spend for data collection, maintenance,...

Geospatial Data Some Examples

Field Measurements

Maps

Remotely-sensed Images

Spatially-referenced Data

Data The most expensive investment for an

organization

Created by many different organizations To solve many different problems

Using many different methods and technologies

But . . .

Data are hard to find

Data are difficult to access

Data are hard to integrate

Data are not current

Data are undocumented

Data are incomplete

Nature of SDI

Regional

Org. ….

Country

A

Country

B

Country

C

Country

…

ASEAN

APEC

ECO

Regional

Org….

Country

A

Country

B Regional SDI

Country

C

Country

…

ASEAN

APEC

ECO

Regional Cooperation Without Regional SDI

Regional Cooperation Throw Regional SDI n (n-1) Require mechanisms for share and

2n Require mechanisms for share and exchange

exchange of Geographic Information

of Geographic Information

The vision of SDI

Current and accurate geospatial data will be readily available to contribute locally, nationally, and globally

to economic growth, environmental quality and

stability, and social progress

Significance of SDIs

1. support integrated decision making for substantial and sustainable development in both the developed and developing countries of the world,

„ 2. reduce duplication-cost and efforts, 3. provide better data for decision making, „4. support new business processes/create new business opportunities in geospatial information industry.

Components of a SDI

Fundamental Data Set

Access Network

People Policy

SDI Standards

...necessary for the effective collection, management, access,

delivery and utilisation of spatial data in a specific community.

What steps can we take together to build the SDI?

How is the SDI structured?

The SDI is composed of

Clearinghouse Metadata

Partnerships

Geospatial data

Standards

The data provides a core...

Geospatial Data

Categories of Geospatial Data „ 1.Community-developed data sets usually derived for a single purpose but made available for potential re-use 2. Data sets developed to a common content specification for high re-use potential. These are known as “Framework” data.

Categories of Geospatial Data

Framework GEOdata

Framework provides. . .

a foundation to which spatial information

and attributes can be added.

a base on which other themes of data can be compiled.

context to orient and link the results of analyses to the landscape

Framework Data Federal

Hydrography

Cadastral

Roads

State Private Local Utilities

Elevation and bathymetry

Geodetic

Railroads

Boundaries

Digital orthoimagery

Spatial Analysis

Base for Other Data

Finished Maps

Framework supports...

Community development of sets of spatial primitives, feature representation, and attribution to a lowest common denominator Participants collecting or converting information to

common Framework specifications Multiple representations of real-world features at

different scales and times by feature identifier and generalization

Framework implementation

a. „Performed within thematic communities,composed of federal, local government, academic, and vendor

contributions

b. Drafted and tested first on a local scale and propagated upwards to assure compatibility

c. Ownership does not fall to one organization but to a cooperative group

Describing your data...

Metadata

Framework GEOdata

The uses of metadata

Provides documentation of existing internal geospatial data resources within an organization

(inventory)

Permits structured search and comparison of held

spatial data by others (advertising)

Provides end-users with adequate information to

take the data and use it in an appropriate context

(liability)

Making data discoverable...

Clearinghouse (catalog)

Metadata

Framework GEOdata

Clearinghouse provides... Discovery of spatial data. Distributed search worldwide

Uniform interface for spatial data

searches Advertising for your data holdings

This is all “Clearinghouse”

Gateway

SOI Clearinghouse

“Nodes” or

Web

FSI Client

Servers

NDC

GSI

Types of standards „ Data content

—Common classifications —Common collection criteria

„ Data management

„ Metadata „ Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)

Partnerships hold it all together

Partnerships

Clearinghouse (catalog)

Metadata

Framework GEOdata

Standards

Working with stakeholders to forge a common strategy to build a common infrastructure

The SDI is built through the actions of thousands of participants

and is a model for development of a Common Spatial Data Infrastructure

Hierarchy of SDI

Less detailed data

Global Planning

Regional Planning

National Planning

State Planning

Local Planning

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

More detailed Data Corporate SDI

The success of developing any type of SDIs, heavily depends to on individuals realising the need to cooperate with each other

Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning

Hierarchical structure and its tree structure

SDI Hierarchy and its Particularity

Global SDI Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI Corporate SDI

the role of a National SDI in a SDI hierarchyrole displays a particularity of role not present in The other levels of the SDI hierarchy. any other level of SDI in the hierarchy.

Relationships Among Different SDIs

Vertical Relationships

Global SDI Regional SDIs Horizontal

relationships

National SDIs

State SDIs

Local SDIs

Corporate SDI

Different views of the Hierarchy of

SDI

Umbrella View

Building Block View of SDI

Product-Based Model

Technology Components

Policy

People

Access Network

Data

Standards Definition

Collection Integration DataBase Creation Dissemination

...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to link existing and upcoming databases of the respective political/administrative levels of the community.

Process-Based Model

Border of Social System

People

SDI

Communication Channel Facility

Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Metadata Building directory

oordination

Facilitation

Awareness Knowledge Persuasion Decisions Participation Utilisation Infrastructures

Organisational Perspective

on SDI Hierarchy

Process-Based Strategic Model Management

Functional

Product- Operational Based Model

Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Corporate SDI

SDI Hierarchy

Overview of current NSDI initiatives --

Indian context

¾ Mapping Agencies in India

Forest Cover map of parts of South India (Source FSI)

Geological map parts of north India (source: GSI)

Mineral map of parts of north India (Source: GSI)

Master plan map of Dehradun city (Source Town and Country Planning.Department, Uttranchal)

Important sources of spatial and non-spatial data in India

Spatial Data Organisation Survey of India

Forest Survey of India

Geological Survey of India

Urban Development Authorities

National Bureau of Soil Survey & land

Use Planning

Data Scale Topographical maps 1:25,000- 1:1M Guide maps 1:20,000 State maps 1:M District Planning maps Road map of India 1:2.5 M

Forest cover maps 1:250,000 Geological Survey Map 1:10000 - 1:M Geological & Mineral Atlas of India District Resource Maps Geological & Mineral Map of States & Regions Mineral Belt Maps

Master plan 1:10,000

Soil Map for the entire 1:250000- 1:1M country

National Bureau of Soil Survey & land Use Planning National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization

National Remote Sensing Agency (Department of Space)

Soil Map for the entire country Atlases of India Physical & Geomorphological Maps

Climatic & Biogeogrpahical Maps

Population & Transport Maps Land use & Industrial Maps Agricultural & Economic Maps

Social and Regional Maps District Planning Map Series

Space (Satellite) map Aerial Maps Forest map Land use map

Soil map in selected areas Wasteland map Flood inundation map NDVI map (for drought monitoring) IMSD action plan map - Theme based integrated resource surveys on- Action plan for land and water resource management Ground water prospect map Landslide hazard zonation map

1:250000- 1:1M

1:1M to 1:6M 1:2M to 1:25M 1:1M to 1:6M

1:1M to 1:12M 1:2M to 12M 1:1M to 1:12M

1:12,500 - 1:1M 1:50,000, 1:250,000 and 1:1M 1:12,500, 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 1:50,000 & 1:250,000 1:50,000, 1:250,000, 1:1M 1:2M

1:50,000

1:50,000 1:25,000

Space Application Center

State Revenue Department

State Mining and Geology department

Exploration companies (ONGC, OIL,

NMDC, MECL, HZL, HCL,

SAIL)

Non Spatial Data

Botanical Survey of India

Zoological Survey of India

Indian Meteorological Department

Census Department

State Revenue Department

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

State Census department

Thematic maps 1:50,000

Cadastral maps 1:4000

Availability and gap areas

Priority wise spatial coverage requirement vs. scale

See how different stakeholder groups would participate in the NSDI

NSDI Stakeholders

NSDI USES

Info-

Savvy

Communi

ties

Universitie

s

For

research

activities

Developme

-ntal

Activities Infrastructure

Development

Natural Resource

Managemen t

NSDI Network

NRSA

INTRANET DESIGN

WEB ENABLED

GIS/MAP SERVERS

AGENCY OWNED

FILTERED ACCESS

Client

The rich collection of spatial data available in the country should

form the foundation data for NSDI

NSDI Framework

IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN NSDI

„ 1. Training to the existing professionals for the optimum

use of these new tools;

„ 2. Professional associations are concerned about the

changing technology and guidelines which would

tune the existing manpower

„ 3. Qualified professionals in this field would be in great

demand in future;

International Scenario - (UCGIS)

The University Consortium for Geographic Information

Science (UCGIS) is a non-profit organization of

universities and other research institutions dedicated to

advancing the understanding of geographic processes

and spatial relationships through improved theory,

methods, technology, and data.

UCGIS Goals

„ Increase the awareness and understanding of the vision

and concepts of the NSDI through outreach and

education.

„ Develop common solutions for discovery, access and use

of geospatial data in response to the needs of diverse

communities of users.

„ Use community-based approaches to develop and

maintain common collections of geospatial data for sound

decision-making.

„ Build relationships among organizations to support the

continuing development of the NSDI.

Current SDI Initiatives

Global Level: Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI), 1996

Regional Level: • Asia-Pacific Spatial Data Infrastructure (APSDI), 1995 • European Geospatial Information Infrastructure (EGII), 1995 • Spatial Data Infrastructure for Americas, 1999 • African SDI, 2000

Current SDI Initiatives

National Level: Australia ASDI 1986

USA FGDC/NSDI 1990

Qatar NCGIS/NGIS 1990

Portugal CNIG/SNIG 1990

Netherlands Ravi/NGII 1992

Indonesia Bakosurtanal/NGIS

1993

Iran NSDI/NGIS 1995

Malaysia NaLIS feasibility

study 1994

Korea NGIS 1995

Japan NSDI 1995

Canada CGDI 1996

Britain NGDF 1996

State Level: Victoria’s Geospatial Environment

Status of Current SDI Initiatives SDI

Product-

Process-

SDI

Product-

Process- Community

Based Model

Based Model

Community

Based Model

Based Model

Australia

Kiribati Canada

Partially

Macau Colombia

Malaysia Finland

The Netherlands

Partially France

Partially

Northern Ireland

Partially Germany

South Africa Greece

v

Sweden

Partially Hungary

UK

Partially India

USA Indonesia

ANZLIC Iran

Asia-Pacific (PCGIAP) Japan

Europe (EUROGI)

NSDI content and formulation

The NSDI would aim to have a de-centralized approach to:

„ Develop and maintain Standard digital collections of spatial data; „ Develop common solutions for discovery, access, and use of spatial data in response to the needs of diverse user groups; „ Build relationships among organizations to support the continuing development of the NSDI; „ Increase the awareness and understanding of the vision, concepts, and benefits of the NSDI