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台湾の水稲生産システムの環境影響および経済評価
Environmental impacts and financial implications of Taiwanese rice
cultivation
Hung-Chun Lin, Yasuhiro FukushimaEnvironmental Systems Engineering Laboratory
Department of Environmental EngineeringNational Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 1
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUSituation on Taiwan
• Rice– A main starch source
for Taiwanese– 60 kg/person/year
• Rice industry– GHGs emission– Resource consumption– Less preferable career
2million ton
Imported99.37%
Domestic0.63%
Energy Supply (2009)
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKURice Cultivation System
Seedling Transplanting
FarmManaging
HarvestingPlowing
and Watering
Rice
Fertilizer Pesticide
Water
SeedlingMachinery
-$
+$
3
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUObjective
• To clarify environmental and economic aspects of rice cultivation in Taiwan
4
Data source– Interview
e.g. fertilizer, electricity bill, etc.
– Literature review e.g. Irrigation water, GHGs from rice paddy, etc.
– Database • Bureau of Energy, Taiwan, etc.• Ecoinvent, etc.
Impact categories– GHGs (CO2, CH4,
N2O)
– Freshwater– Energy
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU
N N
H
O
Cl
Pencycuron
GHGs emission (1/3)A. Chemicals– Fertilizer: (NH4)2SO4
• Ammonium sulphate, as N, at regional storehouse, Ecoinvent
NH
H
O
N
H
Cl
Cl
Diuron
5
– Pesticide1. From database2. Associated chemical
• Pencycuron • Chemical class: Phenylurea• Associated chemical in
Ecoinvent: Diuron
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU 6GHGs emission (2/3)
B. Rice paddy– Measured data
C. Seedling
FertilizerSeedling
Seed
Local data
Database
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUGHGs emission (3/3)
D. PowerElectricityElectricity bill (Emission factor: 0.623 kg-CO2 equiv./kWh)
DieselFarming machineryhorsepower x working hour ÷ engine efficiencyTruckTransport lorry 3.5-16t, fleet average, Ecoinvent
7
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResource consumption
• FreshwaterCategory PurposeIrrigation To irrigate the rice paddyPesticide To dilute pesticideSeedling To dilute pesticide and fertilizer
Category PurposeFuel Produce diesel and electricity, operate machinesElectricity Pump waterProcedure utilities Fertilizer, pesticide
• Energy
8
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUCase Study
Farming activities time/CS
Plowing 2
Transplanting 1
Applying fertilizer 4
Applying pesticide 4
Harvesting 1
• Location: Hou-Bi Township, Tainan (southern Taiwan)
• Temperature: 24.7℃(18~29 ℃)
• Crop season (CS): 2 seasons– 1st CS: Jan. ~ May– 2nd CS: Jul .~ Nov.
• Rainfall: 1809 mm (11.2~445.7mm)
• Yield: – 1st CS: 1,080~1,320 kg/fen– 2nd CS: 780~840 kg/fen
9
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResults (1/3)
Rice paddy > Power > Chemicals > Seedlings
10
GHGs emission: 1,797.24 kg-CO2 equiv./fen/year
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResult (2/3)
• Resource consumption
Freshwater: 6,740 m3-water/fen/year
Energy: 14,977 MJ/fen/year
11
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUResult (3/3)
• Financial flow Income: 29,760− Expenditure: 16,348 13,412 NTD
C1: FertilizerC2: PesticideC3: FuelC4: ElectricityC5: Plowing
C6: TransplantingC7: Spraying (fertilizer)C8: Spraying (pesticide)C9: HarvestingC10: Seedling
Wages > Chemicals > Power > SeedlingNo.1 Fertilizer (C1)No.2 Plowing (C5)No.3 Electricity
(C4)
12
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU 13Summary
• For 1 kg rice– 0.97 kg-CO2 equiv.
– 3.6 m3 water– 8.1 MJ– 8.8 NTD (cost)
• For 1 fen rice paddy, 1 year– 1,797.24 kg-CO2 equiv.
– 6,740 m3 water– 14,977 MJ– 13,412 NTD (net income)
How to reduce the environmental impact? How to increase the income of farmers?
Annual income Farmer: 134,120 NTD (10 fen)Laborer: 444,300 NTD 70% less!
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUDiscussion (1/3)
• ElectricityCategories With
pumpingWithout pumping
Reduction Unit(/kg-rice)
GHGs emission 0.97 0.70 28% kg-CO2 equiv.
Energy consumption 8.1 2.0 75% MJ
Cost 8.8 7.7 12% NTD
14
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU
kg-CO2 equiv.
1st CS1st CS 2nd CS 2nd CS
Discussion (2/3)• Comparisons on GHGs emission between 1st CS,
2nd CS, fallow period
15
1st CS: Jan.~May.2nd CS: Jul.~Nov.
If we want to make land fallow, which season is better? GHGs emission Water availability
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKU
• Subsidy for fallow land– 4,500 NTD/fen/CS– Cost for green manure– Given to land owners,
but not farmers
• Wages – 47% of the total expenditure– Different percentage for
farmers with machine
Discussion (3/3) 16
Green manure
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUConclusion (1/2)
• The major sources– GHGs emission: CH4 (44%)
– Freshwater consumption: Irrigation (>99%)– Energy consumption: Electricity (75%)– Expenditure: Fertilizer (15%)
• To reduce environmental impacts– Choosing a place with rivers or spring nearby
• 28%, 75%, and 12% reduction of GHGs emission, energy consumption, and cost of rice, respectively
– Making land fallow• Food security and farmers’ welfare
17
2011 2011 日本日本 LCALCA 学会研究発表学会研究発表会 会
EnvironmentalSystems EngineeringLaboratory, NCKUConclusion (2/2)
• To complete the study– Seedling preparation– Indirect emission from electricity
18
• Relatively high labor cost– Price of labor
Suggestion