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Chapter 3Goal 1: What is

Ecology?

Chapter 3Goal 1: What is

Ecology?

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Organisms and Their Environme

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Organisms and Their Environme

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I. EcologyI. EcologyI. EcologyI. Ecology

A.A. interactionsinteractions between between organisms andorganisms and their their environmentenvironment

B.B. explainsexplains how living how living organisms organisms affectaffect each each other and the world they other and the world they live inlive in

A.A. interactionsinteractions between between organisms andorganisms and their their environmentenvironment

B.B. explainsexplains how living how living organisms organisms affectaffect each each other and the world they other and the world they live inlive in

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II. EnvironmentII. EnvironmentII. EnvironmentII. Environment

A. Abiotic factors- A. Abiotic factors- nonliving parts nonliving parts

1. Examples: 1. Examples: air air currents, temperature, currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil, moisture, light, and soil, rocksrocks

2. affect an organism’s 2. affect an organism’s lifelife

A. Abiotic factors- A. Abiotic factors- nonliving parts nonliving parts

1. Examples: 1. Examples: air air currents, temperature, currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil, moisture, light, and soil, rocksrocks

2. affect an organism’s 2. affect an organism’s lifelife

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B. Biotic factors B. Biotic factors - - living things in the living things in the environmentenvironment•All All organisms depend organisms depend on others on others directly or directly or indirectlyindirectly for food, for food, shelter, reproduction, shelter, reproduction, or protection.or protection.

B. Biotic factors B. Biotic factors - - living things in the living things in the environmentenvironment•All All organisms depend organisms depend on others on others directly or directly or indirectlyindirectly for food, for food, shelter, reproduction, shelter, reproduction, or protection.or protection.

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

AbioticAbiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?

BioticBiotic

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III. Levels of OrganizationIII. Levels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Species Population Communities Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

• Species Population Communities Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

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A. Simplest LevelsA. Simplest Levels

1.1. AtomAtom2.2. MoleculeMolecule3.3. OrganelleOrganelle4.4. CellCell5.5. TissueTissue6.6. Organ Organ 7.7. Organ Organ

SystemSystem

1.1. AtomAtom2.2. MoleculeMolecule3.3. OrganelleOrganelle4.4. CellCell5.5. TissueTissue6.6. Organ Organ 7.7. Organ Organ

SystemSystem

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B. Ecological Levels of B. Ecological Levels of OrganizationOrganization

B. Ecological Levels of B. Ecological Levels of OrganizationOrganization

• organized into different organized into different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity

• organized into different organized into different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity

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1. 11. 1stst Level Level1. 11. 1stst Level Level•OrganismOrganism::

ONE individual ONE individual living thingliving thing– Ex: a ZebraEx: a Zebra

•OrganismOrganism::ONE individual ONE individual living thingliving thing– Ex: a ZebraEx: a Zebra

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2. 22. 2ndnd Level Level2. 22. 2ndnd Level Level•PopulationPopulation::

group of group of organisms of organisms of the the same same speciesspecies which which live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same timetime– Ex: groups of Ex: groups of

zebraszebras

•PopulationPopulation::group of group of organisms of organisms of the the same same speciesspecies which which live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same timetime– Ex: groups of Ex: groups of

zebraszebras

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3. 33. 3rdrd Level Level3. 33. 3rdrd Level Level•CommunityCommunity::

All the All the populations of populations of different different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same timetime..– Ex: groups of Ex: groups of

zebras and bison zebras and bison

•CommunityCommunity::All the All the populations of populations of different different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same timetime..– Ex: groups of Ex: groups of

zebras and bison zebras and bison

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4. 44. 4thth Level Level4. 44. 4thth Level Level•EcosystemEcosystem::

Populations of Populations of plants and animals plants and animals that that interactinteract with with each other in an each other in an area with abiotic area with abiotic factorsfactors– Ex: zebras, giraffes, Ex: zebras, giraffes,

elephants, grasses, elephants, grasses, dirt/sanddirt/sand

•EcosystemEcosystem:: Populations of Populations of plants and animals plants and animals that that interactinteract with with each other in an each other in an area with abiotic area with abiotic factorsfactors– Ex: zebras, giraffes, Ex: zebras, giraffes,

elephants, grasses, elephants, grasses, dirt/sanddirt/sand

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5. 55. 5thth Level Level5. 55. 5thth Level Level

•BiomeBiome::groups of ecosystems with similar climates–Ex: desert, Ex: desert, rainforestrainforest

•BiomeBiome::groups of ecosystems with similar climates–Ex: desert, Ex: desert, rainforestrainforest

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6. 66. 6thth Level Level6. 66. 6thth Level Level

•BiosphereBiosphere::part of earth where life is found: air, air, land, fresh land, fresh and salt and salt waterwater

•BiosphereBiosphere::part of earth where life is found: air, air, land, fresh land, fresh and salt and salt waterwater

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INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL

POPULATIOPOPULATIONN

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEMBIOMBIOMEE

BIOSPHEREBIOSPHEREORGANIZATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF ECOLOGYLEVELS OF ECOLOGY

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What level of What level of organization?organization?What level of What level of organization?organization?

OrganismOrganism

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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?

EcosystemEcosystem

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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?

PopulationPopulation

Levels of Organization Foldable

Levels of Organization Foldable

• Fold 4 sheets of paper staggered by one inch.

• Staple at bottom.• Title the front tab: Levels of

Organization

• Under each tab:– Define the level in your OWN words– Draw picture representing the level

(CANNOT use pictures in book)•Color drawing

– Write example below picture

• Fold 4 sheets of paper staggered by one inch.

• Staple at bottom.• Title the front tab: Levels of

Organization

• Under each tab:– Define the level in your OWN words– Draw picture representing the level

(CANNOT use pictures in book)•Color drawing

– Write example below picture24

Goal 2: FEEDING

RELATIONSHIPS

I. The Sun

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

A. Provides all energy for life on Earth.

II. AUTOTROPHSA. “Self-Feeders”

B. capture energy from the sun to produce food

C. also called a PRODUCER– Ex: plants & algae

D. 2 Ways to make Food (Sugars)1. Photosynthesis - use light energy

a. Ex: algae, plants

2. Chemosynthesis - use chemical energy

a. Ex: cyanobacteria, sulfur bacteria – uses hydrogen sulfide for energy

3. Both use energy to make sugars and oxygen

Everything Else…

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

HETEROTROPHS

III. HETEROTROPHSA. “Different-Feeders”B. Must “eat” other organisms for energyC. also called a CONSUMERD. Types of heterotrophs:

1. Herbivores

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

Eats Plants

2. Carnivores

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

Hunts/Kills Animals

3. Omnivores

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

Eats Plants & Animals

4. Detritivores

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

Eats Dead Remains & Waste

5. Decomposer

SUN

Autotroph.........Producer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Herbivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Carnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Omnivore

Heterotroph

Consumer

Decomposer

Heterotroph

Consumer

Detrivore

Breaks Down Dead Matter

6. Scavenger

Eats Animals already killed

Goal 3:

Food Chains & Food Webs

I. Food ChainA. Diagram of steps

in which organisms transfer energy

B. Each “step” (organism) is called a trophic level

B. Energy flows in ONE direction

C. Must use an ARROW to show direction of energy

1. Arrow points to organism RECEIVING energy by eating

D. Example:

Rules:1. Must start with a producer

2. Arrows must point right

3. Only 3-5 organisms long

Sunflower seeds Mouse Snake Owl

E. Order of Consumers

1st order: mouse 2nd order: snake 3rd order: owl

Sunflower seeds Mouse Snake Owl

Grass Zebra Lion Bacteria

• How many trophic levels are in this food chain?

• Which trophic level is the lion in?• Which organism is the 1st order

consumer?• ….the 2nd order consumer?• …. The 3rd order consumer?

II. Food WebA. Diagram that links all of the food

chains in an ecosystem together1. Same rules apply as food chains

Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsEach Level In A Food Chain or Each Level In A Food Chain or

Food Web is a Trophic Level.Food Web is a Trophic Level.

ProducersProducersAlways The First Trophic LevelAlways The First Trophic LevelHow Energy Enters The SystemHow Energy Enters The System

HerbivoresHerbivoresSecond Trophic LevelSecond Trophic Level

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Omnivores & CarnivoresOmnivores & Carnivores•Third Trophic Level and Up

Trophic Level Pyramid

Ecologists use ecological pyramids to represent the relationships among trophic levels

I. Three types: Pyramid of Energy

Pyramid of Biomass

Pyramid of Numbers

a. Shows amount of energy at each trophic level

b. Energy decreases as you go up

i. 10% of the energy at each trophic level goes on to the next level

ii. 90% is lost as heat

a. Shows the total weight of living matter at each trophic level

b. Typically the greatest biomass is at the bottom of the pyramid.

a. Shows the population size at each level

b. Amount of organisms decreases as you go up