THE REFORMATION CONTINUESChapter 17 Section 4

John Calvin• Influential in the spread

of Protestantism

• 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion• Summary of Protestant

beliefs

• View men & women as sinful by nature

• Believed in predestination: God knew who he was going to save or “elect”

• Teachings = Calvinism

Calvinism Spreads• Ideal government: Theocracy• Religious leaders rule

• 1540s: rules city of Geneva –a “model city”• Strict: No bright clothing or card

games; religion classes

• Brutal punishments

• 1559: John Knox (Scotsman) follows Calvin’s teaching = Presbyterians

• Calvinism spreads throughout Europe• France: Calvinists = Huguenots

• Catholics kill 1000s of them

Anabaptists• Protestants: Bible

source of all religious

truth

• Baptized those only

enough to decide

• Viewed church & state to

be separate

• Refused to fight wars &

share possessions

• Persecuted by Catholics

& Protestants

–Forerunners of Mennonites

& Amish

– Influence the Quakers &

Baptists

Women• Reforms & renaissance

ideas = more influencefrom women

• Many protect reformers• Marguerite of Navarre saves

John Calvin

• Katherina von Bora(Luther’s wife)• Mothers children, manages

finances, cooked meals, supports Luther

• Pushed for women to have equal marriage roles

• Beginning of the modernwoman

Catholic Reforms• Millions stayed with the

Catholic Church

–Aid cause through reforms =

Catholic Reformation

• Ignatius of Loyola =

Reformer from Spain

• 1522: Spiritual Exercises

–Daily plan of meditation,

prayer, & study

• 1540: Pope creates the

Society of Jesus = Jesuits

– 1) Found schools in Europe

– 2) Convert non-believers

– 3) stop spread of

Protestantism

Reforming Popes• Reforms of Pope Paul III• 1) Investigated indulgences

& abuses

• 2) Approved Jesuit order

• 3) Uses Inquisition to seek out heresy

• 4) called the Council of Trent

• Reforms of Pope Paul IV• Carries out the council’s

decrees

• 1559: Draws up list of dangerous books to the faith

• Orders books to be burned

Council of Trent

• 1545-1563: Catholicbishops & cardinals establish doctrines

• Agreed upon doctrines:

• Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final

• Salvation = faith & good works

• The Bible & traditions guided Christian life

• Indulgences were valid, but couldn’t be false

Legacy of the Reformation

Religious & Social Effects

• Protestant churches flourish

• New denominations develop

• Catholic Church is stronger

as a religious entity

• More emphasis on education

• Colleges & universities

established

• Women mostly limited to

concerns of home & family =

some new roles

Political Effects

• Catholic political authority declines

• More power for monarchs & states = the modern nation-state

• 1600s = power sought through war, exploration, & expansion

• Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment