-
41. PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLES FROM SITES 259,261,
AND 263, LEG 27,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT
Julie F. Wiseman and Alan J. Williams, West Australian Petroleum
Pty. Ltd.Perth, Western Australia
ABSTRACT
The occurrences of Mesozoic dinoflagellates, pollen, and
sporesfrom Sites 259, 261, and 263 are described, and from
thesedescriptions the sediments studied are dated Early Cretaceous.
Thedinoflagellate stratigraphy is compared with a worldwide range
chartcompiled for this study; the spore and pollen stratigraphy
iscompared with previously described zonations. This is a
preliminarystudy and, consequently, includes few taxonomic
considerations.
The dinoflagellates were studied by Wiseman and the spores
andpollen by Williams.
INTRODUCTION
Twenty-two samples were studied from Site 259, 11from Site 261,
and 24 from Site 263. Most samplesyielded varied and well-preserved
assemblages ofpalynomorphs. However, the upper samples from
Sites259 (Cores 10-17) and 261 (Cores 9-12) were barren, andSite
263, Core 3, was also barren. No obvioussedimentological
differences were observed which wouldaccount for the lack of
palynomorphs in these samples.
Virtually all of the samples with palynomorphs hadpredominantly
marine assemblages. Percentages ofmarine palynomorphs in the total
assemblages werecounted and the results summarized in Figures 1, 2,
and3.
SITE
CORE
18
19
20
2 1
23
25
26
27
2β
29
30
31
32
33
2 5 9 % Marine
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SECTION
3
i
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
1
NOTE: Cores
(
\
>
0-17 are barren of palynomorphs.
SITE
CORE
15
16
21
22
23
24
25
26
261
SECTION
1
1
3
2
1
2
3
2
Not* C
*/• Marine
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 βO 90 100
Figure 1. Percentage of marine (left side of graph)
againstland-derived (right side of graph) palynomorphs in sam-ples
from Site 259.
Figure 2. Percentage of marine (left side of graph)
againstland-derived (right side of graph) palynomorphs in sam-ples
from Site 261.
DISCUSSION
Dinoflagellates
The previous stratigraphical ranges of thedinoflagellates
encountered in this study are sum-marized in Figure 4. The main
sources of reference forthis chart were Evans (1966), Eisenack
(1967, 1971),Sarjeant (1967), Singh (1971), and Davey and
Verdier(1971). The ranges of a number of species have beenslightly
modified in accordance with unpublished datafrom studies undertaken
at West Australian Petroleum,notably by H. L. Ott, during the
drilling of exploratoryoil wells in Western Australia.
The ranges of 86 species are shown. The taxonomyemployed is that
of current usage and, where changes ofgeneric assignments have been
made, the author respon-sible for the reassignment is given
together with theoriginal author.
Several species have rather more restricted knownstratigraphical
ranges in Western Australia than thoseshown on the worldwide range
chart. Muderongiamcwhaei Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 is usually
915
-
J. F. WISEMAN, A. J. WILLIAMS
SITE 263
CORE SEC
9 t
20
21 :
22 :
23 4
25 t
26 3
28 3
29 3
ION
% Marine
0 I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
\BARREN v x
-
PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLES, SITES 259, 261, AND
263
JURASSIC
LATE
CRETACEOUS
EARLY
NEOCOMIAN
LATE
SENONIAN
36 Achomosphaera πeptuπi k.l958l Davey and Willi<
5 Gonyaulacysta perfot
55 Canningii
tundata Cooksi
Cookson and Ei:
56 Canπingiπopsi; Cookson and Ei;
57 Carpodinium graπula
58 Chlamydophore Cookson and Ei<
A,.".;.?: Dauey,1969
44 ? Cordosphaeπdii
13 Cyclonephβliijm
C. densebarbatt
Deflaπdre and Cook:
68 C. membranipho
Cookson and Eù
39 ?Dingodin.umalberli
Neale and Sarjeant.1%2Cookson and Ei:
53 G. hadra Sarjeant.1 966
11 G. helicoidea and Cookson.1960
61 G• muderongeπs
5 G. perforans Cooks
k.1958i Wiggins.1969
amphiacaπthum Cookson and
71 H. ohgacanlhum Deflandre and Cookson,1955
iNeαle and Sar/earn.19S2) Clarke and Verdiβf.1967
22 H niilchrum Deflandre.19
I Albert,. 19611 Clarke and Vβrdiet.1967
Clarke and Verdier.1 967
Deflandre.1937
'4 Hystrichosphaeridii
Neale and Sarjeant,1962
3 M. mcwhaei
ola Sarjeanl.19
26 O. operculata J 9331 Deflaπdre. 1937
:9 ? Oligosphaeridiun- 19591 Davey and Willi
1842i Davey and Williams.1966
1.1959. Davey and Wil
84 0. prolixospin Davey and Wil
955; Davey and Williams.1966
49 Paranetrelytron !
1 Pareodinia aptielia Cooksi
Deflandre.1947
tβocht.19571 Millioud.1967
7 Prolixosphaeridilim parvi:
Cookson and Ei!
Hurt Cookson and Eisenack. 1962
64 Scriπiodinium atladalt I Cookson and lisenack. 19581
IDellandre.1938) Klement.1957
I Deflanttre, 19381 Mei
9 Surculosphaeridii
77 Tanyospnaer•dit IDet/andre and Cookson.1955) Davey and
Wil
7 Prolixospt•aeridn
9 SurculosphaeridiL
28 Apteodinium granula•
36 Achomosphai
42 Oligosphaeridii
44 ? Cordosphaeridi>
56 Caππiπginopsis denticule
58 Chlamydophorelta nyei
60 Cyclonβphelium ? altadalii
69 Exochosphaeridii
77 Tanyosphaeridii
81 Oligosphaehdum dij
65 Canntngic
Figure 4. Compilation of previously described stratigraphical
ranges in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous of dinoflagellates
re-corded in this study. (*denotes a range beyond the limits of
chart.)
917
-
J. F. WISEMAN, A. J. WILLIAMS
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7 3 x K K × xx x x x x x x x x x x
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J U 2 " × * x × × x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x × x ×0 w X X X X
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^ 1 2 4 x x x × x × × × × × x x x x x uO ) 3 j x x × x × x x x x
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< 17 2 x × × x x * × × × × x x x x x x × × x x^ ] 8 3 K x x x
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C 2 2 3 x x x x × x × × × × x ^ ~ × x
.2 23 4 * » x x x - x
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t 2 6 3 x x x x x × x x x
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Figure 7. Range chart of dinoflagellates recovered from samples
from Site 263.
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J. F. WISEMAN, A. J. WILLIAMS
These samples probably range into the late Aptian toearly
Albian. This is suggested by the occurrence inCores 8 and 5 of
Cleistosphaeridium ancoriferumCookson and Eisenack, (1960) 1968;
Hystrichodiniumoligacanthum Deflandre and Cookson,
1955;Hystrichosphaera speciosa Deflandre, 1937; and
Ex-ochosphaeridium striolatum var. truncatum Davey, 1969.
Core 3 was barren of palynomorphs. Core 2contained a poorly
preserved, restricted assemblage ofdinoflagellates of Early
Cretaceous aspect. These areconsidered to be reworked and not
indicative of the ageof these sediments.
A number of reworked dinoflagellates wererecognized in the
Aptian assemblages. These includeCyclonephelium densebarbatum
Cookson and Eisenack,1960 (Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian) in Cores 28
and 26;Scriniodinium erystallinum (Deflandre, 1938) Klement,1957
(Callovian to Kimmeridgian) in Core 28;Cyclone phelium areolatum
Cookson and Eisenack, 1960(Tithonian), Gonyaulacysta perforans
Cookson andEisenack, 1958 (Oxfordian to Tithonian), and
Surculo-sphaeridium cribrotubigerum (Sarjeant, 1960) Davey etal.,
1966 (Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) in Core 26; andGonyaulacysta
cretacea Neale and Sarjeant, 1962(Hauterivian) and G. longicornis
Downie, 1957(Tithonian) in Core 7.Spores and Pollen
Range charts of spores and pollen for Sites 259, 261,and 263 are
given in Figures 8-10. Overall, spores andpollen comprise a minor
part of the microfloralasemblages (see Figures 1-3), particularly
in the samplesstudied from Site 261 and the upper part of Site
263.There is a rough correlation between a greater diversityof
species recorded and samples with relatively highpercentages of
spores and pollen (e.g., at Site 259,contrast the assemblages
recovered from Core 26 withCore 27, and Core 29 with Core 30); this
is probably afunction of the availability of spores and pollen,
andtheir transport and sorting, partly by air but largely bywater
(Muller, 1959), into the marine environmentindicated by the
microplankton.
Balme's papers (1957, 1964) remain the main workson Early
Cretaceous spores and pollen of Western Aus-tralia. Dettmann and
Play ford (1969) have reviewed thepalynology of the Lower
Cretaceous in Australia andcompared it with extra-Australian
records. The assem-blages recorded here are of Late Jurassic to
Early Cre-taceous aspect, containing many bryophytic,
pterido-phytic, and gymnospermous elements reportedpreviously from
sediments of this age, (Dettmann andPlayford, 1969) especially from
Australia, India, andSouth America; no angiosperm pollen was
recorded.
The zone ranges of the key species of Dettmann andPlayford
(1969) are not well verified in Western Aus-tralia, and some
species (e.g., C. stylosus) are rarelyrecorded. The C. stylosus and
D. speciosus zones are notprecisely dated (Dettmann and Playford,
1969, p. 186-190), but probably fall, respectively, within the
limits ofLate Jurassic to Early Neocomian, and Late Neo-comian to
Late Aptian. The datings from spores andpollen are considered
together with microplanktondatings (see Conclusions).
At Site 259 the occurrence of Microcachryiditesantarcticus
Cookson, Podocarpidites ellipticus Cookson,and Inaperturopollenites
limbatus Balme, frequently insome numbers, and Cicatricosisporites
spp.,Acanthotriletes levidensis Balme, and Concavisporitesinfirmus
Balme, indicate a correlation with Balme's(1964) Microcachryidites
Assemblage (Neocomian toAptian), at least up to Core 20. Although
the occurrenceof Crybelosporites stylosus Dettmann in Core
31suggests that the lower part of the interval examinedmay be
assigned to the C. stylosus Zone of Dettmannand Playford (1969), in
the light of evidence from thedinoflagellates, this probably
represents reworking ofolder sediments. The upper limit of
Contignisporitescooksonii (Balme) and the presence of
Dictyotosporitesfilosus Dettmann indicate that most of the
interval, atleast up to Core 20, is in the Dictyotosporites
speciosusZone (Dettmann and Playford, 1969).
The samples up to Core 11 at Site 263 are assigned tothe
Microcachryidites Assemblage; they yielded thesame species as
listed for the MicrocachryiditesAssemblage at Site 259 together
with Murospora florida(Balme) and Reticuloidosporites arcus
(Balme). Theoccurrence of Aequitriradites hispidus Dettmann
andPlayford implies assignment to the C. stylosus Zone forthe
assemblage from Core 29. However, in view of theBarremian age
determined from the dinoflagellatespresent, this probably
represents reworking. The oc-currences of Murospora florida and
Krauselisporiteslinearis (Cookson and Dettmann) and the top of
therange of Contignisporites cooksonii indicate that theassemblages
up to Core 12 correlate with the lower partof the D. speciosus
Zone, and the occurrence of D.speciosus Cookson and Dettmann (D.
speciosus Zone) inCore 11 is the highest occurrence of a key
species.
Recovery of spores and pollen was low from thesamples from Site
261. The assemblages are consistentwith an Early Cretaceous
age.
Reworked palynomorphs were recorded from somesamples. They may
give some clue to sediment sourceand are included on the range
charts, together with theirage ranges.
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGYThe taxa described are only those which
differ markedly from
previously described forms, either in morphologic or
stratigraphicoccurrence. New species are herein given informal
designations.
Genus BELODINIUM Cookson and Eisenack, 1960
Belodinium sp. cf. B. dysculum
Remarks: This is most likely a separate species from B.
dysculumCookson and Eisenack, 1960, since there is a wide
stratigraphicseparation between the occurrence of the two forms,
Cookson andEisenack's species being restricted to the Late
Jurassic. However, theonly distinguishing morphological feature
recognized is that B. cf.dysculum has a longer apical horn than B.
dysculum s.s. In mostobserved specimens, this horn has been lost
during archeopyleformation and is, therefore, not generally useful
in distinguishing aseparate species. Until other morphological
differences are observed,it is considered unwise to erect a
separate species for the EarlyCretaceous forms.
Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29,
30, 31.Site 261, Cores 21, 24, 26. Site 263, Cores 5, 6, 7, 9, 10,
11, 12, 14, 15.
Inferred age: Aptian.
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X X X X c f . X
Z 2 7 3 X X X X X X X X ? X° 2 β 2 X X X X X X X c f . X X X X X
X X§ 2 8 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X c f . X X X ו [ 2 9 2 X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X ? X X X
_f_ 30 3 X X X X X X X X X X XX XXε31 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X
c f X X X X X X cf. X X X X X X° 3 2 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X2 3 3 1 X X X a f < X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X
z
Figure 8. Range chart of spores and pollen recovered from
samples from Site 259.
-
J. F. WISEMAN, A. J. WILLIAMS
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Figure 9. Range chart of spores and pollen recovered fromsamples
from Site 261.
Genus CANNINGIA Cookson and Eisenack 1960
Canningia sp. cf. C. rotundata Cookson and Eisenack, 1961
Remarks: C. cf. rotundata is reserved for those specimens of
C.rotundata with thick walls (~5µ) and a strongly vermiculate
orreticulate ornamentation. These forms were included in Cookson
andEisenack's original description of the species but are
readilydistinguishable from the more typical thin-walled and
indistinctlyornamented specimens.
Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 25, 30. Site 261, Cores 21, 22, 23,
24, 26.Site 263, Cores 6, 13, 15, 17, 18.
Inferred age: Aptian.
Genus DRUGGIDIUM Habib, 1973
Druggidium sp. A.
Description: Small, oval to spherical, proximate cysts with
atabulation of 4', 6", 6g, 6'", lp, 1"". Plates smooth, bordered by
low,simple ridges. Archeopyle precingular, formed by loss of plates
2" and3".
Sizes of observed specimens range between 35 and 46
meters.Remarks: This species most closely resembles D.
apicopaucicum
Habib 1973, described from Leg 11, Hole 105
(Valanginian-Tithonian). It differs in that the septa marking the
plate boundariesare smooth, straight, and not crenulated. It
differs from D.rhabdoreticulatum Habib, 1973 in that it does not
possess the raisedmembrane described for that species.are smooth,
straight, and not crenulated. It differs from D.rhabdoreticulatum
Habib, 1973 in that it does not possess the raisedmembrane
described for that species.
Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 38, 30,
31, 33.Site 261, Cores 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24. Site 263, Cores
6, 7, 8, 9, 11,15, 17.
Inferred age: Aptian.
Genus SENONIASPHAERA Clarke and Verdier, 1967
Senoniasphaera sp. A.
Description: A species of Senoniasphaera with
pronouncedantapical horns and lateral horns, the inner body
protruding into theantapical horns. Apical horn not observed due to
archeopyleformation.
Remarks: This species closely resembles S. protrusa Clarke
andVerdier, 1967, described from the Senonian of the Isle of Wight.
Theantapical horns in Senoniasphaera sp. A are equal in length and
morepronounced.
The size range observed is 93-125µ for the overall length and
67-86µfor the overall width.
Occurrence: Site 263, Cores 22, 25, 26.
Genus TANYOSPHAERIDIUM Davey and Williams, 1966
Tanyosphaeridium sp. cf. T. isocalamus
Remarks: The specimens observed are very similar
toTanyosphaeridium sp. Singh, 1971 from the Albian of the Peace
RiverArea, Alberta, in that they vary from T. isocalamus s.s. in
havingslightly buccinate extremities to the processes.
Occurrence: Site 259, Core 30. Site 261, Cores 24, 26. Site
263,Cores 12, 13.
Inferred age: Early Aptian.
Genus TENUA (Eisenack 1958) Sarjeant, 1968
Tenua sp. A.
Description: Relatively small, ovoidal species of Tenua with
noindication of tabulation. The wall is thick (~5µ) and possesses
strongvermiculate ornamentation.
Remarks: Tenua sp. A is probably closely related to Canningia
sp.cf. C. rotundata Cookson and Eisenack, 1961. However, the
twospecies do occur in different samples, although they are not
mutuallyexclusive and have similar stratigraphic ranges.
Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30. Site
261, Cores14, 16, 21, 22. Site 263, Cores 5, 6, 8, 13, 15.
Inferred age: Aptian to ?early Albian.
Genus et species indet. 1
Remarks: This genus is probably closely related
toDichadogonyaulax Sarjeant, 1966 since it is tabulate and has
anepitractal archeopyle. It will be formally described at a latter
date.
CONCLUSIONS
The ages obtained from study of the dinoflagellatesfrom Sites
259, 261, and 263 agree well with the agesindicated by the pollen
and spores present.
Site 259, Cores 18-33 are all considered to be Aptianand
probably range from early to late Aptian. The ageof Cores 10-17
could not be determined by palynologicalmeans.
Site 261, Cores 14-26 range from early Aptian to lateAptian or
early Albian in age. The age of Cores 9-12could not be determined
by palynological means.
Site 263, Cores 5-29 range from Barremian to lateAptian or early
Albian in age. The ages of Cores 2 and 3are indeterminable by
palynological means.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank B. E. Balme (University of WesternAustralia),
B. S. Ingram (Burmah Oil Australia), M. H.Johnstone, P. G. Quilty,
and P. W. Nygreen, West AustralianPetroleum Pty. (WAPET) for their
constructive help andcriticisms. Thanks is also extended to the
staff of WAPET whoprovided assistance in the preparation of this
paper,particularly J. J. McKenny who did much of the drafting
andspecimen counts, C. A. Howard, V. E. Slater, G. Beacher, andW.
Canters who prepared the samples, and M. Sullivan whodrafted the
range charts.
J. J. Veevers and H. Bolli provided much helpfulinformation.
Finally the authors acknowledge with gratitude the time
andfacilities made freely available by West Australian Petroleumfor
this work.
REFERENCES
Balme, B. E., 1957. Spores and pollen grains from theMesozoic of
Western Australia: Coal Res. CommonwealthSci. Indust. Res. Org.
Tech. Contrib., v. 25, p. 1.
, 1964. The palynological record of Australian pre-Tertiary
floras. In Ancient Pacific floras: Honolulu (Univ.Hawaii Press), p.
49.
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Figure 10. Range chart of spores and pollen recovered from
samples from Site 263.
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J. F. WISEMAN, A. J. WILLIAMS
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