Нийтийн удирдлагын бодлогын

асуудал, шинжилгээ

тойм лекц 1

Боловсруулсан: доктор, проф С.Эрдэнэтуул

Хичээлийн зорилтот суралцахуйн үр дүн

Орчин үеийн нийгэм дэх нийтийн секторын хамтын шийдвэр гаргалтын

загваруудыг үнэлэх

Төрийн бодлогын нийгэм болон хувь хүнд нөлөөлөх нөлөөллийг

тодорхойлох

Нийгмийн асуудлуудыг тодорхойлох, оновчтой шийдлийн бодлогын

харьцуулалт хийх, үнэлэлт өгөх

Иргэдийн болон оролцогч талуудын оролцоог шийдвэр гаргалтад хангах

зарчмыг бодлогын шийдвэр гаргалтад ашиглах

Салбарын бодлогын харьцуулсан судалгаа хийх

Бодлогын оновчтой шийдлүүдийг тодорхойлох

Хичээлийн зорилтот суралцахуйн үр дүн

Зорилтот суралцахуйн үр дүн Сургалтын арга, хэлбэр

CLO 1 Орчин үеийн нийгэм дэх нийтийн секторын хамтын шийдвэр

гаргалтын загваруудыг үнэлэх

Тойм лекц, судалгааны өгүүлэл

унших

CLO 2 Төрийн бодлогын нийгэм болон хувь хүнд нөлөөлөх

нөлөөллийг тодорхойлох

Тойм лекц, судалгааны өгүүлэл

унших, хэлэлцүүлэг хийх

CLO 3 Нийгмийн асуудлуудыг тодорхойлох, оновчтой шийдлийн

бодлогын харьцуулалт хийх, үнэлэлт өгөх

Кейс дээр ажиллах

CLO 4 Иргэдийн болон оролцогч талуудын оролцоог шийдвэр

гаргалтад хангах зарчмыг бодлогын шийдвэр гаргалтад

ашиглах

Кейс дээр ажиллах

CLO 5 Салбарын бодлогын харьцуулсан судалгаа хийх Салбарын бодлогын асуудлуудаар

хэлэлцүүлэг хийх, постер илтгэл

хэлэлцүүлэх

CLO 6 Бодлогын оновчтой шийдлүүдийг тодорхойлох Аман илтгэл хэлэлцүүлэх

Суралцахуйн зорилтот үр дүнг үнэлэх

Судалгааны өгүүлэл унших, хэлэлцүүлэг хийх

Тодорхой салбарын бодлогын асуудалд үнэлгээ хийн, дүгнэлт

гаргах /постер илтгэл 1 удаа/

Судалгааны үр дүнг тайлан хэлбэрт шилжүүлэн, аман илтгэл

хэлэлцүүлэх

С.Эрдэнэтуул – erdenetuul@humanities.mn

Хичээлийг удирдан явуулах багш

Хичээлд ашиглах нээлттэй эхүүд

www.jstor.org

www.sciencedirect.com

www.scholar.google.com

www.sciencedirect.com

www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

www.getcited.org

www.mendeley.com

www.free-management-ebooks.com

Required reading:

Young, E.,Quinn, L.Writing effective Public Policy Papers. A Guide for

Policy Advisors in Central and Eastern Europe. Open Society Institute.

2002

Morse K., Struyk R. Policy Analysis for Effective Development. Lynne

Rienner Publishers, Inc.2006

JSTOR articles:

Richard M.Walker. Globalized Public management: An interdisciplinary

design Science?

David M.Konisky, Christopher Reenock. Case selection in Public

management research: problems and solutions.

Public policy

Some definitions:

• In any society, governmental entities enact laws, make policies,

and allocate resources. Public policy can be generally defined as

a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and

funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a

governmental entity or its representatives.

• Numerous issues can be addressed by public policy including

foreign policy, health, and social welfare.

• The process to create a new public policy typically follows three

steps:

• Agenda setting

• Option formulation

• Implementation

Public policy as a study – A brief history

Theoretical approaches

• Institutional,

• Process,

• Group,

• Elite,

• Rational,

• Incremental,

Models

• game theory,

• Public choice

• Systems model

Статистик шинжилгээний түгээмэл аргууд

Approaches to public policy

• Analycentric

• Focuses on individual problems and their solutions

• Micro scale

• Its problem interpretation is usually of a technical

nature

• Policy process

• Focal point onto political process and involved

stakeholders

• Its problem interpretation is usually of a political

nature

• Meta – policy approach

• Systems and context approach

• Macro scale

• Its problem interpretation is usually of a structural

nature

Policy analysis

➢ Description

➢ Approaches

➢ Forms

➢ Methodology

Approaches to policy analyses

✓ A problem well formulated is a problem half solved.

13

Нийтийн удирдлагын бодлогын шинжилгээний аргууд

Бодлогын шинжилгээ эрдэмтдийн тодорхойлсоноор:

1. Chochran & Malone , 1995:

Policy analysis describes investigations that produce accurate and useful information for decision makers

2. Dunn , 1981 :

Policy analysis is an applied social science discipline which uses multiple methods of inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy -relevant information that may be utilzed in political setting to resolve policy problems

3. Jenkins-Smith, 1990 :

Policy analysis is a set of techniques and criteria with which to evaluate public policy options and select among them .... to rationalize the development and implementation of public policy .... and as the means to greater efficiency and equity in allocation of public resources

14

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS

( H.Lasswell , 1971 )

1. MULTI-METHODS

2. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY

3. PROBLEM-FOCUSED

4. CORCERNED TO MAP THE CONTEXTUALITY OF THE POLICY PROCESS,

POLICY OPTION AND POLICY OUTCOMES

5. WHOSE GOALS IS TO INTEGRATE KNOWLEDGE INTO AN OVERARCHING

DISCIPLINE TO ANALYSE PUBLIC CHOICES AND DECISION MAKING AND

THEREBY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY

15

Two Main Concerns : Positive & Normative Analysis( C.L.Cochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 )

Positive Analysis Normative Analysis

1. A concern with understanding how the

policy process works

2. Strives to understand publc policy as it is

3. Endeavors to explain how various social

and political forces would change policy

4. Tries to pursue truth through the process of

tesing hypotheses by measuring them

against the standard of real-world expe-

riences

5. Usually deals with assertions of cause and

effect :

“ If the Indonesian government raises

interest rates , then consumers will borrow

less “. This statement may be tested by

setting-up an experiment within a state. The

results may confirm or refute the statement

.

1. Is directed toward studying what public

policy ought to be to improve the general

welfare

2. Deals with statement involving value

judgments about what should be. For

example : “ The cost of health care in

Indonesia is too high”. This statement

cannot be confirmed by referring to data.

Whether the cost is too high or is

appropriate is based on a given criterion. Its

validity depends upon one’s values and

ethical views. Individuals may agree on

the facts of healthcare costs but disagree

over their ethical judgments regarding the

implications of “the cost of health care”.

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Approaches to Policy Analysis( J.P.Lester & J.Stewart ,Jr., 2000 )

Type of Approach Primary Objective

1. Process approach

2. Substantive approach

3. Logical-positivist approach

4. Econometric approach

5. Phenomenological ( Postpositivist )

approach

6. Participatory approach

7. Normative approach

8. Ideological approach

9. Historical approach

1. To examine a part of the policy process

2. To examine a substantive area

3. To examine the causes and consequen-

ces of policy using scientifc methods

4. To test economic theories

5. To analyze events through an intuitive

process

6. To examine the role of multiple actors in

policymaking

7. To prescribe policy to decisons makers

or others

8. To analyze from a liberal or

conservative point of view

9. To examine policy over time

17

PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS

18

POLICY

FORMULATION

POLICY

IMPLEMENTATION

POLICY

EVALUATION

( IMPACT )

THE POLICY CYCLE AND THE INFORMATION CYCLE

Problem Definition

Forecasting needs,

defining targets

Decision

analysis

Defining nature

size, distributions

of problem

Political

feasibility analysis

Summative

evaluation

Formative

evaluation

Opinion polls,

surveys,

etc.

Policy DesignAgenda

Setting

Termination

Impact

Policy

Legitimation

Implementation Source : W.Persons, 1997, public policy

The expansion and control of agendas

Initiator

Trigger

device

Issue

creation

Issues

characteristics

Symbol

Utilization

Mass

media

emphasis

Expansion

to larger

publics

Patterns

af access

Agenda

of decision

makers

Systemic agenda

• All issues commonly

perceived by members of

a political community as meriting

public attention of public

authorities.

• To get access to systemic agenda

an issue must have :

widespread attention/awarness

shared concern of a sizeable portion

of public

shared perception that it is a matter

of concern to a public authority

• Explicitly up for active and

serious consideration by

decision makers.

• May be an old item which is

up for regular review or is

of periodic concern. Or it may

be a ‘new’ item.

Or governmental/ formal

Institutional

agenda *

*

Source : Adapted from Cobb and Elder (1972)

THE POLICY ARENA

Administrative Process

1. Competence and

capacity

2. Decision - Action

(Values)

Political Process

1. Pressure

2. Supports

(Values)

Policy Making ArenaNegotiating

(Actors) Bargaining (Groups)Struggling

(Values)

1. Review -

Investigation

2. Enactments

Legislative Process

Judicial Process

1. Restraint

2. Performance

(Values)

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION THEORY

( T.A.Birkland, 2006 )

22

• GOVERNMENTAL MIX• SECTORAL MIX• ENFORCEMENT MIX• VALUE MIX

MARKET

HIERARCHY-BUREAUCRACY

COMMUNITY-NETWORK

MIX

DELIVERY MIX

(W. Parsons. 1995. P. 492)

An Analytical Approach for Analyzing Implementation Processes( T.Bredgaard,L.Dalsgaard & F.Larsen , 2003 )

24

POLICY INSTRUMENTS

NO R. Lineberry G. Edwards III C. Hood

1. Organizational Units Bureaucratic Structure Organization

2. Standard Operating Procedures Disposition Authority

3. Coordination & Communication Communication Nodality

4. Allocation of Resources Resources Treasure

Direct and Indirect Impacts on Implementation

Communications

Bureaucratic

Structure

Resources

Dispositions

Implementation

Source : G.C. Edwards III, 1980, Implementating Public Policy, pp. 148

Communications

• Transmission

• Clarity

• Consistency

Resources

• Staff

• Information

• Authority

• Facilities

Bureaucratic Structure

• Standard Operating Procedures

• Fragmentation

Dispositions

• Effect of Dispositions

• Staffing the Bureacracy• Incentives

A Spectrum of Policy Instruments

Level of State Involvement

Voluntary

InstrumentsMixed

Instruments

Compulsory

Instruments

Low High

Fa

mil

y a

nd

Co

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CATEGORY OF POLICY EVALUATION( Howlett & Ramesh , 1995 )

ADMINISTRA

TIVE

JUDICIAL POLITICAL

Evaluating

Managerial

Performance and

Budgeting Systems

Judicial Review

and

Administrative

Discretion

Consultations with

Policy Subsystems

and

The Public