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Pattern and process in upstream migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers Christopher C. Caudill Matt Keefer Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences Fish Ecology Research Laboratory

and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

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Page 1: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Pattern and process in upstream migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers

Christopher C. CaudillMatt Keefer

Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesFish Ecology Research Laboratory

Page 2: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

UI Fish Ecology Research LabUI Project PI:  Ted Bjornn (late 1990’s – 2001)Chris Peery (2001‐2008)Staff Scientists (MSc)Charles BoggsTami ClaboughJeff GarnettMike JepsonMatt KeeferGeorge NaughtonSam BourretChris NoyesEric JohnsonHattie Zobbot

Post‐docs:Tracy BowermanGeoff Moret

Graduate StudentsMatt DunkleCharlie ErdmanMark KirkChanning Syms

Full Time Technicians & StaffTim BlubaughTravis DickKal JohnsonDan JoostenMatt KnoffLes LayngMark Morasch

Seasonal and TemporaryTheresa TillsonGrant BrinkKate AbbottMike TurnerNoah HubbardKaan OralRobert Escobar

UI Fish and Wildlife SciencesBrian Kennedy

UI Center for Ecohydraulics ResearchRalph BudwigDaniele Tonina

NOAA‐FisheriesMary Moser Brian BurkeKinsey FrickLisa CrozierPaul Chittaro

OSUCarl SchreckMike KentMike ColvinJim Peterson

UC DavisFrank LogeDon ThompsonPeter Green

CRITFCSean NarumJon HessBrian McIlraith

ODFWCam SharpeTom Friesen

Blue Leaf EnvironmentalMark TimkoLeah Sullivan

USACESean TackleyBob WertheimerDave GriffithRich PiaskowskiDerek FryerSteve JuhnkeChris PinneyEric Hockersmith

Page 3: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Aims• Pattern and process in steelhead upstream migration behaviors:– Route finding and orientation (Chinook salmon as model)– Overshoot and fallback– Straying– Behavioral thermoregulation– Mainstem survival and overwintering– Transport effects– (Not: Kelting, iteroparity, timing, dam passage etc.)

• Terminology• Uncertainties and areas of concern

Page 4: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Overshoot scale 1‐100s kmPrecision of natal site fidelity?

‐mechanisms of site fidelity?‐mechanisms contributing to imprecision?

Page 5: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Outmigrant B

Outmigrant A

Sequential Imprinting Hypothesis

● Novel odors● Elevated stress

● Environmental and ecological gradients

● Incubation ● Rearing● Smoltification

● Incubation ● Rearing● Smoltification

Homing

●Migration stimulates imprinting

● Long‐distance or complex 

migrations may require more ‘waypoints’

● Critical neural development and 

memory formation

Harden‐Jones (1968)Brannon (1982)

Page 6: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Mechanism: insufficient imprinting

N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J

Thyr

oxin

e le

vel

HatcheryWild

Imprinting threshold

Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt transformation

Modified from Dittman & Quinn (1996)

● Hatchery fish stray more: lower juv hormone levels, reduced neural development, retarded imprinting, etc.

Endocrine control of imprinting

Page 7: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Straying mechanisms• Juvenile effects

– Olfactory imprinting, sequential imprinting, neural development, endocrine physiology

– Hatchery rearing• Adult effects

– Olfactory recognition, sensory failure, memory, age– Reproductive behaviors

• Environmental / Landscape effects– Thermal refuge; Catastrophe

Page 8: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Straying lexicon• Permanent straying

– Some don’t breed with recipient pop:    loss from donor population, possible colonist

– Breeders: donor loss + recipient gain 

Donor population

Recipientpopulation

● ‘Undesirable’ breeding stray = recipient population 

risk

Colonist

Page 9: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Straying lexicon• Temporary straying

– ‘Wandering’ ‘Exploring’ ‘Proving, Testing’  ‘Thermoregulating’

– Just a detour: Exit before breeding

Donor population

● Differentiating permanentand temporary straying is often challenging due to ambiguous outcomes

Page 10: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

The lexicon: how to estimate straying?• Spatial scale is critical, yet difficult to define

– Genetic distance more relevant than geographic distance; Hatchery practices confound

• All potential straying locations (and times) are rarely surveyed for donor populations

• All fish origins are rarely known for recipient populations

• Ambiguous outcomes are common

● Despite large straying literature, comparisons are challenging

Page 11: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Mainstem Route‐finding (Chinook salmon)

Keefer, M. L., C. C. Caudill, C. A. Peery, and T. C. Bjornn. 2006. Route selection in a large river during the homing migration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:1752‐1762.

Page 12: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Overshoot and downstream movements (Chinook salmon) 

OvershootUndershoot Males, Hatchery

Keefer, M. L., C. A. Peery, and C. C. Caudill. 2006. Long‐distance downstream movements by homing adult chinook salmon. Journal of Fish Biology 68:944‐950.

Keefer, M. L., C. C. Caudill, C. A. Peery, and C. T. Boggs. 2008. Non‐direct homing behaviours by adult Chinook salmon in a large, multi‐stock river system. Journal of Fish Biology 72:27‐44.

Page 13: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

FallbackInflates dam counts.

Delay, injury, mortality.

Page 14: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Average reduction in Prob(escape) of ~0.133for steelhead that fellback ≥ 1 time(s) 

Keefer, M. L., C. A. Peery, W. R. Daigle, M. A. Jepson, S. R. Lee, C. T. Boggs, K. R. Tolotti, and B. J. Burke. 2005. Escapement, harvest, and unknown loss of radio‐tagged adult salmonids in the Columbia River ‐ Snake River hydrosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:930‐949.

Page 15: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Steelhead

30 May 19 Jun 9 Jul 29 Jul 18 Aug 7 Sep 27 Sep 7 Oct

Tem

pera

ture

(10

year

mea

n)

14

16

18

20

22

Cou

nt @

Bon

nevi

lle D

am (1

0 ye

ar m

ean)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

~Migration  constrained~

Temporary straying & behavioral thermoregulation

Sockeye salmon

Fall Chinook

Summer Chinook

~Optimal temps~

~Optimal temps~

Page 16: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

1-Apr 21-Apr 12-May 2-Jun 23-Jun 14-Jul 3-Aug 24-Aug 14-Sep 5-Oct 26-Oct

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

06

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

John Day Pool Deschutes River

Mouth

John Day Pool

John Day Ladder

John Day Ladder

John Day Pool

John Day Ladder

John Day Ladder

Bonneville Pool

The Dalles Pool

Bonneville Tailrace

Deschutes River Mouth

Summer Chinook Salmon start date

FallChinook Salmonstart date

Behavioral thermoregulation

Spring, summer & fall Chinook

● Chinook salmon migrate more directly, userefugia less (median = 3 d for fall Chinook):less scope for thermoregulation

Page 17: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

1-Apr 21-Apr 12-May 2-Jun 23-Jun 14-Jul 3-Aug 24-Aug 14-Sep 5-Oct 26-Oct

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

06

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Little White Salmon River

White Salmon River

John Day PoolJohn Day Ladder

John Day Ladder

LW River

Little White Salmon River

Deschutes River/Mouth

John Day Ladder

Bonneville Pool

Klickitat River

Little White Salmon River

White Salmon River

Little White Salmon RiverDeschutes River

John Day River

Behavioral thermoregulation

● Steelhead migration relatively flexible andrefugia use often lasts weeks

Summer steelhead with archival tags

Caudill et al. in prep

Page 18: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Behavioral thermoregulation

1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 NovMed

ian

mig

ratio

n ra

te (k

m*d

-1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1996199720002001

Summer steelhead● Upstream migration ratesfrom radiotelemetry studiesshow reduced swim speeds,long holding behaviors

Keefer et al. 2004

Percent of population that used cool-water tributaries (%)

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Med

ian

pass

age

time

(d)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CWRTUC

SNK

WWR

LFH

GRRYAK

UCR

UMA

HAN

SAL

JDRIMR

Used thermal refugiaDid not use refugia

Page 19: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

BON TDA

JDAMCN

IHR

PRD

Snake R.Columbia R.

Frying PanFire!

Page 20: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

SpawningFW

Rearing

MarineGrowth

Juvenile Outmigration (Spring)

Adult Spawning Migration

Barge (fast)

In‐river (slow)

Transportation and permanent straying

Does Juvenile Experience Affect Adult Migration and Homing?

Page 21: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Year2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Pro

porti

on T

rans

porte

d

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Large proportions of SNR steelhead and Chinook salmon are transported annually

Page 22: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

SpawningFW

Rearing

MarineGrowth

Juvenile Outmigration (Spring)

Adult Spawning Migration

Barge (fast)

In-river (slow)

Snake River: Two Migration Corridors

Interrogate for PIT tag

PIT tag

Page 23: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Juvenile Barging Affects Adults

Homed Strayed Unknown Fell back Homed Strayed Unknown Fell back

Mea

n pe

rcen

t (%

+/-

1 SE

)

0

10

20

3060

70

80

90

100

In-riverBarged

A) Chinook Salmon B) Steelhead

*

*

*

*

*

* ***

Keefer et al. 2008

Page 24: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Mechanism: adult behaviors

Keefer et al. (2008); also see Chapman et al. (1997) Number of fallback events

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Perc

ent (

%)

0

2

4

6

8

10Pe

rcen

t (%

)0

2

4

6

8

10

In-riverBarged

A) Chinook salmon

B) Steelhead

Barged Chinook salmon:~3.8 times more likely to fall back at dams (P<0.001)

Barged steelhead:~1.7 times more likely to 

fall back (P<0.023)

Orientation / Navigation problems!

Page 25: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

FCRPS Overwintering RT Study (ongoing)

Keefer et al. 2014 Steelhead overwintering letter report

Page 26: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

“Bypass” or “overshoot” or “temporary straying” or ??

• Additionally “Bypass” is frequently used in literature for downstream passage routes

• “Overshoot” accurate in most cases• “Temporary straying” or “permanent straying” cover other 

situations (e.g., “undershoot”, behavioral thermoregulation)• “Wandering”, “testing”, etc. not recommended because do 

not relate to a known mechanism or to outcome• Recommend use of explicit operational definitions and criteria

http://www.merriam‐webster.com/dictionary/bypass

Page 27: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Steelhead overshoot, homing and straying

• Permanent and temporary straying are challenging to distinguish

• Permanent straying is integral to metapopulation dynamics (i.e., not all straying is bad)

• Overshoot and temporary straying are integral to homing process in steelhead

• Adults barged as juveniles have higher rates of  straying, undershoot, (overshoot?), fallback, unsuccessful homing

• Fallback associated with increased mortality• Improved downstream routes would benefit overshoots and kelts

Page 28: and process in upstream of steelhead in the Columbia and ... · migration of steelhead in the Columbia and Snake rivers ... Hatching-emergence Rapid growth Parr-smolt ... Catastrophe

Questions?