Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

• most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide• most common cause of cancer death in both

men and women• Lung cancer kills more people than colorectal,

breast, and prostate cancers combined.

Risk FactorsEnvironmental exposure – Smoking (in more than 90% of patients)– Occupational exposure to carcinogens: (Asbestos,

Radon, Halogen ether, arsenic, Radioisotope exposure, ionizing radiation)

– Atmospheric pollutionNonmalignant lung diseases– COPD– Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis– TB

Individual's susceptibility

Types

• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) : 80%– Adenocarcinoma (40%)– squamous cell carcinoma (25%)– large cell carcinoma (10-20%)

• Small cell lung cancer(SCLC) : (25%)

Adenocarcinoma X-ray

• small (often < 4 cm) • peripheral • round or oval • Solitary nodule• smoothly marginated, occasionally, w/ irregular margins • corona radiata : distort surrounding vessels• pleuroparenchymal tail : retraction of the adjacent

pleura • lymphadenopathy of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes

Squamous Cell Carcinoma X-ray• Size: 1 to 10 cm• central bronchi– may result in postobstructive pneumonia and/or

atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and hyperinflation • Cavitations• Extension into the chest wall or mediastinum w/bone

destruction– superior vena cava syndrome– phrenic or recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis– Pancoast or superior sulcus tumors Asymmetry of >

8 mm in apical pleural thickening

Squamous Cell Carcinoma• Cavity walls are usually thick

and irregular, ranging in size from 0.5 to 3 cm.

• Central cancer of the lung

Squamous Cell Carcinoma• Left atelectasis

Large Cell Carcinoma X-ray

• large (average size > 7 cm)• Peripheral • poorly defined margins • Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma X-ray

• small or may not be visible• centrally located • Hilar enlargement• mediastinal extension • extrathoracic metastases• tracheobronchial compression

atelectasis??? • pleural effusions (5 to 50% of cases)

Non-small cell lung Carcinoma