Carolina Sachs, M.Sc. 18.10 - eMove360 · Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs? New product applications Can electric mobility give place to fully new product applications?

© Fraunhofer IAO, IAT Universität Stuttgart

THE POTENTIAL OF LIGHT ELECTRIC VEHICLES FOR INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY

Carolina Sachs, M.Sc.

18.10.2016


How does micro mobility look like? Micro mobiles / light vehicles can adopt many different forms

TwikeE-Bike

E-ScooterMobility Scooter

SegwayTweezy

…


Railtransport

What is micro mobility?Micro mobility describes mobility aids and vehicles for a specific space-delimited area of use

Intercity transport

Passenger vehicles

Public transport

Micro mobility:

Non-motorized or motorized vehicles

Solutions for a concrete mobility need

Designed for a specific and delimited area

Smaller than passenger cars

Designed for short distances

Complement for other mobility systems

Serve core mobility needs


Are all micro mobiles light vehicles?Definitions may overlap, categorization does not.

E-bike

L-category vehicles

Microcar (SubA)

Size

L1: mopeds with a maximum speed <= 45 km/h

L6 & L7: Vehicles with a weight <= 400 kg

….

• No exact definition• Various countries have different interpretation • significant factor is the size of the engine

USA: engine < 1000cc UK: engine < 700cc

Source: Automotive Indepth

• Bicycle with integrated electric motor• Pedelec (pedal electric cycle): pedal-assisted

riding• No license mandatory


Motorized light vehicles as part of micro mobilityThe L-vehicle category

Category Features

L1e• Mopeds, i.e. two-wheel vehicles• Maximum speed: 45km/h• Maximum power:4 kW (EM)

L2e• Mopeds, i.e. three-wheel vehicles• Maximum speed: 45km/h• Maximum power: 4 kW (EM)

L3e• Motorcycles, i.e. two-wheel vehicles without sidecar• Maximum speed: 45km/h

L4e• Motorcycles, i.e. two-wheel vehicles with a sidecar• Maximum speed: 45km/h

L5e• Motor tricycles, i.e. vehicles with three symmetrically arranged wheels• Maximum speed: 45km/h

L6e• Light quadricycles with maximum weight: 350 kg (unladen)• Maximum: speed: 45km/h• Maximum power: 4 kW (EM)

L7e• Quadricycles with maximum weight: 400 kg (unladen)• Maximum power: 15 kW (EM)

Directive 2002/24/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 18 March 2002


Delimitation between SubA and A Segment from a marketing perspective

Car-like product core

Micro mobilitySubA

A-Segment

Vehicles for short distances

Smaller than passenger cars

Also non-motorized

Delimited area of use

Satisfy a concrete mobility need

Motorized

Individual mobility

Several seats

Luggage transport

Safety

Weather protection


Delimitation of SubA segment from a EU-legal perspective

Legally speaking, SubA vehicles do not represent a specific vehicle category. Depending on certain technical characteristics, e.g. weight and motor power, they have to be categorized as an L- or an M-type vehicle.

M-category0(!) km

L-category

Micro cars

SubA


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?

(Price-) Development of

Fossil Fuels

Urbanization

Charging Infrastructure enable the

emer

gen

cew

idesp

read

influences

Public Policy regarding E-

Mobility and Light Vehicles

stimulate esta

blis

hm

ent

New Product Applicationstriggerin

no

vati

on

in

Mobility Trendschanges


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?Mobility trends

Source: http://gowithdot.com, http://lh6.ggpht.com, http://images.google.de/

World wide ambition to reduce CO2 emission

• “Zero Emission –life style”: car loses importance as a status symbol 4

(Europe)

• Demotorization in metropolises & trend towards smaller vehicles 5

• New forms of mobility: car sharing, electric drive

• Customer: increased environmental awareness 6


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?Urbanization

Source: https://icn.sap.com

Difficult parking situation

Increase in noise and fine dust pollution


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?Price development of fossil fuels

Source: http://www.thehindu.com

Increased demand for individual

mobility

“Innovation reduces the cost of low-carbon technologies and energy efficiency, but –for oil and gas –the gains are offset by the move to more complex fields” (IEA’s world energy outlook 2015)8


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?Charging infrastructure

Increased demand for individual

mobility

Source: http://www.parking-net.com; https://www.iao.fraunhofer.de/

The widespread of light electric vehicles requires an appropriate

charging infrastructure.

Alternatively, battery swapping and range-extension systems can

compensate/substitute the need for a wide charging infrastructure.


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?New product applications

Can electric mobility give place to fully new product applications?

YES! Think, for example, of all the options for the population who do not own a driver’s license.


Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs?Public policy regarding e-mobility and light vehicles

Legislation can, in different forms, directly or indirectly, influence consumer behavior towards the expansion of the light electric vehicle markets.

Type-approval policy can be a huge game changer!

Source: https://www.google.es/search?q=driver%27s+license+europe


Light vehiclesE-bike (EB) sales versus E-scooter (ES) sales

Source: EWBR 2016

0

5.000.000

10.000.000

15.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

30.000.000

35.000.000

40.000.000

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

3.500.000

ES EB ES EB ES EB ES EB ES EB

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

USA

SE Asia

Taiwan

Europe

Japan

India

Australia

China

China is the leading producing and consuming market for electric bicycles holding 90%of share of global sales.

Units EB Units ES


Light four-wheeled vehicles Quadrycicles and SubA vehicles

Vehicles with a weight <= 400 kg can be classified as L6e (<=350 kg) and L7e (>350 and <= 400 kg)

Source: http://www.wtanet.org/ds_imgs/sub04/wtr9/WTR_Issue9_3.pdf

x


*Said Sohinder Gill, Director- of Corporate Affairs of the Society of. Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV).SMEV

S h // i /i d i f / i d i / h // i i i di i / /i d / i di i i b f l i

Sales figures of Renault Twizy Europe

11

9015

2999

2112 2021

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

1 2 3 4 52011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: 1http://left-lane.com/european-car-sales-data/renault/renault-twizy/

The Renault Twizy is a 2-seater full electric quadricycle, available in a 45 km/h version and an 80 km/h version. In 2014 a 1-seater cargo version was introduced.

units


GEM in-Wheel (1/2)The project

Fast Track to Innovation Program of the European Commission

Industrialization of GEM motors' in-wheel technology

Project supports the EU strategy towards a sustainable and environmentally friendly society

Motor development, project coordination, motor production, relation to customers, dissemination and public relations

Manufacturing technology, stator winding, pilot line production

Electronics production

Motor(fleet-)testing, customer feedback

Production management, product commercialization


GEM in-wheel motor: one solution, many applications

Power range 4 – 7,5 kW, system efficiency >92%

Power extension through modularization up to 30 kW in planningMeet performance requirements of all vehicles EG-Class L + Microcars

Integrated power electronics

Multiple Challenges due to market-related

Vehicle definition

Registration criteria

Development patterns

Foto: GEM motors d.o.o.Own Figure based on EBWR 2016.

GEM in-Wheel (2/2)The project


Conclusions and other things to think about…

Light electric vehicles offer an enormous space for innovation in vehicle design!

Not everything that DOES NOT shine is NOT gold!

Pay attention to policy and regulations as they really canbe a huge game changer!

Think in systems, not individual solutions!

PICTURE TO BE ADDED!


CLOSING PICTURE TO BE ADDED


Sources

1. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/2004worldpop2300reportfinalc.pdf

2. IEA – International Energy Agency 2009: Transport, Energy and CO2, Paris.

3. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf

4. Fraunhofer Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft und Organisation (IAO); PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC) (2010): Elektromobilität – Herausforderungen für Industrie und öffentliche Hand. Frankfurt a. M.

5. Frazel (2014): Akzeptanz von Elektromobiltät.Springer Fachmedien. Wiesbaden.

6. Peters, Anja; Hoffmann, Jana (2011): Nutzerakzeptanz von Elektromobilität – Eine empirische Studie zu attraktiven Nutzungsvarianten, Fahrzeugkonzepten und Geschäftsmodellen aus Sicht potenzieller Nutzer. Fraunhofer Institut für System und Innovationsforschung (ISI) – Fraunhofer Systemforschung Elektromobilität (FSEM), Karlsruhe.

7. International Energy Agency (2015): World Energy Outlook 2015 – Excecutive Summary. Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEB_WorldEnergyOutlook2015ExecutiveSummaryEnglishFinal.pdf (Last access: June 6, 2106).

8. International Energy Agency (2015): World Energy Outlook 2015 – Presentation. Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2015/151110_WEO2015_presentation.pdf (Last access: June 6, 2106).

9. Yang, Chi-Jen (2010): Launching strategy for electric vehicles: Lessons from China and Taiwan. Duke University, Durham. Available at:http://people.duke.edu/~cy42/EV.pdf (Last access: June 6, 2016).


Sources

10. Österreichisces Lebensministerium, Abteilung Verkehr, Mobilität, Siedlungswesen und Lärm; ÖsterreichischeEnergieagentur (2015): klima:aktiv mobil Förderungsprogramm: Leistungsbericht 2007–2012 und Ausblick 2013–2020. Avaialble at: https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiOnZ-gzpbNAhUCiRoKHRHZCXcQFgg8MAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmlfuw.gv.at%2Fdam%2Fjcr%3A381e63e7-2a5e-4c8f-bedd-bc33f2cd90df%2Fklima%2520aktiv%2520mobil_foederungsprogramm_2013.pdf&usg=AFQjCNE6qpCmjbTkOgT-blhf24RdYSCJbQ&bvm=bv.124088155,d.d2s (Last access: June 6, 2016).

11. Zero Motorcycles (2015): Zero Motorcycles Helps Deliver Tax Credits for Electric Motorcycles. Available at: http://www.zeromotorcycles.com/press-releases/dec-18-2015-federal-tax-credit.php (Last access: June 6, 2016).

12. CHARGED – Electric Vehicles Magazine (2012): DBT and Matra showcase battery swapping station for electric bikes and scooters. Avaialble at: https://chargedevs.com/newswire/dbt-and-matra-showcase-battery-swapping-station-for-electric-bikes-and-scooters/ (Last access: June 6, 2016).

13. Frost & Sullivan (2011): Strategic Analysis of the European Microcars Market.

14. Automotive Indepth http://www.automotiveindepth.com/vehicle-types-and-features/microcar-features.aspx

15. http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/02441/fossil_2441175f.jpg

16. https://icn.sap.com/projects/smart-cities/_jcr_content/sectionContainer/par/section_0/par/textimagepanel/image.adaptto.tablet_landscape.jpg


Pictures

http://www.seg-events.de/shop/media/catalog/category/segway.jpg

https://www.cdn.renault.com/content/dam/Renault/master/vehicules/twizy-m09e-ph1/decouverte/renault-twizy-M09eph1-overview-002.jpg.ximg.l_full_m.smart.jpg

http://elweb.info/dokuwiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=twike:twike400.jpg

http://http://i.ndtvimg.com/i/2016-02/ather-e-scooter-s340-827_827x510_61456147064.jpg

https://scrapit.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Mobility-Scooter.jpg

http://ecofriend.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/marta_uv_neighborhood_electric_vehicle_w3uey.jpg

http://ebike-base.de/ebike-pedelec-news/wp-content/uploads/BMW_Cruise-e-Bike.jpg

http://image.ec21.com/image/tents/oimg_GC00161483_CA00161484/L1e_classical_style_scooter.jpg

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/41/e7/80/41e78046e02d69e824d3b3506afc4f28.jpg

http://www.parking-net.com/Upload/ContentManagersPictures/Ensto/advertising-showcase/ensto-withgirl.png

https://www.iao.fraunhofer.de/lang-de/ueber-uns/presse-und-medien/944-ladeinfrastruktur-elektroautos.html

https://www.google.es/search?q=driver%27s+license+europe&biw=1366&bih=657&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuruur3aDPAhUHfxoKHdFPA2IQ_AUIBygC#tbm=isch&q=driver%27s+license+germany&imgrc=W91WsDcJNdQOsM%3A

http://gowithdot.com/sites/default/files/styles/blog_multimedia/public/green.jpg?itok=bjXi0WS1

http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Mfj1OzWXtUk/TzKW-WWm0BI/AAAAAAAAAD8/3x9pw3OQ5tM/s400/prg001-101.jpg

http://images.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fen.advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2F140753-co2-limits-for-new-cars.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fen.advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com%2F2016%2F04%2F10%2Fcutting-fleet-costs-through-targeted-co2-reduction%2F&h=480&w=480&tbnid=87UAf3ueAMyJmM%3A&docid=FVZNp970eCf_IM&ei=ntXkV_TUF-zZgAbTzbjQDQ&tbm=isch&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=5011&page=0&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=0ahUKEwj0m8Dk96TPAhXsLMAKHdMmDtoQMwgjKAcwBw&bih=657&biw=1366

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Carolina Sachs, M.Sc. 18.10 - eMove360 · Which factors influence the evolution of LEVs? New product applications Can electric mobility give place to fully new product applications?