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Who’s Who in the Civil War
The North = Union, Yankees (blue)– Abraham Lincoln (President)– Numerous leaders, but Ulysses S. Grant at
end of war Strategy: Protect the Union (as in USA)
– Gain control of Southern coast, West via Mississippi River, and in Deep South
– Implement Anaconda Plan to squeeze South
Who’s Who in the Civil War
The South = Confederates, Rebels (grey)– Jefferson Davis (President)– Numerous leaders, but Robert E. Lee at
end of war Strategy: Fight a “War of Attrition”
– Get England or France to help due to cotton needs
– Wear North down
Section 1 - The Civil War Begins
Lincoln’s Aim - Preserve the Union!– Helping/hindering black people was
secondary– Especially concerned about the border
states – keep them with Union cause– Call for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 3
months– Black volunteers rejected
Essential Questions
At the start of the Civil War, what was Abraham Lincoln’s primary objective and how did he work to achieve it?
Section 1 - Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected Black population realized that
– Fate of Union was tied to issue of slavery– And the fate of slavery was tied to the outcome
of war They understood this before northerners
– New York, Philadelphia, Boston made various attempts to offer services
– Prepped to be ready whenever called upon to serve
Section 1 - Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves Slaves started liberating themselves as
soon as the war started US Gov’t had no specific policy to deal
with these slaves BUT…Union leaders usually more
concerned for slave owner’s interests
African-American Troops Served as Teamsters
These African-American troops served as teamsters for the Union Army in Virginia. Most Northern white people—including political leaders—believed that black men lacked the courage and fortitude for combat. They expected black men would do little more as soldiers than haul freight, erect fortifications, serve guard duty, and prepare food.
“Contraband” – Fortress Monroe (VA – May 1861) General Benjamin Butler refused to return
three runaway slaves under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, because Virginia was no longer part of the USA!– Slaves were declared as contraband
(means enemy property)– Leads to First Confiscation Act, August
1861 (clarifies slave status)
A Ride for Liberty - The Fugitive Slaves
A Ride for Liberty—The Fugitive Slaves, 1862. On March 23, 1862, artist Eastman Johnson was with General George B. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac near Manassas, Virginia. Just before dawn, Johnson witnessed a family of three fleeing slavery, and he was prompted to commit the episode to canvas.
SOURCE: Oil on board, The Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Miss Gwendolyn O.L. Conkling.
“Contraband” – Reaction by Black Leaders Upset that Blacks could not enlist Also upset that the issue of slavery
ignored General David Hunter abolished slavery
in areas of SC, GA, and FL– Lincoln revokes order and reprimands him
Section 2 – Lincoln and Emancipation
Lincoln’s initial position = reluctant to move against slavery– Wanted to keep border state loyalty– He supported compensated emancipation-
colonization Black Americans, abolitionists, and
growing number of Republicans were upset that slavery wasn’t abolished by Lincoln!
Section 2 - Lincoln Moves toward Emancipation Realizes that victory in war and the
reestablishment of the Union were tied to slavery issue– Emancipation would “Strike at the heart of
the rebellion”– Tells his cabinet, summer 1862– Warned to wait for major victory so it does
not look like a desperate move by a losing leader
Section 2 - Lincoln Delays Emancipation Waited for a major victory on the
battlefield Did not come until September 1862 at
Antietam
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the “Bloodiest Single Day of the
War”War”
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the “Bloodiest Single Day of the
War”War”
23,000 23,000 casualties in casualties in
one day!one day!
23,000 23,000 casualties in casualties in
one day!one day!
September 17, September 17, 18621862September 17, September 17, 18621862
Emancipation Proclamation
Limited to areas still in rebellion Did not include border states Changes war goals
– Preserve the Union – Make people free
Effects of Proclamation on the South
Ended chance of foreign recognition Encouraged
– Slaves to flee– Slaves to resist
Black Men Fight for the Union
Emancipation Proclamation– Authorized black men to enlist– Union was losing the war and needed
manpower– Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Mass.
Regiment
Black Men Fight for the Union (cont.) Discrimination and hostility
– Segregated units• White officers
– Often held racist beliefs
– Lower pay scale• White privates $13/month• Black privates $10/month
Black Men Fight for the Union (cont.)
Combat– Suffered disproportionately more casualties– Fort Wagner– Olustee– The Crater
Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers Enraged
– Refused to recognize black men as soldiers
• Treat as rebellious slaves• General Order Number 11
– Fort Pillow Massacre• Union response• Union commanders angry
IX. Liberators, Spies, and Guides
Black men and women – Robert Smalls– Harriet Tubman– Mary Elizabeth Bowser– John Henry Woodson
X. Violent Opposition to Black People
New York City Draft Riot, July 1863– Draft – Irish men angry– Rich white northerners could purchase an
exemption• Riot lasted four days
Violent Opposition to Black People (cont.) Union troops and slaves
– Often treated slaves horribly– Others found compassion for enslaved
people• “I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot
be made free,” a Union soldier wrote.
XI. Refugees
Thousands of black people escaped bondage– Some followed Union armies– Others struck out on their own
• Faced re-enslavement or execution if caught
XII. Black People and the Confederacy Confederacy based on defense of
slavery Benefited from the labors of bonds
people– Toiled in fields– Worked in factories
Black People and the Confederacy (cont.)
Impressment of black people– Military demands for manpower
• Slave owners contributed slave labor• Government first asked then compelled
– Registration and enrollment of free black people military labor
“Twenty nigger law”– Exempted men who owned twenty slaves
from draft
Black People and the Confederacy (cont.) Confederates enslave free black people
• “All free negroes . . . shall be placed on the slave status and be deemed to be chattels. . . forever.”
• Ordered Confederate armies to capture free black people in the North and enslave them.
– Robert E. Lee, Pennsylvania 1863
Black Confederates
– Free black people volunteered services• Show loyalty and gain white acceptance• Southern leaders generally ignored
offers unless for menial labor
Black Confederates (cont.)
Small number of black men fight for CSA– Some black civilians profit if South wins
• John Wilson Buckner• William Ellison
Black Enlistments
General Patrick Cleburne recommends, early 1864– President Davis cease and desist order– Most southerners considered arming slaves
appalling– Defied southern assumptions
• “If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong.”--Howell Cobb
March 1865 Confederate Congress voted to enlist 300,000
• Receive same pay as white soldiers• Slaves freed only with consent of owners and
state agreed
One week before war ended.