Chapter 18:Chapter 18:Cold War ConflictsCold War Conflicts

Section 2:Section 2:Origins of the Cold Origins of the Cold

WarWar

StandardsStandards 11.4.6, 11.8.5, & 11.9.311.4.6, 11.8.5, & 11.9.3

11.4.6- Trace the declining role of Great 11.4.6- Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United Britain and the expanding role of the United States in world affairs after World War II. States in world affairs after World War II.

11.8.5- Describe the increased powers of the 11.8.5- Describe the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Cold War. presidency in response to the Cold War.

11.9.3- Trace the origins and geopolitical 11.9.3- Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the consequences (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment policy, including Cold War and containment policy, including the following: the following: The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine The Korean War The Korean War

ObjectivesObjectives Following lecture and reading of this Following lecture and reading of this

section, section, students will be able to:students will be able to:1.1. Explain how Communists came to Explain how Communists came to

power in China and how the United power in China and how the United States reacted.States reacted.

2.2. Summarize the events of the Korean Summarize the events of the Korean War.War.

3.3. Explain the conflict between President Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.Truman and General MacArthur.

ReviewReview Following WWII, tensions between the Following WWII, tensions between the

former allies (US and USSR) arise againformer allies (US and USSR) arise again Economic and Political differencesEconomic and Political differences

US- Democratic and CapitalistUS- Democratic and Capitalist Freedom of movement and ownershipFreedom of movement and ownership

USSR- Dictatorship and CommunistUSSR- Dictatorship and Communist Military rule, no private ownershipMilitary rule, no private ownership

The plans of each country for post WWII The plans of each country for post WWII world were very differentworld were very different

The US focus was on Containing The US focus was on Containing CommunismCommunism Truman Doctrine & Marshall PlanTruman Doctrine & Marshall Plan

USSR focused on keeping Germany weakUSSR focused on keeping Germany weak

The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up After World War IIAfter World War II

China became a communist nationChina became a communist nationCommunists defeated Nationalist (US Communists defeated Nationalist (US

friendly) forces to take over the nationfriendly) forces to take over the nation The Communists were led by Mao The Communists were led by Mao

ZedongZedong The Nationalists were led by Chiang The Nationalists were led by Chiang

Kai-shekKai-shek Korea is split into twoKorea is split into two

Communist northCommunist northDemocratic southDemocratic south

Mao Zedong (C) Chiang Mao Zedong (C) Chiang Kai-Shek (D)Kai-Shek (D)

China Becomes a Communist China Becomes a Communist CountryCountry

Nationalists Versus CommunistsNationalists Versus Communists Chinese Communists battle nationalist Chinese Communists battle nationalist

government of Chiang Kai-shekgovernment of Chiang Kai-shek U.S. supports Chiang, but his U.S. supports Chiang, but his

government is inefficient and corruptgovernment is inefficient and corrupt Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work

to get peasant supportto get peasant support Peasants flock to Red (Communist) Peasants flock to Red (Communist)

ArmyArmyBy 1945, communists control north ChinaBy 1945, communists control north China

Renewed Civil WarRenewed Civil War After WWII, the Japanese who had After WWII, the Japanese who had

tried to control China during WWII tried to control China during WWII had been eliminatedhad been eliminated The existing government (Nationalists) The existing government (Nationalists)

now faced Communist oppositionnow faced Communist opposition1944-47, U.S. sends military aid to 1944-47, U.S. sends military aid to

Nationalists to oppose communist rebellionNationalists to oppose communist rebellion 1949, Nationalists flee to island of 1949, Nationalists flee to island of

TaiwanTaiwanContainment failed!Containment failed!

Communists established People’s Communists established People’s Republic of China in mainlandRepublic of China in mainland

America Reacts to Communist America Reacts to Communist TakeoverTakeover

U.S. does not recognize U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese governmentCommunist Chinese government

U.S. public stunned by Communist U.S. public stunned by Communist takeovertakeover Conservatives blame Truman for not Conservatives blame Truman for not

sending enough aidsending enough aid Some begin to question Truman’s Some begin to question Truman’s

and other democrat’s toughness on and other democrat’s toughness on Communist expansionCommunist expansion

The Korean WarThe Korean War A Divided CountryA Divided Country

Since 1910 Japan had controlled KoreaSince 1910 Japan had controlled KoreaWhen the Japanese had been defeated in When the Japanese had been defeated in

WWII they had to give up all land outside WWII they had to give up all land outside of Japanof Japan

38th parallel (38° N latitude) divides 38th parallel (38° N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in KoreaJapanese surrender in Korea Japanese troops north of 38th parallel Japanese troops north of 38th parallel

surrendered to U.S.S.R.surrendered to U.S.S.R. Japanese troops south of 38th parallel Japanese troops south of 38th parallel

surrendered to U.S.surrendered to U.S. North and South Korea were formedNorth and South Korea were formed

Surrender Sparks DifferencesSurrender Sparks Differences The result of the surrender:The result of the surrender:

U.S.S.R and U.S. now have the ability to U.S.S.R and U.S. now have the ability to create influence in the area in which create influence in the area in which soldiers surrendered to themsoldiers surrendered to themSince Japanese rule is done there is no Since Japanese rule is done there is no

governmentgovernment Japanese troops north of 38th parallel Japanese troops north of 38th parallel

surrendered to U.S.S.R.surrendered to U.S.S.R. Korea, north of the 38Korea, north of the 38thth parallel becomes parallel becomes

CommunistCommunist Japanese troops south of 38th parallel Japanese troops south of 38th parallel

surrendered to U.S.surrendered to U.S. Korea, south of the 38Korea, south of the 38thth parallel becomes parallel becomes

DemocraticDemocratic

The War BeginsThe War Begins North Korea Attacked South KoreaNorth Korea Attacked South Korea

1950, North Korea invaded South, 1950, North Korea invaded South, began Korean Warbegan Korean War

South Korea called on UN to help South Korea called on UN to help stop invasion; Security Council stop invasion; Security Council approvesapproves

UN assigned MacArthur to lead UN assigned MacArthur to lead forces against North Koreansforces against North Koreans 500K South Korean forces500K South Korean forces 500K U.S. forces500K U.S. forces

The United States Fights in The United States Fights in KoreaKorea

MacArthur’s CounterattackMacArthur’s Counterattack North Korea drove south, captured SeoulNorth Korea drove south, captured Seoul UN, South Korean troops forced into UN, South Korean troops forced into

small defensive zonesmall defensive zonePusan PeninsulaPusan Peninsula

MacArthur attacked North Koreans MacArthur attacked North Koreans from two sides and pushed into North from two sides and pushed into North KoreaKorea Invasion came behind North Korean Invasion came behind North Korean

advance and forced many North Koreans advance and forced many North Koreans to surrenderto surrenderInchon Inchon

Battle of InchonBattle of Inchon

The Chinese Enter the FightThe Chinese Enter the Fight The UN troops made a great recoveryThe UN troops made a great recovery

Gaining the upper hand, UN troops push Gaining the upper hand, UN troops push passed the 38passed the 38thth parallel and north very parallel and north very near the North Korean-Chinese bordernear the North Korean-Chinese borderNorth Korea could have fallenNorth Korea could have fallenChina is Communist and does not want a China is Communist and does not want a

democratic nation on their borderdemocratic nation on their border

China sent troops in to help North China sent troops in to help North KoreaKorea Chinese troops pushed south; recaptured Chinese troops pushed south; recaptured

SeoulSeoul Fighting continued for 2 more yearsFighting continued for 2 more years

McArthur and Truman ClashMcArthur and Truman Clash MacArthur Recommends Attacking ChinaMacArthur Recommends Attacking China

MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects requestrejects requestSoviet Union, China have mutual assistance pactSoviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact

Truman knew that if we attacked China the Truman knew that if we attacked China the U.S.S.R. would attack the U.S.U.S.S.R. would attack the U.S.

MacArthur continues to push for invasion MacArthur continues to push for invasion of Chinaof China Truman eventually fired himTruman eventually fired him

Public outraged over hero’s dismissalPublic outraged over hero’s dismissal Congressional investigation concluded Truman Congressional investigation concluded Truman

rightright

Settling for StalemateSettling for Stalemate UN, South Korea retake Seoul, UN, South Korea retake Seoul,

advance north, back to 38th paralleladvance north, back to 38th parallel Once back at the 38Once back at the 38thth parallel, the fight parallel, the fight

stallsstalls1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire1953 an armistice is signed1953 an armistice is signed

Korea still dividedKorea still divided A demilitarized zone established between A demilitarized zone established between

North and South KoreaNorth and South Korea

Lack of success, high human, Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhowerfinancial costs help elect Eisenhower

Ground Control Ground Control Changes in Korean Changes in Korean

WarWar June 1950June 1950

North Korea invades North Korea invades South KoreaSouth Korea

September 1950September 1950 North Koreans push UN North Koreans push UN

and South Korean forces and South Korean forces to Pusanto Pusan

Sept. – Oct. 1950Sept. – Oct. 1950 UN troops recapture 38UN troops recapture 38thth

parallel and move toward parallel and move toward ChinaChina

Nov. 1950 to Jan. 1951Nov. 1950 to Jan. 1951 Chinese intervention Chinese intervention

pushes UN forces back to pushes UN forces back to around 38around 38thth parallel parallel