Chapter 2 - Change and Stability in Ecosystems

Section 21 - Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems

Types of Matter

bull ORGANIC MATTER containsbull Carbonbull Hydrogenbull Sometimes Oxygenbull Sometimes Nitrogenbull Examples include proteins sugars and fats

bull INORGANIC MATTER does not containbull carbon and hydrogenbull Examples include carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3)

Cycling of Organic Matter

Organic Matter is continuously being recycled

Living organisms are made up of organic matter There is a limited amount on the Earth so it must be recycled for life to continue

Example Carbon molecules are recycled over and over This means that it is possible that your body contains a carbon molecule which was part of a dinosaur from 70 million years ago

Food is organic matter that was once part of a living thing

Digestion breaks down organic molecules which areused by your cells

Decay is when decomposer organisms breakdown organic materials (dead bodies and feces) and make it available to other living organisms

Fruit and Vegetable Decay

Section 21 - Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems

Types of Matter

bull ORGANIC MATTER containsbull Carbonbull Hydrogenbull Sometimes Oxygenbull Sometimes Nitrogenbull Examples include proteins sugars and fats

bull INORGANIC MATTER does not containbull carbon and hydrogenbull Examples include carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3)

Cycling of Organic Matter

Organic Matter is continuously being recycled

Living organisms are made up of organic matter There is a limited amount on the Earth so it must be recycled for life to continue

Example Carbon molecules are recycled over and over This means that it is possible that your body contains a carbon molecule which was part of a dinosaur from 70 million years ago

Food is organic matter that was once part of a living thing

Digestion breaks down organic molecules which areused by your cells

Decay is when decomposer organisms breakdown organic materials (dead bodies and feces) and make it available to other living organisms

Fruit and Vegetable Decay

Cycling of Organic Matter

Organic Matter is continuously being recycled

Living organisms are made up of organic matter There is a limited amount on the Earth so it must be recycled for life to continue

Example Carbon molecules are recycled over and over This means that it is possible that your body contains a carbon molecule which was part of a dinosaur from 70 million years ago

Food is organic matter that was once part of a living thing

Digestion breaks down organic molecules which areused by your cells

Decay is when decomposer organisms breakdown organic materials (dead bodies and feces) and make it available to other living organisms

Fruit and Vegetable Decay

Food is organic matter that was once part of a living thing

Digestion breaks down organic molecules which areused by your cells

Decay is when decomposer organisms breakdown organic materials (dead bodies and feces) and make it available to other living organisms

Fruit and Vegetable Decay

Sample Food Chain

Plant

Rabbit

Fox (feces)

Soil Bacteria (Decomposers)

Inorganic Molecules

Inorganic nutrients

Plant

Assignment

read pages 50-51 and do questions 1 2 5 amp 6 on page 51

Section 25-The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the key element for living things

Carbon can be found in

1 The atmosphere (CO2)

2 Ocean (dissolved)

3 Plants (sugar C6H12O6)

4 Animals (protein)

5 Soil and rocks

The Carbon Cycle As carbon moves through the ecosystem it is

changed from one form to another

In Plants PHOTOSYNTHESISsunlight

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

(Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen)

In Animals CELLULAR RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is called the carbon cycle

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use solar energy carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to make sugar

Cellular Respiration uses sugar and oxygen for energy and releases carbon dioxide back into the environment

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

Assignment

read pages 50-51 and do questions 1 2 5 amp 6 on page 51

Section 25-The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the key element for living things

Carbon can be found in

1 The atmosphere (CO2)

2 Ocean (dissolved)

3 Plants (sugar C6H12O6)

4 Animals (protein)

5 Soil and rocks

The Carbon Cycle As carbon moves through the ecosystem it is

changed from one form to another

In Plants PHOTOSYNTHESISsunlight

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

(Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen)

In Animals CELLULAR RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is called the carbon cycle

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use solar energy carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to make sugar

Cellular Respiration uses sugar and oxygen for energy and releases carbon dioxide back into the environment

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

Section 25-The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the key element for living things

Carbon can be found in

1 The atmosphere (CO2)

2 Ocean (dissolved)

3 Plants (sugar C6H12O6)

4 Animals (protein)

5 Soil and rocks

The Carbon Cycle As carbon moves through the ecosystem it is

changed from one form to another

In Plants PHOTOSYNTHESISsunlight

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

(Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen)

In Animals CELLULAR RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is called the carbon cycle

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use solar energy carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to make sugar

Cellular Respiration uses sugar and oxygen for energy and releases carbon dioxide back into the environment

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

The Carbon Cycle As carbon moves through the ecosystem it is

changed from one form to another

In Plants PHOTOSYNTHESISsunlight

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

(Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen)

In Animals CELLULAR RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is called the carbon cycle

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use solar energy carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to make sugar

Cellular Respiration uses sugar and oxygen for energy and releases carbon dioxide back into the environment

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is called the carbon cycle

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use solar energy carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to make sugar

Cellular Respiration uses sugar and oxygen for energy and releases carbon dioxide back into the environment

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

Carbon ReservoirsReservoirs of Inorganic Carbon When carbon is not in organic form it can be found in three

types of storage (reservoirs)

Atmosphere (smallest ~ 003) Oceans (largest) Earthrsquos crust

Reservoirs for Organic Carbon Organic carbon is held in the bodies of living organisms

All living things eventually die and return their carbon in an inorganic form The only exception to this are bogs which have large quantities of organic carbon which may be stored for years in the peat (dead plant matter)

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

Humans have modified the carbon cycle by releasing large quantities of organic carbon

Example mining coal burning fossil fuels and burning forests

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

Assignment

read pages 62-65 and do the assigned questions for the Carbon Cycle(handout)

Play the Carbon Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucareduearthclimatecarbon_cyclehtml

Section 26-The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles

The Nitrogen Cycle

Life depends on the cycling of nitrogen used by cells to make protein in plants and

animals

used to make DNA in plant and animal cells

used as fertilizer to make plants grow

The atmosphere is 79 nitrogen all of which is unusable by plants and animals

Nitrogen is changed into nitrates (usable form) by

lightning

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Nitrogen Fixation Through Lightning energy from the lightning causes nitrogen gas to

react with oxygen gas to produce nitrates

the nitrates dissolve in rain or surface water enter the soil and then move into plants through their roots

Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria bacteria found in the soil provide the vast majority

of nitrates in the ecosystem Some bacteria may also be found in small lumps called nodules on the roots of some plants

called nitrogen fixing bacteria

Denitrification involves the decay process in which denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates into nitrites and then into nitrogen gas which goes up into the air

This process ensures the balance between soil nitrates nitrites and nitrogen gas

Denitrifying bacteria grow well in areas of low oxygen like lawns By aerating your lawn (adding more oxygen) the breakdown of nitrates into nitrogen gas is reduced and your lawn will stay green longer (nitrates stay in your lawn)

Nitrogen Cycle Animation

The atmosphere is 79 nitrogen all of which is unusable by plants and animals

Nitrogen is changed into nitrates (usable form) by

lightning

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Nitrogen Fixation Through Lightning energy from the lightning causes nitrogen gas to

react with oxygen gas to produce nitrates

the nitrates dissolve in rain or surface water enter the soil and then move into plants through their roots

Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria bacteria found in the soil provide the vast majority

of nitrates in the ecosystem Some bacteria may also be found in small lumps called nodules on the roots of some plants

called nitrogen fixing bacteria

Denitrification involves the decay process in which denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates into nitrites and then into nitrogen gas which goes up into the air

This process ensures the balance between soil nitrates nitrites and nitrogen gas

Denitrifying bacteria grow well in areas of low oxygen like lawns By aerating your lawn (adding more oxygen) the breakdown of nitrates into nitrogen gas is reduced and your lawn will stay green longer (nitrates stay in your lawn)

Nitrogen Cycle Animation

Nitrogen Fixation Through Lightning energy from the lightning causes nitrogen gas to

react with oxygen gas to produce nitrates

the nitrates dissolve in rain or surface water enter the soil and then move into plants through their roots

Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria bacteria found in the soil provide the vast majority

of nitrates in the ecosystem Some bacteria may also be found in small lumps called nodules on the roots of some plants

called nitrogen fixing bacteria

Denitrification involves the decay process in which denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates into nitrites and then into nitrogen gas which goes up into the air

This process ensures the balance between soil nitrates nitrites and nitrogen gas

Denitrifying bacteria grow well in areas of low oxygen like lawns By aerating your lawn (adding more oxygen) the breakdown of nitrates into nitrogen gas is reduced and your lawn will stay green longer (nitrates stay in your lawn)

Nitrogen Cycle Animation

Denitrification involves the decay process in which denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates into nitrites and then into nitrogen gas which goes up into the air

This process ensures the balance between soil nitrates nitrites and nitrogen gas

Denitrifying bacteria grow well in areas of low oxygen like lawns By aerating your lawn (adding more oxygen) the breakdown of nitrates into nitrogen gas is reduced and your lawn will stay green longer (nitrates stay in your lawn)

Nitrogen Cycle Animation

Nitrogen Cycle Animation

Assignment

Read pages 66-67 and complete the assigned questions for the Nitrogen Cycle(handout)

Play the Nitrogen Cycle Game httpwwwwindowsucaredutourlink=teach

er_resourcesteach_nitrogenhtml

The Phosphorus CyclePhosphorous cycles in two ways

Long term in rocks in the Earthrsquos crust phosphates eroded from rock are carried away by rivers and

lakes and end up in the ocean animals use the phosphates to make bones and shells when these animal die they end up at the bottom of the

ocean where over time they may become rock again Plants also absorb phosphates from the water

Short term in living organisms phosphates in dead organisms are recycled by

decomposers which break them down and release the phosphates back into the ecosystem

Phosphorus Cycle

Assignment

bullRead page 68 and complete the questions on the Phosphorus Cycle (handout)

Phosphorus Cycle Animation

Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle

Assignment

bullRead page 68 and complete the questions on the Phosphorus Cycle (handout)

Phosphorus Cycle Animation

Phosphorus Cycle

Section 22-Pesticides

Pesticides are chemicals used to kill insects weeds and microorganisms that might damage crops

Why Use Pesticides Up to 30 of crops in Canada are destroyed by pests This impacts the farmerrsquos income and the price that we pay for the produce

First Generation Pesticides

Pest control dates back to 500 BCE Toxic chemicals were frequently used until we discovered they were more dangerous to us than to the pests

Second Generation Pesticidesbull chemicals made in a lab

bull Can be grouped into four categories

Type Target Examples Persistence

Insecticide Insects DDT 2 - 15 years

Herbicide Weeds Roundup Days to weeks

Fungicide Moulds

and fungi Captan Days

Bactericides Bacteria Penicillin Days

Assignment

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Complete the sheet on histograms (handout)

Play the ldquoOh Deer Gamerdquohttpwwwriverventureorgcharlestonresourcespdfpopulation20study20gamepdf

First Generation Pesticides

Pest control dates back to 500 BCE Toxic chemicals were frequently used until we discovered they were more dangerous to us than to the pests

Second Generation Pesticidesbull chemicals made in a lab

bull Can be grouped into four categories

Type Target Examples Persistence

Insecticide Insects DDT 2 - 15 years

Herbicide Weeds Roundup Days to weeks

Fungicide Moulds

and fungi Captan Days

Bactericides Bacteria Penicillin Days

Assignment

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Complete the sheet on histograms (handout)

Play the ldquoOh Deer Gamerdquohttpwwwriverventureorgcharlestonresourcespdfpopulation20study20gamepdf

Second Generation Pesticidesbull chemicals made in a lab

bull Can be grouped into four categories

Type Target Examples Persistence

Insecticide Insects DDT 2 - 15 years

Herbicide Weeds Roundup Days to weeks

Fungicide Moulds

and fungi Captan Days

Bactericides Bacteria Penicillin Days

Assignment

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Complete the sheet on histograms (handout)

Play the ldquoOh Deer Gamerdquohttpwwwriverventureorgcharlestonresourcespdfpopulation20study20gamepdf

Assignment

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Complete the sheet on histograms (handout)

Play the ldquoOh Deer Gamerdquohttpwwwriverventureorgcharlestonresourcespdfpopulation20study20gamepdf

Bioamplification

When water insoluble pesticides enter food chains the animals that eat them canrsquot break them down so they stay in their bodies The pesticides stay in the fatty tissue The pesticides then built up in a process called bioamplification

DDTbullDDT was the first modern pesticide developed to kill mosquitoes that spread malaria and typhus

bullIn 1962 an American activist named Rachel Carson published a book which alleged that DDT caused cancer and harmed bird reproduction This information led to the pesticide being banned in 1971

bullAlthough it is not being used in North America it is still being used in other countries and can be transmitted through bioamplification

DDT Video

DDTbullDDT was the first modern pesticide developed to kill mosquitoes that spread malaria and typhus

bullIn 1962 an American activist named Rachel Carson published a book which alleged that DDT caused cancer and harmed bird reproduction This information led to the pesticide being banned in 1971

bullAlthough it is not being used in North America it is still being used in other countries and can be transmitted through bioamplification

DDT Video

Modern Chemical PesticidesNew pesticides are now water soluble and do not

build up in the tissues of animals They are safer but still have negative effects such as1 They break down quickly so they have to be spread

more often (cost more)

2 They are not selective so they can also kill birds reptiles amphibians and fish

3 Animals that do not die immediately may still put others at risk through bioamplification

4 They have a shelf life meaning that they become ineffective after a while

The Pests Fight Back Pests that reproduce often start to become

resistant to pesticides The first time using a chemical you will probably

kill 90 of the insects and the 10 that are left alive will reproduce

The 10 that survived probably had a natural resistance to the chemical Many of their offspring will also have the resistance After several generations the chemical is not as effective

New pesticides must be developed to take their place

Assignment

Read pages 52-57 and do questions 1-7 on page 58

Read pages 81-82 andmake a list of 4 pros and 4 cons for pesticide usage in controlling tentcaterpillars

Section 29-Monitoring Changes in Population

During the last three centuries global population has risen at an exponential rate

500 million in 16501 billion in 18502 billion in 19304 billion in 1975estimated at 8 billion in 2013

Population Growth Patterns Changes in population size occur when people

are added or removed from the population The four factors involved in population growth

are

1 Natality the number of offspring born in one year

2 Mortality the number of individuals that die in one year

3 Immigration the number of individuals moving into a population

4 Emigration the number of individuals moving out of a population

Population Growth = ( Births + Immigration) - ( Deaths + Emigration)

Open and Closed Populations

An open population occurs when all four factors are acting on the population

(Ex The population of Charlottetown)

A closed population occurs when only natality and mortality affect the population size

(Ex Population of the Earth)

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

The Pests Fight Back Pests that reproduce often start to become

resistant to pesticides The first time using a chemical you will probably

kill 90 of the insects and the 10 that are left alive will reproduce

The 10 that survived probably had a natural resistance to the chemical Many of their offspring will also have the resistance After several generations the chemical is not as effective

New pesticides must be developed to take their place

Assignment

Read pages 52-57 and do questions 1-7 on page 58

Read pages 81-82 andmake a list of 4 pros and 4 cons for pesticide usage in controlling tentcaterpillars

Section 29-Monitoring Changes in Population

During the last three centuries global population has risen at an exponential rate

500 million in 16501 billion in 18502 billion in 19304 billion in 1975estimated at 8 billion in 2013

Population Growth Patterns Changes in population size occur when people

are added or removed from the population The four factors involved in population growth

are

1 Natality the number of offspring born in one year

2 Mortality the number of individuals that die in one year

3 Immigration the number of individuals moving into a population

4 Emigration the number of individuals moving out of a population

Population Growth = ( Births + Immigration) - ( Deaths + Emigration)

Open and Closed Populations

An open population occurs when all four factors are acting on the population

(Ex The population of Charlottetown)

A closed population occurs when only natality and mortality affect the population size

(Ex Population of the Earth)

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Assignment

Read pages 52-57 and do questions 1-7 on page 58

Read pages 81-82 andmake a list of 4 pros and 4 cons for pesticide usage in controlling tentcaterpillars

Section 29-Monitoring Changes in Population

During the last three centuries global population has risen at an exponential rate

500 million in 16501 billion in 18502 billion in 19304 billion in 1975estimated at 8 billion in 2013

Population Growth Patterns Changes in population size occur when people

are added or removed from the population The four factors involved in population growth

are

1 Natality the number of offspring born in one year

2 Mortality the number of individuals that die in one year

3 Immigration the number of individuals moving into a population

4 Emigration the number of individuals moving out of a population

Population Growth = ( Births + Immigration) - ( Deaths + Emigration)

Open and Closed Populations

An open population occurs when all four factors are acting on the population

(Ex The population of Charlottetown)

A closed population occurs when only natality and mortality affect the population size

(Ex Population of the Earth)

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Section 29-Monitoring Changes in Population

During the last three centuries global population has risen at an exponential rate

500 million in 16501 billion in 18502 billion in 19304 billion in 1975estimated at 8 billion in 2013

Population Growth Patterns Changes in population size occur when people

are added or removed from the population The four factors involved in population growth

are

1 Natality the number of offspring born in one year

2 Mortality the number of individuals that die in one year

3 Immigration the number of individuals moving into a population

4 Emigration the number of individuals moving out of a population

Population Growth = ( Births + Immigration) - ( Deaths + Emigration)

Open and Closed Populations

An open population occurs when all four factors are acting on the population

(Ex The population of Charlottetown)

A closed population occurs when only natality and mortality affect the population size

(Ex Population of the Earth)

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Population Growth Patterns Changes in population size occur when people

are added or removed from the population The four factors involved in population growth

are

1 Natality the number of offspring born in one year

2 Mortality the number of individuals that die in one year

3 Immigration the number of individuals moving into a population

4 Emigration the number of individuals moving out of a population

Population Growth = ( Births + Immigration) - ( Deaths + Emigration)

Open and Closed Populations

An open population occurs when all four factors are acting on the population

(Ex The population of Charlottetown)

A closed population occurs when only natality and mortality affect the population size

(Ex Population of the Earth)

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Open and Closed Populations

An open population occurs when all four factors are acting on the population

(Ex The population of Charlottetown)

A closed population occurs when only natality and mortality affect the population size

(Ex Population of the Earth)

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Population Histogramsbulluseful when studying population of long-lived organisms such as humans

bullThe shape of pyramid allows you to predict changes in the populations

bullA wide base indicates that the population is rapidly growing

bull When the base is narrower than the middle section fewer offspring are produced and population will decline

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Questions

Read pages 74-76 and do questions 1-4 amp 6abc on page 76

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Section 210-Limits on Populations

Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months 20 mice can become 5120 mice

Why donrsquot we see billionsof mice when we lookout the window

The reason is that there are limitations on all populations including mice

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Carrying Capacity

Populations fluctuate but tend to be fairly stable Stabilityhappens when the population does not exceed the carryingcapacity

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem

Law of Minimum - The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Law of Tolerance - An organism can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors Going above or below this range will cause death

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Biotic potential is the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce if resources were unlimited

It is regulated by four factors

1) Birth potential maximum number of offspring per birth

2) Capacity of survival number of offspring that reach reproductive age

3) Procreation number of times a species reproduces each year

4) Length of reproductive life the age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Limiting Factors

The environment provides factors that prevent populations from attaining their biotic potential Environmental Factor Population Changes

Abiotic light temperaturechemical environment

Biotic Amount of foodnumber or effectiveness of predatorsdiseases and parasitesability to compete for resources

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Some factors that control population can depend on the size or density of the population

A population is dense when a large number of organisms live in one area

Density IndependentFactors

Density DependentFactors

Flood Food shortage

Fire Competition for mates or habitat

Pesticides Diseases

Change in climate or temperature

Introduction of exotic species

Destruction of habitat Increased predation

Drought Competition for water and other resources

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Questions

Read pages 77-80 and do questions 1 2 amp 3 (abc) on page 80

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Chapter 3Sustaining Terrestrial Ecosystems

Section 31 Canadian Biomes

Jigsaw Activity

bull In groups you will be using pages 88-93 to complete the sheets on ldquoThe Canadian Biomesrdquo

bull Video Response Biomes (Earth at Risk Series)

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Canadian Biomes Biome ndash a collection of ecosystems that are

similar or related to each other usually in the type of plants they support

Four Canadian Biomes

The Tundra The Boreal Forest The Temperate Deciduous

Forest The Grassland

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

The Tundra- Canadarsquos northernmost biome

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

very low temp for most

of the year

short growing season

Permafrost layer beneath the soil

low precipitation

poor soil quality

rapid-growing plants

mosses and lichens

caribou

ptarmigan

lemmings

arctic foxes

wolverines

Similar to a desert low precipitation (10-12 cmyear) supports a low number of species

Two layers of soil Permafrost ndash layer of soil that never thaws Active Layer ndash above permafrost thaws in summer allowing

roots to take in water and minerals

Decomposition of Organic Matter extremely slow in cold temp because cold keeps the

bacteria and fungi from reproducing This leaves only a small amount of organic material in the soil

Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles slows the rates of the cycles slow decomposition with surface water causes the

formation of bogs These store carbon for long periods of time and decrease denitrification

The Boreal Forest- Immediately south of the Tundra

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

warmer than the Tundra

no permafrost

changeable weather

soils contains some water and is acidic

precipitation 40 cmyear or more

coniferous trees

seed-eating birds

squirrels

voles

snowshoe hare

deer

pine martens

grey wolves

Climate harsh with rapid changes in temp mixing warm and cool air results in

more precipitation

Soil warmer temp allows the soil to thaw every season higher organic matter from faster rates of decomposition soil is more acidic as coniferous needles produce acid when they decay

ndash this can limit the number of plants that can grow

What are conifers Trees with needle shaped leaves ndash evergreens

4 Reasons why conifers are dominant Thin needles have a small surface area so they lose little water during

winter Thick cuticle of wax covers the needles to reduce water loss and

protect from frost damage Pyramid shape of tree and flexible branches allow the tree to support

heavy snowfall Shed their leaves slowly throughout the year so they can begin

photosynthesis when the growing season begins (advantage in a short growing season)

The Temperate Deciduous Forest- South of the Boreal Forest in EasternCentral Canada

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

longer growing season

than the Boreal Forest

higher temp then Tundra or Boreal Forest

fertile soil

precipitation up to

100 cmyear

deciduous trees

many ferns and shrubs

tree and ground squirrels

many insects

shrews and mice

deer

woodpeckers

weasels black bears wolves

What are the dominant trees in

this biome Deciduous trees (maples oaks poplars

beech and birch)

What features about deciduous trees allow them to complete with conifers

The broad leaves maximize light capture for photosynthesis

Soil and Decomposition

higher temperatures allow for faster decomposition resulting in richer

soil

Understory and Canopy Understory ndash the lower branches of a trees

Canopy ndash the upper levels of the trees

What factors allow for high biodiversity in this biome

The presence of so many different kinds of plants supports many

animals

The thick litter layer is ideal for different insects

Many insects support amphibians lizards birds and insect-eating animals

The Grassland- At the same latitude as the deciduous forest

Biotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

longer growing season

than the Boreal Forest

higher temp than Tundra and Boreal Forest

rich fertile soil

precipitation from 25-75 cmyear

fescue grasses

grasshoppers

bison

voles mice

snakes

hawks

wolves

What is the main difference between it and the deciduous forest biomes

Grasslands receive less moisture (25-75 cmyear) not enough to support trees except near

ponds lakes and rivers

What abiotic factor played the role of decomposer in this ecosystem fire

Soil and Decomposition most fertile soil (black)in the world Rapid decomposition due

to high summer temp and short lived grasses

Biodiversity Low Grasslands only have one layer to support animals

Deciduous forests have three layers ndash canopy understory and litter layer

Section 33 Soil and Itrsquos Formation

Components of Soil Soil is very important in our lives Without healthy soil we

canrsquot grow enough food Soil is in layers each with itrsquos own color and texture

Starting from the top they are

1 Litter - Made up of partly decomposed grass and leaves It acts as a blanket protecting the other layers from temperature changes and water loss

2 Topsoil - Made up of small particles of rock with decaying plant and animal material (humus) Humus is black so topsoil is usually dark and has a rich supply of minerals and nutrients Air and water are also found here to help with decomposition

3 Subsoil - Made up of more stones and less organic material It is lighter in color It may have large amounts of minerals such as iron and aluminum

4 Bedrock - A layer of rock that marks the end of the soil

Formation of Soil

Soil starts out as bedrock but over time weather (rain wind frost snow) and living things break it into smaller and smaller pieces This is called weathering

Once there are enough small particles of rock plants can grow When they die they add to the soil and more will grow This process can take hundreds or thousands of years

Water Beneath the Soil Surface water is precipitation (rain snow sleet hail) that

is above ground

Ground water is water that has flowed into the soil and rocks

Percolation is the process of water being pulled down through the soil by gravity The larger the particles in the soil the more air there is between them and the water flows down faster

The water table is the boundary between the area where ground water is percolating down and a layer that canrsquot hold any more water (saturated)

Leaching is a serious problem Sometimes when water percolates down through the soil it carries minerals and nutrients with it This removes it from the topsoil and plants canrsquot get to it

Soil pH

Soil can be 1 Acidic

2 Neutral

3 Basic (Alkaline)

The pH is determined by the type of rock that the soil was formed from and the plants that grow in it (more plants more acidic)

Acid rain and snow also make a difference

The pH of the soil determines what can grow there Mosses are one of the few plants that do very well in acidic soils

Calcium or lime can be added to make the soil more alkaline (basic)

In Canadarsquos grasslands the soil is basic because it is formed from limestone Prairie grasses do very well while most trees donrsquot

Sulfur can be added to the soil to make it more acidic

Assignment

Read pages 97-99 and do questions 1-8 on page 99

Formation of Soil

Soil starts out as bedrock but over time weather (rain wind frost snow) and living things break it into smaller and smaller pieces This is called weathering

Once there are enough small particles of rock plants can grow When they die they add to the soil and more will grow This process can take hundreds or thousands of years

Water Beneath the Soil Surface water is precipitation (rain snow sleet hail) that

is above ground

Ground water is water that has flowed into the soil and rocks

Percolation is the process of water being pulled down through the soil by gravity The larger the particles in the soil the more air there is between them and the water flows down faster

The water table is the boundary between the area where ground water is percolating down and a layer that canrsquot hold any more water (saturated)

Leaching is a serious problem Sometimes when water percolates down through the soil it carries minerals and nutrients with it This removes it from the topsoil and plants canrsquot get to it

Soil pH

Soil can be 1 Acidic

2 Neutral

3 Basic (Alkaline)

The pH is determined by the type of rock that the soil was formed from and the plants that grow in it (more plants more acidic)

Acid rain and snow also make a difference

The pH of the soil determines what can grow there Mosses are one of the few plants that do very well in acidic soils

Calcium or lime can be added to make the soil more alkaline (basic)

In Canadarsquos grasslands the soil is basic because it is formed from limestone Prairie grasses do very well while most trees donrsquot

Sulfur can be added to the soil to make it more acidic

Assignment

Read pages 97-99 and do questions 1-8 on page 99

Water Beneath the Soil Surface water is precipitation (rain snow sleet hail) that

is above ground

Ground water is water that has flowed into the soil and rocks

Percolation is the process of water being pulled down through the soil by gravity The larger the particles in the soil the more air there is between them and the water flows down faster

The water table is the boundary between the area where ground water is percolating down and a layer that canrsquot hold any more water (saturated)

Leaching is a serious problem Sometimes when water percolates down through the soil it carries minerals and nutrients with it This removes it from the topsoil and plants canrsquot get to it

Soil pH

Soil can be 1 Acidic

2 Neutral

3 Basic (Alkaline)

The pH is determined by the type of rock that the soil was formed from and the plants that grow in it (more plants more acidic)

Acid rain and snow also make a difference

The pH of the soil determines what can grow there Mosses are one of the few plants that do very well in acidic soils

Calcium or lime can be added to make the soil more alkaline (basic)

In Canadarsquos grasslands the soil is basic because it is formed from limestone Prairie grasses do very well while most trees donrsquot

Sulfur can be added to the soil to make it more acidic

Assignment

Read pages 97-99 and do questions 1-8 on page 99

Soil pH

Soil can be 1 Acidic

2 Neutral

3 Basic (Alkaline)

The pH is determined by the type of rock that the soil was formed from and the plants that grow in it (more plants more acidic)

Acid rain and snow also make a difference

The pH of the soil determines what can grow there Mosses are one of the few plants that do very well in acidic soils

Calcium or lime can be added to make the soil more alkaline (basic)

In Canadarsquos grasslands the soil is basic because it is formed from limestone Prairie grasses do very well while most trees donrsquot

Sulfur can be added to the soil to make it more acidic

Assignment

Read pages 97-99 and do questions 1-8 on page 99

The pH is determined by the type of rock that the soil was formed from and the plants that grow in it (more plants more acidic)

Acid rain and snow also make a difference

The pH of the soil determines what can grow there Mosses are one of the few plants that do very well in acidic soils

Calcium or lime can be added to make the soil more alkaline (basic)

In Canadarsquos grasslands the soil is basic because it is formed from limestone Prairie grasses do very well while most trees donrsquot

Sulfur can be added to the soil to make it more acidic

Assignment

Read pages 97-99 and do questions 1-8 on page 99

Assignment

Read pages 97-99 and do questions 1-8 on page 99