CHAPTER 8: Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8:

Nationalist Revolutions Sweep Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900the West, 1789-1900

SECTION 1: SECTION 1: Latin American Latin American Peoples Win IndependencePeoples Win Independence COLONIAL SOCIETY DIVIDEDCOLONIAL SOCIETY DIVIDED

1.1. A Race and Class SystemA Race and Class System Latin America has social classes Latin America has social classes

that determine jobs and authority.that determine jobs and authority. Peninsulares—Peninsulares—born in Spain, they born in Spain, they

head colonial government, society.head colonial government, society. Creoles—Creoles—American-born Spaniards American-born Spaniards

who can become army officers.who can become army officers.

Colonial Society DividedColonial Society Divided

Mestizos have both European and Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry.Indian ancestry.

Mulattos—Mulattos—have both European and have both European and African ancestry.African ancestry.

Slaves, Indians are at the bottom of Slaves, Indians are at the bottom of society.society.

Revolutions in the AmericasRevolutions in the Americas

1.1. Revolution in HaitiRevolution in Haiti Haiti is first Latin American territory Haiti is first Latin American territory

to gain freedom.to gain freedom. Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave

revolt against French (1791).revolt against French (1791). Toussaint eventually dies in French Toussaint eventually dies in French

prison in 1803.prison in 1803.

Revolutions in the AmericasRevolutions in the Americas

2.2. Haiti's IndependenceHaiti's Independence Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares

Saint Domingue a country in 1804.Saint Domingue a country in 1804. Saint Domingue becomes first black Saint Domingue becomes first black

colony to win independence.colony to win independence. Renamed Haiti, means Renamed Haiti, means

“mountainous land” in the Arawak “mountainous land” in the Arawak language. language.

Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence

1.1. The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasThe Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin

American revolutionaries.American revolutionaries.

2.2. Creole LeadersCreole Leaders Simon Bolivar—Simon Bolivar—wealthy Creole wealthy Creole

leads Venezuela in revolution.leads Venezuela in revolution. Jose de San Martin—Jose de San Martin—leader of leader of

Argentinean revolutionary forces.Argentinean revolutionary forces.

Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence

3.3. Bolivar's Route to VictoryBolivar's Route to Victory Venezuela declares independence Venezuela declares independence

in 1811; Bolivar wins war by 1821.in 1811; Bolivar wins war by 1821.4.4. San Martin Leads Southern San Martin Leads Southern

Liberation ForcesLiberation Forces Argentina independent in 1816; Argentina independent in 1816;

San Martin helps free Chile.San Martin helps free Chile. Bolivar’s and San Martin’s armies Bolivar’s and San Martin’s armies

drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824.drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824.

Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule

1.1. A Cry for FreedomA Cry for Freedom Padre Padre Miguel Hidalgo—Miguel Hidalgo—priest who priest who

launches Mexican revolt (1810).launches Mexican revolt (1810). 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers

march on Mexico City.march on Mexico City. Jose Maria Morelos—Jose Maria Morelos—leads revolt leads revolt

after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses.after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses.

Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule

2. Mexico's Independence2. Mexico's Independence Mexican creoles react; Iturbide Mexican creoles react; Iturbide

declares Mexico independent declares Mexico independent (1821).(1821).

In 1823, Central America breaks In 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico.away from Mexico.

Brazil’s Royal LiberatorBrazil’s Royal Liberator

1.1. A Bloodless RevolutionA Bloodless Revolution Napoleon invades Portugal; royal Napoleon invades Portugal; royal

family moves to Brazil (1807).family moves to Brazil (1807). Portuguese court returns to Portugal Portuguese court returns to Portugal

after Napoleon’s defeat (1815).after Napoleon’s defeat (1815). Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays

behind in Brazilbehind in Brazil --accepts Brazilians’ request to rule --accepts Brazilians’ request to rule

their new country.their new country.

Brazil’s Royal LiberatorBrazil’s Royal Liberator

--officially declares Brazil’s --officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822).independence (September 1822).

By 1830, nearly all Latin American By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence.regions win independence.

SECTION 2: Europe Faces SECTION 2: Europe Faces RevolutionsRevolutions

CLASH OF PHILOSOPHIESCLASH OF PHILOSOPHIES

1.1. Three PhilosophiesThree Philosophies In early 1800s, three schools of In early 1800s, three schools of

political thought conflict in Europe.political thought conflict in Europe. Conservative—Conservative—landowners, nobles landowners, nobles

want traditional monarchies.want traditional monarchies. Liberal—Liberal—wealthy merchants, wealthy merchants,

business owners want limited business owners want limited democracy.democracy.

Clash of PhilosophiesClash of Philosophies

Radical—Radical—believe in liberty, equality; believe in liberty, equality; want everyone to have a vote.want everyone to have a vote.

Nationalism DevelopsNationalism Develops

1.1. Nationalism and Nation-StatesNationalism and Nation-States Nationalism—Nationalism—loyalty to nation of loyalty to nation of

people with common culture, history.people with common culture, history. Nation-state—Nation-state—nation with its own nation with its own

independent government.independent government. In 1815 Europe, only France, In 1815 Europe, only France,

England, and Spain are nation-states.England, and Spain are nation-states. Liberals and radicals support Liberals and radicals support

nationalism; conservatives do not.nationalism; conservatives do not.

Nationalists Challenge Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerConservative Power

1.1. Greeks Gain IndependenceGreeks Gain Independence Balkans—Balkans—region of Europe region of Europe

controlled by Ottomans in early controlled by Ottomans in early 1800s.1800s.

Greece gets European help to gain Greece gets European help to gain independence from Turks.independence from Turks.

2.2. 1830s Uprisings Crushed1830s Uprisings Crushed Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and

nationalists launch revolts.nationalists launch revolts.

Nationalists Challenge Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerConservative Power

By the mid-1830s, conservatives By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in controlare back in control

3.3. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Ethnic uprisings in Europe, Ethnic uprisings in Europe,

especially in the Austrian empire.especially in the Austrian empire. Liberals hold power for short time, Liberals hold power for short time,

lose to conservatives by 1849.lose to conservatives by 1849.

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France

1.1. Conservative DefeatConservative Defeat In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to

restore absolute monarchy.restore absolute monarchy.

2. The Third Republic2. The Third Republic In 1848, Paris mob overthrows In 1848, Paris mob overthrows

monarchy, sets up republic.monarchy, sets up republic. Radicals split by infighting; Radicals split by infighting;

moderates control new government.moderates control new government.

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France

1848 constitution calls for elected 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament.president and parliament.

3.3. France Accepts a Strong RulerFrance Accepts a Strong Ruler Louis-Napoleon—Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s Napoleon’s

nephew—elected president.nephew—elected president. Later takes the title of emperor, Later takes the title of emperor,

promotes industrialization. promotes industrialization.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia

1.1. Serfdom in RussiaSerfdom in Russia Czars fail to free serfs because they Czars fail to free serfs because they

fear losing landowners’ support.fear losing landowners’ support.

2.2. Defeat Brings ChangeDefeat Brings Change Russia’s lack of industrialization leads Russia’s lack of industrialization leads

to military defeat in Crimean War.to military defeat in Crimean War. Alexander II—Alexander II—czar who determines czar who determines

to make social and economic changes.to make social and economic changes.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia

3.3. Reform and ReactionReform and Reaction In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt

keeps them on the same land.keeps them on the same land. Reform halts when Alexander is Reform halts when Alexander is

assassinated by terrorists in 1881.assassinated by terrorists in 1881. Driven by nationalism, Alexander III Driven by nationalism, Alexander III

encourages industrialization. encourages industrialization.

SECTION 3: NationalismSECTION 3: Nationalism

NATIONALISM; A FORCE FOR UNITY NATIONALISM; A FORCE FOR UNITY OR DISUNITY OR DISUNITY

1.1. Two Views of NationalismTwo Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their common Nationalists use their common

bonds to build nation-states.bonds to build nation-states. Rulers eventually use nationalism to Rulers eventually use nationalism to

unify their subjects.unify their subjects. Three different types of nationalist Three different types of nationalist

movements.movements.

Two Views of NationalismTwo Views of Nationalism

--unification merges culturally similar --unification merges culturally similar lands.lands.

--separation splits off culturally --separation splits off culturally distinct groups.distinct groups.

--state-building binds separate --state-building binds separate cultures into one.cultures into one.

Nationalism Shakes Aging Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresEmpires

1.1. The Breakup of the Austrian EmpireThe Breakup of the Austrian Empire Austria includes people from many Austria includes people from many

ethnic groups.ethnic groups. 1866 defeat forces emperor to split 1866 defeat forces emperor to split

into Austria and Hungary.into Austria and Hungary. --still ruled by emperor.--still ruled by emperor.


2.2. The Russian Empire Crumbles.The Russian Empire Crumbles. After 370 years, Russian czars After 370 years, Russian czars

begin losing control over empire.begin losing control over empire. Russification—Russification—forcing other forcing other

peoples to adopt Russian culture.peoples to adopt Russian culture. --policy further disunites Russia, --policy further disunites Russia,

strengthens ethnic nationalism.strengthens ethnic nationalism.


3.3. The Ottoman Empire WeakensThe Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic Internal tensions among ethnic

groups weakens empire.groups weakens empire. Rulers grant citizenship to all Rulers grant citizenship to all

groups, outraging Turks.groups, outraging Turks.

Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy

1.1. Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy Italy forms territory from crumbling Italy forms territory from crumbling

empires.empires. 1815-1848 Italians want 1815-1848 Italians want

independence from foreign rulers.independence from foreign rulers.

2.2. Cavour Leads Italian UnificationCavour Leads Italian Unification Camillo di Cavour—Camillo di Cavour—prime minister prime minister

of Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852.of Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852.


Gets French help to win control of Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land.Austrian-controlled Italian land.

3.3. Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity Giuseppe Garibaldi—Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads to leads to

nationalists who conquer southern nationalists who conquer southern Italy.Italy.

Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia.southern Italy and Sardinia.

Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule.of Sardinia to rule.


Control of Venetia, Papal States Control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy.finally unites Italy.

Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany

1.1. Bismarck Unites GermanyBismarck Unites Germany Beginning in 1815, 39 German states Beginning in 1815, 39 German states

from the German Confederation.from the German Confederation.

2.2. Prussia Leads German UnificationPrussia Leads German Unification Prussia has advantages that help it unify Prussia has advantages that help it unify

Germany:Germany: --mainly German population--mainly German population --powerful army--powerful army --creation of liberal constitution--creation of liberal constitution


3.3. Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control Junkers—Junkers—conservative wealthy conservative wealthy

landowners—support Prussian landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm IWilhelm I

Junker realpolitik master Junker realpolitik master Otto von Otto von BismarckBismarck becomes prime minister. becomes prime minister.

Realpolitik—Realpolitik—power politics without power politics without room for idealismroom for idealism

Bismarck defies Prussian parliament.Bismarck defies Prussian parliament.


4.4. Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands Prussia and Austria Denmark, gain Prussia and Austria Denmark, gain

two provinces.two provinces. Quick victory makes other German Quick victory makes other German

nations respect Prussia. nations respect Prussia.

5.5. Seven Weeks’ WarSeven Weeks’ War Bismarck creates border dispute Bismarck creates border dispute

with Austria to provoke war.with Austria to provoke war.


Prussia seizes Austrian territory, Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany.northern Germany.

Eastern and Western parts of Eastern and Western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first Prussian kingdom joined for first time.time.

6.6. The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war with France Bismarck provokes war with France

to unite all Germans.to unite all Germans.


Wilhelm is crowned Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—kaiser—emperor emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles.of a united Germany—at Versailles.

Bismarck creates a Germany united Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.under Prussian dominance.

A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power

1.1. Balance is LostBalance is Lost In 1815 the Congress of Vienna In 1815 the Congress of Vienna

established five powers in Europe:established five powers in Europe: Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and

Russia.Russia. By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now

Germany) have gained much power.Germany) have gained much power. Austria and Russia are weaker Austria and Russia are weaker

militarily and economically. militarily and economically.

SECTION 4: Revolutions in SECTION 4: Revolutions in the Arts the Arts

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENTTHE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT1.1. The Ideas of RomanticismThe Ideas of Romanticism Romanticism—Romanticism—interest in nature; interest in nature;

preferring emotion, individuality.preferring emotion, individuality. Romanticism linked to folk Romanticism linked to folk

traditions and nationalism. traditions and nationalism. 2.2. Romanticism in LiteratureRomanticism in Literature Poetry, music, and painting are the Poetry, music, and painting are the

arts best suited to romanticism.arts best suited to romanticism.

The Romantic MovementThe Romantic Movement

Many British romantic poets believe Many British romantic poets believe nature is the source of beauty.nature is the source of beauty.

Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist.Goethe is a great early romanticist.

A leading French romanticist writer A leading French romanticist writer is Victor Hugo.is Victor Hugo.

3.3. The Gothic NovelThe Gothic Novel Gothic horror novels taking place in Gothic horror novels taking place in

medieval castles become popular.medieval castles become popular.

The Romantic MovementThe Romantic Movement

One of the earliest and most One of the earliest and most successful is successful is Frankenstein.Frankenstein.

4.4. Composers Emphasize EmotionComposers Emphasize Emotion Composers abandon Enlightenment Composers abandon Enlightenment

style of music.style of music. Ludwig ban Beethoven leads the way Ludwig ban Beethoven leads the way

from enlightenment to romanticism.from enlightenment to romanticism. Some composers draw on literature Some composers draw on literature

or cultural themes. or cultural themes.

The Shift to Realism in the The Shift to Realism in the ArtsArts

1.1. RealismRealism Realism—Realism—art style attempting to art style attempting to

depict life accurately.depict life accurately. Paintings and novels in this style Paintings and novels in this style

show the working class. show the working class.

2.2. Photographers Capture Reality Photographers Capture Reality Daguerreotypes, Daguerreotypes, earliest earliest

photographs, are surprisingly real.photographs, are surprisingly real.

Shift to Realism in the ArtsShift to Realism in the Arts

William Talbot invents negative, William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of a photograph.allows copies of a photograph.

3.3. Writers Study SocietyWriters Study Society Charles Dickens and Honore de Charles Dickens and Honore de

Balzac write about society, class. Balzac write about society, class. Some realist literature sparks Some realist literature sparks

reforms in working conditions. reforms in working conditions.

Impressionists React Against Impressionists React Against RealismRealism

1.1. A New MovementA New Movement Impressionism—Impressionism—art style that tries art style that tries

to capture precise points in time.to capture precise points in time.

2.2. Life in the MomentLife in the Moment Impressionists like Claude Monet Impressionists like Claude Monet

portray life of rising middle class.portray life of rising middle class. Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste

Renoir also leading impressionists.Renoir also leading impressionists.

Impressionists Impressionists

Impressionist composers use music Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures. to create mental pictures.

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CHAPTER 8: Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900