Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
IntroductionWORLD HISTORY THEMES xxxGEOGRAPHY THEMES xxxiiTIME AND PLACE xxxivHOW DO WE KNOW? xxxviSTRATEGIES FOR TAKING TAKS S1
PART 1: Strategies for Studying History S2PART 2: TAKS Strategies and Practice S6
UNIT ONE
Unit Time Line 2
CHAPTER ●1 Prehistory to 2500 B.C
The Peopling of the World 4
1 Human Origins in Africa 72 Humans Try to Control Nature 12
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Cave Painting 13
3 CivilizationCASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 17
CHAPTER ●2 3500 B.C.–450 B.C.
Early River Valley Civilizations 24
1 City-States in Mesopotamia 272 Pyramids on the Nile 33
SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Dealing with Death 403 Planned Cities on the Indus 42
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro 444 River Dynasties in China 46
CHAPTER ●3 3500 B.C.–259 B.C.
People and Ideas on the Move 54
1 Indo-European Migrations 572 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism 623 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries 67
DAILY LIFE: Phoenician Financial News 704 The Origins of Judaism 72
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Flood Story 77
CHAPTER ●4 1570 B.C.–200 B.C.
First Age of Empires 80
1 The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide 832 Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent 883 Persia Unites Many Lands 92
GLOBAL IMPACT: Empire Building 954 An Empire Unifies China 97
viii
Unit 14 Million B.C.to 200 B.C. Beginnings of Civilization
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page viii
ix
New Directions in Government and Society UNIT TWO 104
Unit Time Line 106
CHAPTER ●5 2000 B.C.–300 B.C.
Classical Greece 108
1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1112 Warring City-States 1153 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 120
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Architecture and Sculpture 122SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Sports Through Time 126
4 Alexander—Empire-Builder 1285 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 132
CHAPTER ●6 500 B.C.–A.D. 500
Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 138
1 The Romans Create a Republic 1412 The Roman Empire Brings Change 1463 The Rise of Christianity 1534 The Decline of the Roman Empire 158
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Fall of the Roman Empire 1635 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 164
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Colosseum 166
CHAPTER ●7 300 B.C.–A.D. 550
India and China Establish Empires 170
1 First Empires of India 1732 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture 1773 Han Emperors in China 181
GLOBAL IMPACT: Trade Networks 184
CHAPTER ●8 1500 B.C.–A.D. 500
African Civilizations 190
1 Diverse Societies in Africa 193DAILY LIFE: Nomad Nutritional News 196
2 The Kingdom of Aksum and East African Trade 199
3 MigrationCASE STUDY: Bantu-Speaking Peoples 203
CHAPTER ●9 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700
The Americas: A Separate World 208
1 Hunters and Farmers in the Americas 211SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Digging Up the Past 214
2 Early Mesoamerican Civilizations 216HISTORY THROUGH ART: A Legacy of Sculpture 218
3 Early Civilizations of the Andes 221
Unit 22000 B.C.–
A.D. 700
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page ix
x
UNIT THREE 226
Unit Time Line 228
CHAPTER ●10 600–1250
The Muslim World 230
1 The Rise of Islam 2332 The Spread of Islam 2383 Muslim Achievement 242
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Astronomy 245
250
Buddhism 252Christianity 254Hinduism 256Islam 258Judaism 260Confucianism 262
CHAPTER ●11 500–1500
Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 266
1 Byzantium Becomes the New Rome 2692 Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture 2743 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia 279
CHAPTER ●12 600–1350
Empires in East Asia 284
1 Two Great Dynasties in China 287SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Healing Arts 292
2 The Mongol Conquests 2943 Empire of the Great Khan 2994 Feudal Powers in Japan 303
DAILY LIFE: Samurai Warrior News 3065 Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea 308
Unit 3500–1500
An Age of Exchange and Encounter
World Religions
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page x
CHAPTER ●13 500–1200European Middle Ages 314
1 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne 3172 Feudalism in Europe 3223 The Age of Chivalry 327
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Castles and Siege Weapons 3294 The Church Wields Power 332
CHAPTER ●14 800–1500
The Formation of Western Europe 338
1 Church Reform and the Crusades 341HISTORY THROUGH ART: Church Architecture 343DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Crusades 347
2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution 3483 England and France Develop 3524 A Century of Turmoil 356
GLOBAL IMPACT: Epidemic Disease 358
CHAPTER ●15 800–1500
Societies and Empires of Africa 364
1 North and Central African Societies 3672 West African Empires and Civilizations 371
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Benin Sculpture 3763 Eastern City-States and Southern Empires 378
Unit 3500–1500
xi
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page xi
xii
UNIT FOUR 384
Unit Time Line 386
CHAPTER ●16 900–1500
People and Empires in the Americas 388
1 Diverse Societies of North America 3912 Mayan Kings and Cities 395
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Chichen Itza 3973 The Aztecs Control Central Mexico 400
SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Measuring Time 4044 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire 407
CHAPTER ●17 1300–1600
European Renaissance and Reformation 414
1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 417HISTORY THROUGH ART: Michelangelo—Renaissance Artist 420
2 The Northern Renaissance 4233 Luther Starts the Reformation 4284 The Reformation Continues 433
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Reformation 437
CHAPTER ●18 1300–1700
The Muslim World Expands 440
1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire 443
2 Cultural BlendingCASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire 448
3 The Mughals Establish an Empire in India 451DAILY LIFE: Mughal Society News 456
CHAPTER ●19 1400–1800
An Age of Exploration and Isolation 460
1 Europeans Explore the East 463SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Tools of Exploration 465
2 China Rejects European Outreach 4693 Japan Limits Western Contacts 474
CHAPTER ●20 1492–1800
The Atlantic World 480
1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas 483DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The Legacy of Columbus 489
2 Competing Claims in North America 4903 The Atlantic Slave Trade 4954 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade 500
GLOBAL IMPACT: Food Exchange 501
Unit 4900–1800 Connecting Hemispheres
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page xii
xiii
UNIT FIVE 506
Unit Time Line 508
CHAPTER ●21 1500–1800
Absolute Monarchs in Europe 510
1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism 5132 France’s Ultimate Monarch 518
SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Power Clothes 5243 Central European Monarchs Clash 5264 Russian Czars Increase Power 531
DAILY LIFE: New Russian News 5345 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy 536
CHAPTER ●22 1550–1789
Enlightenment and Revolution 542
1 The Scientific Revolution 5452 The Enlightenment in Europe 551
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: European Values 5573 The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas 558
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Art in the Age of Enlightenment 5604 American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic 563
CHAPTER ●23 1789–1815
The French Revolution and Napoleon 570
1 Revolution Threatens the French King 5732 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror 577
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Guillotine 5813 Napoleon Forges an Empire 5844 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 5895 The Congress of Vienna Convenes 593
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: The French Revolution 597
CHAPTER ●24 1789–1900
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 600
1 Latin American Peoples Win Independence 603GLOBAL IMPACT: Struggling Toward Democracy 606
2 Revolutions Disrupt Europe 609
3 NationalismCASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany 613
4 Revolutions in the Arts 619HISTORY THROUGH ART: Artistic Movements 622
Unit 51500–1900Absolutism to Revolution
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page xiii
xiv
UNIT SIX 626
Unit Time Line 628
CHAPTER ●25 1700–1900
The Industrial Revolution 630
1 The Beginnings of Industrialization 633GLOBAL IMPACT: Revolutions in Technology 634
2 IndustrializationCASE STUDY: Manchester 638
3 Industrialization Spreads 6434 An Age of Reform 647
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Industrialization 653
CHAPTER ●26 1815–1914
An Age of Democracy and Progress 656
1 Democratic Reform and Activism 659DAILY LIFE: Victorian Ladies’ News 661
2 Self-Rule for British Colonies 6643 Expansion and Crisis in the United States 6694 Nineteenth-Century Progress 673
SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Mass Entertainment 676
CHAPTER ●27 1850–1914
The Age of Imperialism 682
1 Imperialists Divide Africa 685
2 ImperialismCASE STUDY: Nigeria 690
HISTORY THROUGH ART: African Weaving 692DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Views of Imperialism 696
3 Muslim Lands Fall to Imperialist Demands 6974 British Imperialism in India 7015 Western Powers Rule Southeast Asia 706
CHAPTER ●28 1800–1914
Transformations Around the Globe 712
1 China Responds to Pressure from the West 7152 Japan Modernizes 7203 U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America 724
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Panama Canal 7284 The Mexican Revolution 729
Unit 61700–1914
Industrialism and the Race for Empire
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page xiv
xv
UNIT SEVEN 736
Unit Time Line 738
CHAPTER ●29 1914–1918
The Great War 740
1 The Stage Is Set for War 7432 War Consumes Europe 747
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Aviation 7523 War Affects the World 753
SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Honoring War Heroes 7584 A Flawed Peace 760
CHAPTER ●30 1900–1939
Revolution and Nationalism 766
1 Revolutions in Russia 769
2 TotalitarianismCASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 775
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Propaganda Through Art 7793 Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 7814 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 785
CHAPTER ●31 1919–1939
Years of Crisis 792
1 An Age of Uncertainty 795DAILY LIFE: People in the News 799
2 A Global Depression 8013 Fascism Rises in Europe 8074 Aggressors on the March 811
CHAPTER ●32 1939–1945
World War II 818
1 Hitler’s Lightning War 8212 Japan Strikes in the Pacific 8273 The Holocaust 8314 The Allies Are Victorious 835
GLOBAL IMPACT: Arming for War 8405 The Devastation of Europe and Japan 842
Unit 71900–1945The World at War
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page xv
xvi
Perspectives on the PresentUNIT EIGHT 848
Unit Time Line 850
CHAPTER ●33 1945–PRESENT
Restructuring the Postwar World 852
1 Two Superpowers Face Off 855SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Space Race 861
2 Communists Triumph in China 8623 War in Korea and Vietnam 8664 Cold War Around the World 8715 The Cold War Thaws 876
CHAPTER ●34 1945–PRESENT
The Colonies Become New Nations 882
1 The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence 885SOMETHING IN COMMON ACROSS CULTURES: Wedding Rituals 890
2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence 8923 New Nations in Africa 8964 Conflicts in the Middle East 901
DAILY LIFE: Israeli Independent News 904
CHAPTER ●35 1945–PRESENT
Struggles for Democracy 908
1 DemocracyCASE STUDY: Latin American Democracies 911
2 Democratic Challenges in African Nations 9163 Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy 9214 Collapse of the Soviet Union 9265 China Follows Its Own Path 931
HISTORY THROUGH ART: Capturing Historical Moments 934
CHAPTER ●36 1960–PRESENT
Global Interdependence 938
1 Science and Technology Shape Human Outlook 9412 Global Economic Development 945
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES: Economics and the Environment 9513 Global Security Issues 9524 Cultures Blend in a Global Age 957
GLOBAL IMPACT: Cultural Crossroads 958
Epilogue 964
C THE WAR ON TERRORISM US2
RAND McNALLY ATLAS A1
Unit 81945–
Present
REFERENCESkillbuilder Handbook R1Glossary R30Spanish Glossary R46
Index R61Acknowledgments R88
0004whpe-TOC-viii-xvi-TX 10/3/02 5:28 PM Page xvi
xvii
Skillbuilder Handbook
The Skillbuilder Handbook is at the back of thebook on pages R1–R29. Refer to it when you needhelp in answering Think Through History ques-tions, doing the activities entitled Interact withHistory, or answering questions in SectionAssessments and Chapter Assessments.
Skillbuilder Handbook Contents R1
1. Understanding Historical Readings 1.1 Following Chronological Order R21.2 Clarifying; Summarizing R31.3 Identifying Problems and Solutions R41.4 Analyzing Motives R51.5 Analyzing Causes; Recognizing Effects R61.6 Comparing; Contrasting R71.7 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion R8
2. Using Critical Thinking2.1 Developing Historical Perspective R92.2 Formulating Historical Questions R102.3 Hypothesizing R112.4 Analyzing Issues R122.5 Analyzing Assumptions and Biases R132.6 Evaluating Decisions and Courses R14
of Action2.7 Forming and Supporting Opinions R152.8 Making Inferences R162.9 Drawing Conclusions R172.10 Synthesizing R18
3. Exploring Historical Evidence3.1 Primary and Secondary Sources R193.2 Visual, Audio, Multimedia Sources R203.3 Interpreting Maps R213.4 Interpreting Charts R233.5 Interpreting Graphs R243.6 Using the Internet R253.7 Creating and Using a Database R26
4. Communicating Historical Information4.1 Writing for Social Studies R274.2 Creating a Model R284.3 Creating/Interpreting a R29
Research Outline
SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK R25
APPLYING THE SKILLDo your own Internet research. Turn to Chapter 34, Section 4, “Conflicts inthe Middle East.” Read the section and make a list of topics you would like toresearch. If you have a computer with Internet access, go to the McDougal LittellWorld History home page www.classzone.com. Click on “General World HistoryLinks” and then click on “Perspectives on the Present” to begin your search.
Section 3: Exploring Historical Evidence3.6 Using the Internet
The Internet is a network of computers associated with universities, libraries, newsorganizations, government agencies, businesses, and private individuals worldwide.Each location on the Internet has a home page with its own address, or URL.With a computer connected to the Internet, you can reach the home pages of manyorganizations and services. You might view your library’s home page to find the callnumber of a book or visit an on-line magazine to read an article. On some sites youcan view documents, photographs, and even moving pictures with sound.The international collection of home pages, known as the World Wide Web, is agood source of up-to-the minute information about current events as well as in-depth research on historical subjects. This textbook contains many suggestions fornavigating the World Wide Web. Begin by entering www.classzone.com toaccess the home page for McDougal Littell World History.
UNDERSTANDING THE SKILLStrategy: Explore the elements on the screen. The computer screen belowshows the home page of the history area at PBS, the public television service inWashington, D.C.
PBS History screen shot courtesy of PBS ONLINE®.
Explore thelinks. Click on anyone of the images ortopics to find outmore about a specificsubject. These linkstake you to anotherpage at this Web site.Some pages includelinks to related infor-mation that can befound at other placeson the Internet.
Go directly to aWeb page. If youknow the address ofa particular Webpage, type theaddress in the box atthe top of the screenand press ENTER (orRETURN). After a fewseconds, the Webpage will appear onyour screen.
Explore the features of thepage. This pagehas a feature thatlets you find out whathappened in historyon any given day ofthe year.
Learn moreabout the page.Scan the page tolearn the types ofinformation con-tained at this site.This site has informa-tion about PBS his-tory programs as wellas other historicalinformation and spe-cial features.
R6 SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK
FE U D A L I S M CO M E S T O JA PA N
For most of the Heian period, the rich Fujiwara family held the real power in Japan.
Members of this family held many influential posts. By about the middle of the eleventh cen-
tury, the power of the central government and the Fujiwaras began to slip. This was due in part
to court families’ greater interest in luxury and artistic pursuits than in governing.
Since the central government was weak, large landowners living away from the capital set up
private armies. As a result, the countryside became lawless and dangerous. Armed soldiers on
horseback preyed on farmers and travelers, while pirates took control of the seas. For safety,
farmers and small landowners traded parts of their land to strong warlords in exchange for pro-
tection. Because the lords had more land, the lords gained more power. This marked the begin-
ning of a feudal system of localized rule like that of ancient China and medieval Europe.
Section 1: Understanding Historical Readings
1.5 Analyzing Causes; Recognizing Effects
Strategy: Make a cause-and-effect diagram.
Causes: Look for
clue words that
show cause.
These include
because, due to,
since, and therefore.
Summarize
cause-and-effect
relationships in
a diagram.
Starting with the first
cause in a series, fill
in the boxes until you
reach the end result.
Causes are the events, conditions, and other reasons that lead to an event. Causes
happen before the event in time; they explain why it happened. Effects are the
results or consequences of the event. One effect often becomes the cause of other
effects, resulting in a chain of events. Causes and effects can be both short-term and
long-term. Examining cause-and-effect relationships helps historians see how
events are related and why they took place.
UNDERSTANDING THE SKILL
Strategy: Keep track of causes and effects as you read. The passage
below describes events leading to the rise of feudalism in Japan. The diagram that
follows summarizes the chain of causes and effects.
APPLYING THE SKILL
Make your own cause-and-effect diagram. Turn to Chapter 28, pages
730–731. Read “Juárez and La Reforma” and make notes about the causes and
effects of Juárez’s reform movement in Mexico. Make a diagram like the one
shown above to summarize the information you find.
Cause
Effect
Effect /Cause
Effect /Cause
Ruling families had little
interest in governing.
Feudalism was
established in Japan.
Weak central government was
unable to control the land.
• Landowners set up private armies.
• Countryside became dangerous.
• Farmers traded land for safety under warlords.
Notice that an
effect may be
the cause of
another event.
This begins a chain
of causes and
effects.
Look for multi-
ple causes and
multiple effects.
The weakness of the
central government
caused the three
effects shown here.
Effects: Look
for results or
consequences.
Sometimes these are
indicated by clue
words such as
brought about, led to,
as a result, and
consequently.
1
2 3
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xvii
xviii
Patterns of Interaction Video Series
Each video in the series Patterns of Interaction relates to a GlobalImpact feature in the text. These eight exciting videos show how
cultural interactions have shaped our world and how patterns in history continueto the present day.
VIDEO
The Video Icon in theGlobal Impact feature providesyou with a link to the Patternsof Interaction video series.
Volume 1Building Empires
The Rise of the Persians and the IncaWatch the Persian and Incan empires expand andrule other peoples, with unexpected results forboth conquered and conquering cultures.
Trade Connects the WorldSilk Roads and the Pacific Rim
Explore the legendary trade routes of the Silk Roadsand the modern trade of the Pacific Rim, and noticehow both affected much more than economics.
Volume 2The Spread of Epidemic Disease
Bubonic Plague and SmallpoxLook for sweeping calamities and incredible conse-quences when interacting peoples bring devastatingdiseases to one another.
The Geography of FoodThe Impact of Potatoes and Sugar
Notice how the introduction of new foods to aregion provides security to some and spells disasterfor millions.
Volume 3Struggling Toward Democracy
Revolutions in Latin America and South AfricaExamine the impact of democratic ideas that incitepeople to join revolutions in 19th century LatinAmerica and 20th century South Africa.
Technology Transforms an AgeThe Industrial and Electronic Revolutions
See how another kind of revolution, caused byinventions in industry and communication, affectspeople not only a century ago but today as well.
Volume 4Arming for War
Modern and Medieval WeaponsWatch how warring peoples’ competition in militarytechnology has resulted in a dangerous game of big-ger, better, and faster throughout the ages.
Cultural CrossroadsThe United States and the World
Observe how universal enjoyments like music,sports, and fashion become instruments of culturalblending across the world.
F E A T U R E T I T L EGlobalImpact
358 Chapter 14
PACIFICOCEAN
ATLANTICOCEAN
EUROPE
ASIA
MONGOLIA
INDIASOUTHWEST
ASIA
AFRICA
CHINA
Kaffa
Alexandria
Genoa
0
0
1,000 Miles
2,000 Kilometers
Black Sea
The Bubonic PlagueThe bubonic plague, or Black Death, was a killer disease that swept
repeatedly through many areas of the world. It wiped out two-thirds
of the population in some areas of China, destroyed populations of
Muslim towns in Southwest Asia, and then decimated a third of the
European population.
Symptoms• Painful swellings called buboes (BOO•bohz) in the lymph nodes,
particularly those in the armpits and groin
• Sometimes purplish or blackish spots on the skin
• Extremely high fever, chills, delirium, and in most cases, death
VIDEO The Spread of Epidemic Disease: Bubonic Plague and Smallpox
Black rats carried fleas from
one area to another—fleas that
were infested with a bacillus
called Yersinia pestis. In those
days, people did not bathe—and
almost all had fleas and lice. In
addition, medieval people threw their
garbage and sewage into the streets.
These unsanitary streets became
breeding grounds for more rats. The
fleas carried by rats leapt from person
to person, thus spreading the bubonic
plague with incredible speed.
Detail of The Plague by Micco Spadaro, mid-1600s
We see death coming into
our midst like black smoke…
—Welsh poet Ieuan Gethin in 1349We see death coming into
our midst like black smoke…
—Welsh poet Ieuan Gethin in 1349
The Plague in the 14th Century
Hypothesizing Had people
known the cause of the bubonic
plague, what might they have
done to slow its spread?
SEE SKILLBUILDER
HANDBOOK, PAGE R11
Comparing What diseases of
today might be compared to the
bubonic plague? Why?
Connect to Today
Connect to History
Western Europe20–25 million
Southwest Asia
4 million
China
35 million
Death Toll, 1300s
Route of the Plague
KEY = 4 million
In 1345–46, a Mongol army
besieged Kaffa, on the Black
Sea. A year later, Italian
merchants who lived there fled
back to Italy, unknowingly
bringing the plague with them.
The disease came with merchants
along the trade routes of Asia to all
parts of southern Asia, southwest
Asia, and eventually Africa.
The horse-riding Mongols
likely carried infected
fleas and rats in their food
supplies as they swooped
into China.
Patterns of Interaction
The bubonic plague was just one of the several lethal diseases that
have swept from one society to another throughout history. Such
diseases as smallpox and influenza have wiped out huge numbers of
people, sometimes—as with the Aztecs—virtually destroying civilizations.
The spread of disease has been a physical and very tragic result of
cultures’ interacting with one another across place and time.
VIDEO
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xviii
Empire Building:The Royal Road 95
Trade Networks:Silk Roads 184
Epidemic Disease:The Bubonic Plague 358
Food Exchange:The Columbian Exchange 501
Struggling Toward Democracy:Ideas and Revolution 606
Revolutions in Technology:Technology in the Textile Industry 634
Arming for War: The Atomic Bomb 840
Cultural Crossroads:Rock ‘n’ Roll 958
GlobalImpact
xix
Major Features
Phoenician Financial News 70Nomad Nutritional News 196Samurai Warrior News 306Mughal Society News 456
New Russian News 534Victorian Ladies’ News 661People in the News 799Israeli Independent News 904
Daily Life
Cave Painting* 13Architecture and Sculpture* 122A Legacy of Sculpture 218Church Architecture 343Benin Sculpture 376Chichen Itza 397Michelangelo—
Renaissance Artist 420
Art in the Age of Enlightenment 560
Artistic Movements 622African Weaving 692Propaganda Through Art* 779Capturing Historical
Moments 934
Dealing with Death 40Sports Through Time 126Healing Arts* 292Measuring Time* 404
Power Clothes 524Mass Entertainment* 676Honoring War Heroes 758Wedding Rituals 890
Plumbing in Mohenjo-Daro 44The Colosseum 166Digging up the Past 214Astronomy 245Castles and Siege Weapons 329
The Tools of Exploration 465The Guillotine* 581Panama Canal 728Aviation 752The Space Race 861
The Flood Story 77The Fall of the Roman Empire 163The Crusades 347The Reformation 437The Legacy of Columbus 489European Values 557
The French Revolution 597Industrialization 653Views of Imperialism 696Economics and
the Environment* 951
differentPERSPECTIVES
S C I E N C E T E C H N O L O G Y&
HISTORY THROUGH ART
something in common across cultures
*For activities associated with this feature see. . .
CLASSZONE .COMNET ACTIVITY
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xix
Time Line of Planet Earth 11The Iceman’s Tool Kit 12The Inca’s System
of Record Keeping 18The Rosetta Stone 38Lady Hao’s Tomb 48Philistines 72Yin and Yang 99Warrior-Women 116The Plague 123Roman Legions 143Kautilya’s Arthasastra 173Chinese Bureaucracy 183Tsetse Fly 193Headhunters 222The Dome of the Rock 235Arab Scholars 351The Longbow 360Marrakech 370Queen Amina’s Reign 375Cahokia Monk’s Mound 393Calendar Glyph 398
Quetzalcoatl: Feathered Serpent God 401
Incan Relay Messengers 409Other Renaissances 417Witch Hunts 430The Forbidden City 470Introduction of Firearms 476Zen Buddhism 477Pirates 492Slavery 495The Defeat of the
Spanish Armada 514The Three Musketeers 519King James Bible 536The London Fire 538Emancipation 612Frankenstein 620Inventions in America 637Canadian Mounties 664Social Darwinism 679The Armenian Massacre 745The Trans-Siberian Railway 7701984 778
The Lost Generation 796Stocks and the Market 803The 1936 Olympics 810Nazi Medicine 833Jewish Resistance 834Dresden 839Yalta Conference 855Boycott of 1980 Olympics 875Oslo Peace Agreement 905Liberation Theology 913Chiapas Revolt 914Silencing Dissidents 918Fighting Neo-Nazis 924Television’s Influence 925Rising Crime Rates in Poland 930Space Junk 942The Human Genome Project 944UN Peacekeepers 952Kurds: A People Without
a Country 954International Baseball 958French Cultural Backlash 960
SPOTLIGHTON
Features
xx
Builders of the Pyramids 36Egyptian Cosmetics 37Bull Leapers of Knossos 67Working Hard for Water 220Muslim Prayer 237A Scholar’s Fingernails 291An Age of Superstition 333Surnames 349Negotiating Conflict 369Islam in West Africa 374
Iroquois Women 394Flemish Peasant Life 424A Rough Trip 466Smallpox Inoculations 550Attitudes Toward Children 556The Women’s March 576British Army 703Indian Servants 703Japanese Women 720
How Technology Revolutionized Life* 800
Life in the Depression 804The Cultural Revolution 865Voting by Caste 888Favelas: The Slums of Brazil 912Training the Chinese Army 933Logging On 943Recycling 950
Daily Life
Pythagorean Theorem 134The Jewish Diaspora 155The Spread of Buddhism 180Xiongnu and the Huns 182A Road Paved with Gold:
Aksum to Rome 201Elephant Diplomacy 240Medical Reference Books 244Swahili 378
Jesuit Missionaries 435Tulip Mania 515The French Revolution 567Latin American Revolutions 590Industrialism Spreads to Egypt 646The Women’s Movement 662Settling the West 672Americans in the Boer War 689
Migrating Rubber Plants 707Changing Image of the East 722Influenza Epidemic 755Fascism to Argentina 809Cold War Reaches Angola 900International Boycott 919Cuba 928Allies Protect Oil Supplies 949
GlobalImpact
*For activities associated with this feature see. . .
CLASSZONE .COMNET ACTIVITY
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xx
CONNECT to TODAY
Cheddar Man 9Ziggurat’s Role in
Persian Gulf War 21Three Gorges Project 46Untouchables Then and Now 60Buddhism in the West 66The State of Israel 75The Natural Wealth of Iran 92Modern Marathons 118Charioteers—Professional
Athletes 152Entertainment in India 178Nomads in Nairobi 195Jaguar Worship 217The Orthodox and Roman
Catholic Churches Today 272
The Rising Sun 304Two Koreas 311Modern Love Songs 330Robin Hood in the Movies 353Hunter-Gatherers 367Aztec Ruins Unearthed 402William Shakespeare 426Women Rulers 454The Dutch in South Africa 468North Korea:
The Hermit Kingdom 472Cajun Culture 490Gullah 499Quebec Separatists 530Russia: East vs. West 533U.S. Democracy 539
The Vatican Clears Galileo 547Congress of Vienna—
United Nations 595Greeks and Turks on Cyprus 610Child Labor 642The Nunavut Territory 665“Troubles” in Northern Ireland 668Tobacco and Politics 700Hong Kong 716The War in Bosnia 746DNA Solves the Mystery
of Anastasia 772Aggression in the Persian Gulf 815Genocide in Rwanda 843Capitalism in Vietnam 870Zaire Again Becomes Congo 899
HISTORY THROUGH ARTPharaoh Sculptures 86Muslim Calligraphy 247Christian Religious Art 276Medieval Painting 325
Portraits 575Political Art 731The Horrors of War 814
Fresco detail by José Clemente Orozco
Marie Antoinette, Jacques Gautier d’Agoty
The sphinx of Nubia’s King Taharqaxxi
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xxi
xxii
Mary Leakey (1913–1996) 8Hammurabi (?–1750 B.C.) 32Menes 35Siddhartha Guatama (563?–483 B.C.) 64King Solomon (962?–922? B.C.) 76Hatshepsut (r. 1472–1458 B.C.) 83Confucius (551–479 B.C.) 98Laozi (6th Century B.C.) 98Pericles (494?–429 B.C.) 121Socrates (469–399 B.C.) 125Plato (427–347 B.C.) 125Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) 125Alexander (356–323 B.C.) 129Hannibal (247–183 B.C.) 144Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.) 147Augustus (63 B.C.–A.D. 14) 148Constantine (A.D. 285?–337) 157Diocletian (A.D. 245?–313) 159Chandragupta Maurya (?–298 B.C.) 174Asoka (?–232 B.C.) 174Liu Bang (256–195 B.C.) 181Ezana (Mid-Fourth Century A.D.) 200Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) 246Empress Theodora (500–548) 271Alexander Nevsky (1220?–1263) 277Malik Shah (1055–1092) 280Tang Taizong (600–649) 288Wu Zhao (625–705) 288Genghis Khan (1162?–1227) 295Kublai Khan (1215–1294) 300Marco Polo (1254?–1324) 301Benedict (480?–543) 319Saladin (1138–1193) 345Richard the Lion-Hearted 345
(1157–1199)Joan of Arc (1412?–1431) 361Sundiata (?–1255) 373Mansa Musa (?–1332) 373Pachacuti (r. 1438–1471) 407Medici Family 418Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 421Raphael (1483–1520) 421Martin Luther (1483–1546) 429Henry VIII (1491–1547) 431Elizabeth I (1533–1603) 432John Calvin (1509–1564) 433Osman (1258–1326?) 443Shah Abbas (1571–1629) 449Akbar (1542–1605) 452Prince Henry (1394–1460) 464Kangxi (1654–1722) 471Hernando Cortés (1485–1547) 485
Montezuma II (1480?–1520) 485Philip II of Spain (1527–1598) 513Louis XIV (1638–1715) 520Maria Theresa (1717–1780) 529Frederick the Great (1712–1786) 529Peter the Great (1672–1725) 532Voltaire (1694–1778) 552Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) 555Catherine the Great (1729–1796) 562Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) 564Marie Antoinette (1755–1793) 575Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793) 577Jean Paul Marat (1743–1793) 583Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) 584Klemens von Metternich 593
(1773–1859)Padre José Morelos (1765–1815) 607Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) 616Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) 618Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) 621Adam Smith (1723–1790) 647Karl Marx (1818–1883) 649Jane Addams (1860–1935) 652Queen Victoria (1819–1901) 660Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) 671Charles Darwin (1809–1882) 678Samori Touré (about 1830–1900) 695Ram Mohun Roy (1772–1833) 705Queen Liliuokalani (1838–1917) 709Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) 717José Martí (1853–1895) 726Francisco “Pancho” Villa 732
(1877?–1923)Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) 744Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929) 760Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) 760Rasputin (1872–1916) 771V. I. Lenin (1870–1924) 774Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) 775Sun Yixian (1866–1925) 781Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) 786Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) 788Albert Einstein (1879–1955) 795Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) 807Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) 808Haile Selassie (1892–1975) 812Winston Churchill (1874–1965) 824Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) 830General Erwin Rommel (1891–1944) 835General Dwight Eisenhower 838
(1890–1969) Mao Zedong (1893–1976) 864
Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) 868Fidel Castro (1926– ) 872Imre Nagy (1896–1958) 877Alexander Dubcek (1921–1992) 877Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) 886Aung San Suu Kyi (1945– ) 894Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) 897Golda Meir (1898–1978) 902Nelson Mandela (1918– ) 920F. W. de Klerk (1936– ) 920Mikhail Gorbachev (1931– ) 921Lech Walesa (1943– ) 923Boris Yeltsin (1931– ) 926Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997) 932Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 955
(1929–1968)Mother Teresa (1910–1997) 955
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■HISTORY MAKERS
Features
Padre José Morelos1765–1815
Born into poverty, Padre JoséMorelos did not begin to study forthe priesthood until he was 25. Inhis parish work, he mainly servedpoor Indians and mestizos. In 1811,he joined Father Hidalgo, along withhis parishioners. After Hidalgo’sdeath, Morelos took skillfulcommand of the peasant army.
By 1813, his army controlled allof southern Mexico except for thelargest cities. Morelos then called aMexican congress to set up ademocratic government. Thesupporters of Spain, however,finally caught up with the congress.As the rebels fled, Morelos stayedbehind to fight. The Spanish finallycaptured and shot Morelos in 1815.Napoleon knew of this priest-revolutionary and said: “Give methree generals like him and I canconquer the world.”
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■HISTORY MAKERS
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xxii
M e d i t e r r a n e a nS e a
A e g e a nS e a
CRETE
Mt. Olympus
Athens
Troy
Ephesus
Mycale (479)Miletus (494)
Artemisium (480)
Sparta
Plataea(479)
Thermopylae (480)
Knossos
Sardis
GREECE
IONIA
PERSIAN
EMPIRE
24°E
34°N
38°N
38°N
28°E
24°E
0
0
100 Miles
200 Kilometers
Persian campaign, 490 B.C.
Persian campaign, 480 B.C.
Persian victoryGreek victoryIndecisive battleGreek alliancePersian Empire and alliesNeutral Greek states
SaronicGulf
Athens
Thebes
Eretria(490)
Salamis(480)
Marathon(490)
0
0
25 Miles
100 Kilometers
The Persian Wars, 490–480 B.C.UNIT 1Prehistoric World to 2500 B.C. 5Early Human Migration 1,600,000–10,000 B.C. 10Agriculture Emerges, 5000–500 B.C. 15Four River Valley Civilizations 25The Fertile Crescent, 2500 B.C. 28Ancient Egypt, 3000–2000 B.C. 34Ancient India, 2500–1500 B.C. 42Ancient China, 2000–200 B.C. 47Climate Regions of the Ancient World 53The Ancient World, 1500 B.C.–259 B.C. 55Indo-European Migrations, Starting About 1700 B.C. 58Aryan Invasions of India, 1500–250 B.C. 61The Patterns of Ancient Trade, 2000–250 B.C. 71Canaan, the Crossroads, 2000–600 B.C. 73Ancient Empires, 850 B.C.–206 B.C. 81Kush Empire, 700 B.C. 85Assyrian Empire, 650 B.C. 90Persian Empire, 500 B.C. 94Qin Dynasty, 221–202 B.C. 100
UNIT 2Greek City-States, 750 B.C. 109Greece, 600 B.C. 112The Persian Wars, 490–480 B.C. 119Alexander and His Successors, 336–300 B.C. 130Alexander’s Empire 137The Roman World, 265 B.C.–A.D. 117 139Punic Wars, 264–146 B.C. 145Trade in the Roman Empire, A.D. 200 149Spread of Christianity in the Roman World to A.D. 500 156Invasions into the Roman Empire, A.D. 350–500 161India and China, 321 B.C.–A.D. 9 171Indian Empires, 250 B.C.–A.D. 400 175Indian Trade Routes, A.D. 400 179Han Dynasty, 202 B.C.–A.D. 220 182Africa, 500 B.C.–A.D. 700 191Vegetation Regions of Africa 194Aksum, A.D. 300–700 199Bantu Migrations, 500 B.C.–A.D. 1500 205Africa 207American Civilizations, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 209Migration Routes, 40,000 B.C.–10,000 B.C. 212Olmec Civilization, 900 B.C. 217Early Civilizations, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 222Early America, 1200 B.C.–A.D. 700 225
UNIT 3Muslim World, 1200 231Trade Routes, A.D. 570 234Growth of Islam to 1200 241Three Empires: Byzantine, Russian, Seljuk, 565–1100 267Constantinople, A.D. 550 270The Viking Invasions of Eastern Europe, 820–941 275The Khanate of the Golden Horde, 1294 278East and Southeast Asia, 900–1200 285The Steppe 294The Mongol Empire, 1294 298
Japan to 1300 303East Asia, 900–1200 308China’s Population 313Europe About 843 315Charlemagne’s Empire, 768–843 321Age of Invasions, 700–1000 323The Holy Roman Empire, 1100 334Europe, 14th Century 339The Crusades, 1096–1204 344Africa, 800–1500 365Selected African Societies, 800–1500 368West African Empires, 800–1500 372East African Trade, 1000 379Western Africa, 1997 383
UNIT 4The Americas, 900–1535 389North American Culture Areas About 1400 392Mesoamerican Civilizations, 200 B.C.–A.D. 1521 395South American Cultures, 100–1535 408Tenochtitlan, 1519 413Europe, 1500 415Religions in Europe, 1560 434Empire Builders, 1600–1740 441Ottoman Empire, 1451–1566 445
xxiii
Historical and Political Maps
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:20 PM Page xxiii
PACIF ICOCEAN
YellowSea
SouthChina
Sea
EastChina
Sea
Sea ofOkhotsk
(Yangtze R.)Chang
Jiang
Huang He
(YellowR.)
Sea
ofJa
pan
Hong Kong(Britain)
Chongqing
Guangzhou
Yan'anTokyo
Beijing
Nanjing
Shanghai
Riujan
C H I N A
MANCHUKUO
(MANCHURIA)
JAPAN
KOREA
SOVIET
UNION
TAIWAN
SIAM
FRENCHINDOCHINA
Qin Mts.
40°N
20°N
140°E
120°E100°
E
Long March, 1934–35
Japanese attacksJapanese territory, 1928Japanese territory, 1933Japanese territory, 1938
Communist bases
China, 1927–1938
0
0
500 Miles
1,000 Kilometers
xxiv
Historical and Political Maps
Safavid Empire, 1683 450Growth of the Mughal Empire, 1526–1707 451Early Explorations, 1400s 461Europeans in the East, 1700 467Martellus’s Map 479Spanish Claims in America, 1700 481European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1682 484Europeans in North America, 1754, 1763 493Triangle Trade System, 1451–1870 497
UNIT 5Europe, 1650 511Europe After the Thirty Years’ War, 1648 527The Expansion of Russia, 1500–1800 533The English Civil War from 1642 to 1645 537Modern European Monarchs 541Centers of Enlightenment, 1750 543North America, 1783 565Napoleon’s Empire, 1810 571French Empire and Battles, 1805–1812 588Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, 1812 591The French Empire, 1810; Europe, 1817 596Great Britain and France, 1810 599Regions of Nationalist Revolutions, 1789–1900 601Latin America, 1800 and 1830 608The Unification of Italy, 1858–1870 615The Unification of Germany, 1865–1871 617
UNIT 6Industry in Europe, 1870 631The Growth of the United States 644Western Democracies, 1900 657Australia and New Zealand to 1850 666U.S. Expansion, 1783–1853 669Civil War in the United States, 1861–1865 671Colonial Claims, 1900 683Imperialism in Africa, 1913 688Nigeria, 1914 693Resistance Movements in Africa, 1881–1914 694Ottoman Empire, 1699–1914 697Western-held Territories in Asia, 1910 702The British Empire 711Foreign Influences in East Asia, 1850–1900 713Foreign Influence in China, 1850–1911 718Latin America, 1830 725Sea Routes and the Panama Canal 735
UNIT 7Europe, 1914 741Europe on the Eve of World War I, 1914 745World War I in Europe, 1914–1918 748The World at War, 1914–1918 754Europe Before and After World War I 762Russia, 1917–1919 767Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1905–1922 773China, 1927–1938 784Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa, 1922–1934 789Territorial Expansion, 1931–1939 793Aggression in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 1930–1939 813European and African Battles, 1939–1945 819World War II: German Advances, 1939–1941 822World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945 828World War II: Allied Advances, 1942–1945 836The D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944 838German Death and Labor Camps 847
UNIT 8Cold War Enemies, 1949 853The Cold War World, 1949 857War in Korea, 1950–1953 867The War in Vietnam, 1957–1973 869Cold War Hot Spots, 1948–1975 873Independence, 1945–Present 883The Indian Subcontinent, 1947 887Southeast Asia, 1945–1975 893Africa, 1955 and 1975 898The Middle East, 1947–2000 903Expanding Democracies, 1989–2000 909Africa, 1967 917The Breakup of the Soviet Union, 1991 927Former Yugoslavia, 1989–2000 929World Trading Blocs, 2000 948
THE WAR ON TERRORISMFlight Paths of the Hijacked Airliners,
September 11, 2001 US3Selected Terrorist Attacks Around the World
Since 1972 US6The War Against Terrorism, Afghanistan 2001 US11
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:21 PM Page xxiv
Key Traits of Civilizations 19Language Family Resemblances 57Alphabets—Ancient and Modern 69The Ten Commandments 74Chinese Ethical Systems 99Forms of Government 117Athenian and United States
Democracy 120Greek Astronomy 133Comparing Republican
Governments 143Multiple Causes: Fall of the
Western Roman Empire 160Two Great Empires:
Han China and Rome 187Migration 203The Effects of Agriculture 215Muslim Population, 1990s 249World Population’s
Religious Affiliations 250The 11th Century:
Differences Between Two Christian Traditions 273
Seven Empires 283Inventions of Tang and
Song China 289The Crusades 346The Development of
England and France 355If the Plague Struck
America Today 359Trade Goods 378Maya 399Aztec 406Inca 411Splits in the Christian Church 434Organization of Ottoman
Government 446Cultural Blending 448Debt of the Royal Family,
1643–1715 523Major Ideas of the Enlightenment 554U.S. Constitution: An
Enlightenment Document 566The Three Estates 574The Legislative Assembly 578Napoleon Brings Order
After the Revolution 585The Divisions in Spanish
Colonial Society in 1789 604Nationalism 613Industrialization 640Capitalism vs. Marxism 650Growth of Voting in Britain 660Europeans Enter Africa 687Imperialism 690Management Methods 691
China and Japan Confront the West 721
Reforms of Mexican Constitution of 1917 733
The Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions 761
Causes and Effects of Two Russian Revolutions 772
Totalitarianism 776Comparing Fascism/Nazism
and Communism 817Jews Killed Under Nazi
Rule (estimates) 834Costs of World War II: Allies
and Axis 845Superpower Aims in Europe 856The Marshall Plan 858Chinese Political
Opponents, 1945 863Making Democracy Work 911Mao’s Attempts to
Change China 931
Agricultural Revolution 14Urban Centers, A.D. 900 242World Religions:
A Comparison 264Population of Three
Roman Cities 317Empire Territories 459The Growth of Early
Modern China 472Native Population of
Central Mexico 486Africans Enslaved in the
Americas, 1451–1870 497Retreat from Russia, 1812 591British Cotton Consumption 636Manchester’s Growth 641The Growth of Cities,
1700–1900 655The Great Famine, 1845–1851 667Suez Canal 699Unemployment in Germany
and Britain 755World War I Battlefield Deaths 765The Buildup of the Soviet
Economy 777Oil Exports 789Stock Prices, 1925–1933 803Unemployment, 1928–1938 805Combat Troops in Vietnam 869Comparing Economies 895India’s Poor 907Brazilian Economy, 1955–1990 913
Distribution of Territory, 1991 92715 Years of Democratic Struggles 936Growth in East Asia 946Refugees Around the World 963International Terrorist Attacks US8Casualties of Terrorism in
the U.S., 1995–2000 US9
Unit Time Lines 2, 106, 228, 386, 508,628, 738, 850
Chapter Time Lines 4, 24, 54, 80, 108,138, 170, 190, 208, 230,
266, 284, 314, 338, 364, 388,414, 440, 460, 480, 510, 542,570, 600, 630, 656, 682, 712,740, 766, 792, 818, 852, 882,
908, 938Hominid Development 8Innovations in the Ancient World 79Alexander’s Empire and Its
Legacy, 336–306 B.C. 131Ancient Rome and Early
Christianity 168Empires of India,
321 B.C.–A.D. 415 176India and China Establish
Empires 188Early Civilizations Around
the World 223Byzantines, Russians, and Turks 282Dynasties of China, 500–1400 302Frankish Rule 320Important Events in the
Middle Ages 360Henry VIII’s Family Causes
Religious Turmoil 431The Muslim World Expands 458Three Worlds Meet, 1492–1700 502Major Steps in the Scientific
Revolution 548Nationalist Revolutions
Sweep the West 624Democracy/Progress 680World War I 757Nationalism and Revolution,
1912–1919 791Aggression in Europe and
Asia, 1930–1939 812Events of World War II 846Cold War, 1946–1980 880A Turbulent History: India
and Pakistan 888The Struggle for Independence 906South Africa, 1948–2000 919
Charts, Graphs, and Time Lines
Charts
Graphs
Time Lines
xxv
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:21 PM Page xxv
xxvi
Infographics and Focus On
Infographics
Art: Cave Painting 23Geography: Climate Regions 53Time Lines: New Ideas 79Art: An Assyrian
Garden Scene 103Geography: Alexander’s
Empire 137Art: Trajan’s Column 169Art: Han Sculpture 189Geography: A Look at Africa 207Geography: Early America 225
Charts: Muslim Population, 1990s 249
Charts: Seven Empires 283Geography: China’s
Population 313Art: Chess Pieces 337Art: The Crusades 363Geography: Western Africa,
1997 383Geography: Tenochtitlan 413Art: Leonardo’s Notebook 439
Graphs: A Look at Empires 459Geography: Martellus’s Map 479Art: Aztec Drawing 505Geography: Modern
Monarchies 541Art: “The Sleep of Reason” 569Geography: Great Britain
and France, 1810 599Political Cartoons:
Political Satire 625Graphs: The Growth of Cities 655Political Cartoons:
England’s Poor 681Geography: The British Empire 711Geography: The Panama Canal 735Graphs: World War I
Battlefield Deaths 765Time Lines: World Revolutions 791Charts: Fascism vs.
Communism 817Geography: Concentration
Camps 847Geography: Cold War Tensions 881Graphs: India’s Poor 907Political Cartoons:
Communism’s Fall 937Graphs: The Increase in
Refugees 963
FOCUS ON
The City of Ur 20The Peopling of the World 22Chinese Writing 49Dynastic Cycle in China 50Early River Valley Civilizations 52The Aryan Caste System 60People and Ideas on the Move 78Assyrian Military Power 89The Great Wall of China 101First Age of Empires 102The Legacy of Greece 136Roman Emperors 150Ancient Rome and Early
Christianity 168India and China
Establish Empires 188African Civilizations 206The Americas:
A Separate World 224The Muslim World 248Byzantines, Russians,
and Turks 282A Mighty Fighting Force 296Empires in East Asia 312The Feudal Pyramid 324
A Medieval Manor 326Education of a Knight 328European Middle Ages 336Europe in the Middle Ages 362Great Zimbabwe 380Societies and Empires of Africa 382People and Empires
in the Americas 412Perspective in Paintings 419History of Book Making 427European Renaissance
and Reformation 438The Muslim World Expands 458Japanese Society 475An Age of Exploration
and Isolation 478The Columbian Exchange 501The Atlantic World 504The Palace at Versailles 521Absolute Monarchs in Europe 540Enlightenment and Revolution 568The French Revolution
and Napoleon 598Nationalist Revolutions
Sweep the West 624
The Day of a Child Laborer, William Cooper 642
The Industrial Revolution 654An Age of Inventions 673An Age of Inventions 674Democracy/Progress 680The New Imperialism,
1850–1914 710Transformations Around
the Globe 734The New Weapons of War 750The Great War 764Revolutionary Leaders,
1900–1939 790The Great Depression 816Events of World War II 846Faces of Protest 877Cold War, 1945–1980 880Global Interdependence 962Destruction in New York City US4How the Debris is Removed US5The Corporate Structure
of Terror Inc. US10Airport Security Tightens Up US13
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:21 PM Page xxvi
Primary Sources and Personal Voices
Chapter 1Mary Leakey, quoted in National Geographic, 8Richard E. Leakey, The Making of Mankind, 10Robert Braidwood, quoted in Scientific American, 15From the Poetry of Sumer, by Samuel Kramer, 21Richard E. Leakey, The Making of Mankind, 23
Chapter 2Epic of Gilgamesh, 30Code of Hammurabi, adapted from a translation by
L. W. King, 32Herodotus, The History of Herodotus, 37Book of the Dead, translated by Raymond O. Faulkner, 37Duke of Shao, quoted in The Chinese Heritage, 50“Hymn to the Nile,” from Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 53
Chapter 3Krishna, speaking in the Mahabharata, 61Svetasvatara Upanishad. IV. 3–4, 63The Buddha, from Samyutta Nikaya, 65Herodotus, in History, Book IV (5th Century B.C.), 69From The Torah, 77From The Epic of Gilgamesh, 77From an Indian legend in Vishnu and His Incarnation, 77Samuel 8:4–8, 79
Chapter 4Piankhi, monument in Cairo Museum, 87George Gordon, Lord Byron, “The Destruction
of Sennacherib,” 88Nahum 3:7, 18, 91Ezra 1:2–3, 93Confucius, the Analects, 97Confucius, the Analects, 103
Chapter 5Homer, The Iliad, 114Xenophon, Deconomicus, 117Pericles, Funeral Oration, 121Arrian, Anabasis, 131Plutarch, Parallel Lives: Marcellus, 134Aristotle, Politics, 137
Chapter 6Livy, The Early History of Rome, 141Tiberius Gracchus, quoted in Plutarch,
The Lives of Noble Greeks and Romans, 146Julius Caesar, Commentaries, 147The Gospel of Luke, 6:27–31, 154St. Augustine, City of God, 157Ammianus Marcellinus, The Chronicle of Events
(Rerum gestarum libri), 161Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire, 163Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire, 163Finley Hooper, Roman Realities, 163St. Jerome, quoted in Rome: A Profile of a City,
312–1308, 163Virgil, Aeneid, 165Decree from the Roman Province of Asia, 169
Chapter 7Megasthenes, in Geography by Strabo, 174Quote from The Wonder That Was India, 178Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, 183Ban Gu and Ban Zhao in History of the Former
Han Dynasty, 185Asoka, in A History of Modern India, 189
Chapter 8Djeli Mamadou Kouyate, from Sundiata,
an Epic of Old Mali, 197Cosmas, quoted in Travellers in Ethiopia, 200King Ezana of Aksum, quoted in Africa Past and Present, 200David Livingstone, quoted in History of World Societies, 204Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 207
Chapter 9Thomas Canby, “The Search for the First Americans,” 211Peter Furst, quoted in “New Light on the Olmec,” 217Walter Alva, “Richest Unlooted Tomb of a Moche Lord,” 223Brian Fagan, quoted in The Peru Reader, 225
Chapter 10Qur’an Surah 96:1–5, 234Suwayd Ibn Muqarrin, quoted in Islam: From the Prophet
Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, 239Muhammad, quoted in The Sayings of Muhammad, 243Jalal Al-Din Rumi, translated in Persian Poems, 246Ikhwan As-Safa, quoted in The World of Islam, 247Abd Al-Latif, quoted in A History of the Arab Peoples, 249
World ReligionsKaren Armstrong, A History of God, 265
Chapter 11Theodora, quoted in History of the Wars, 271Quote from The Primary Chronicle, 275Jalaludin Rumi, from Unseen Rain, 280Quote from Zenkovsky, Medieval Russia’s Epics,
Chronicles, and Tales, 283
V O I C E F R O M T H E P A S T. . . one who has been an emperor cannot endure to be a fugitive.THEODORA, quoted in History of the Wars
Chapter 12Du Fu, “Moonlight Night,” 290Hamd-Allah Mustawfi, The Geographical Part of
the Nuzhat al-Qulub, 297Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 299Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 301Sei Shonagon, The Pillow Book, 305Sung Lien, quoted in The Essence of Chinese Civilization, 313
Chapter 13Einhard, from Vie de Charlemagne, 320William Langland, Piers Plowman, 326From The Song of Roland, 330Pope Gregory, cited in Basic Documents in Medieval
History, 334Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, 337
Chapter 14Emperor Alexius Comnenus, quoted in The Dream and
the Tomb, 343Pope Urban II, quoted in World Civilizations–Sources,
Images, and Interpretations, 347Norman Cantor, quoted in World Civilizations–Sources,
Images, and Interpretations, 347William of Tyre, quoted in The Medieval Reader, 347Saladin, quoted in The Dream and the Tomb, 347Geoffrey Chaucer, the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, 351Anonymous Monk of Caen, quoted in National Geographic,
352Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron, 357Edward I of England, from a letter, 363
xxvii
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:21 PM Page xxvii
xxviii
Primary Sources and Personal Voices
Chapter 15Al-Bakri, quoted in Africa in the Days of Exploration, 372Ibn Battuta, quoted in Africa in the Days of Exploration, 374Ibn Battuta, Travels of Ibn Battuta, 379Leo Africanus, A Geographical History of Africa, 383
Chapter 16Kannekuk, Kickapoo prophet, quoted in Through
Indian Eyes, 394Quote from the Popol Vuh, 398Cronica Mexicayotl, 401Hernando Cortés, Letters of Information, 402Bernal Díaz, The Conquest of New Spain, 403Pedro de Cieza de León, Chronicle of Peru, 408Garcilaso de la Vega, The Incas, 410Quote from In the Trail of the Wind, 413
Chapter 17Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, 419Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 422Thomas More, Utopia, 425William Shakespeare, Hamlet, 426Luther, quoted in The Protestant Reformation by
Lewis W. Spitz, 430Katherina Zell, quoted in Women of the Reformation, 435Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, 435Martin Luther, quoted in A World Lit Only By Fire:
The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance, 437Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution, 437G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 437Anonymous 16th-century Catholic author, quoted in
Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution, 437Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 439
Chapter 18Oruc, quoted in The Muslim Discovery of Europe, 444A 16th-century Venetian traveler, quoted in Encyclopedia
of Islam, 449Babur, The Babur-Nama (Memoirs of Babur), 452Kritovoulos, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, 459
Chapter 19Afonso de Albuquerque, from The Commentaries of the
Great Afonso Dalboquerque, 467Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great
Britain, 472Matsuo Basho, from Matsuo Basho, 476Anonymous Japanese Writer, quoted in Sources of Japanese
Tradition (1958), 476Kangxi, quoted in Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of
K’ang-hsi, 479
V O I C E F R O M T H E P A S TFor even though some of theWestern methods are differentfrom our own, and may even bean improvement, there is littleabout them that is new.KANGXI, quoted in Emperor of China: Self-
Portrait of K’ang-hsi
Chapter 20Christopher Columbus, from Journal of Columbus, 483Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 489Bartolomé de las Casas, quoted in Columbus: The Great
Adventure, 489Suzan Shown Harjo, “I Won’t Be Celebrating Columbus
Day,” Newseek, Fall/Winter 1991, 489Alphonse Lamartine, The Mysterious History of Columbus, 489A Jamestown Colonist, quoted in A New World, 491King Affonso, quoted in African Civilization Revisited, 496Olaudah Equiano, quoted in Eyewitness: The Negro in
American History, 498Thomas Mun, quoted in World Civilizations, 503John Cotton, quoted in The Annals of America, 505
Chapter 21Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha, 514Jean Bodin, Six Books on the State, 517Duke of Saint-Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and the
Regency, 521Otto von Guericke, quoted in Readings in European
History, 527Frederick II, Essay on Forms of Government, 530Prince Andrew Kurbsky, letter to Czar Ivan IV, 531Czar Peter I, quoted in Peter the Great, edited by L. Jay
Oliva, 535Oliver Cromwell, speech of September 17, 1656, 538From the English Parliament’s Bill of Rights of 1689, 541
Chapter 22Galileo Galilei, quoted in The Discoverers, 547Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, 554Voltaire, Candide, 557Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 557Francisco Goya, Los Caprichos, 557From the Declaration of Independence, 564From the Constitution of the United States, 567Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, 569
Chapter 23Comte D’Antraigues, quoted in Citizens: A Chronicle of the
French Revolution, 574Unnamed Royal Servant, quoted in The Days of the French
Revolution, 579Maximilien Robespierre, quoted in Problems of Western
Civilization: The Challenge of History, 582Napoleon, quoted in Napoleon, by André Castelot, 587Napoleon, quoted in Napoleon at St. Helena, 592Confidential Agent, quoted in The Congress of Vienna: An
Eyewitness Account, 594Maximilien Robespierre, from A Tale of Two Cities and
Related Readings, 597Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 597Edmund Burke, quoted in Burke’s Politics, 597Thomas Paine, from The Writings of Thomas Paine, 597Simón Bolívar, from Selected Writings of BolÍvar, 599
Chapter 24Marqués de San Jorge, quoted in Americas: The Changing
Face of Latin America and the Caribbean, 604Lord Byron, from the poem “On this day I complete my
thirty-sixth year,” 610Mary Shelley, Introduction to Frankenstein, 620Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, 623Otto von Bismarck, from A Treasury of the World’s Great
Speeches, 625
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:21 PM Page xxviii
V O I C E F R O M T H E P A S TWe lie in the middle of Europe. Wehave at least three fronts on whichwe can be attacked. . . . So we arespurred forward on both sides toendeavors which perhaps we wouldnot make otherwise.OTTO VON BISMARCK, from an 1888 speech
Chapter 25Edward Baines, The History of Cotton Manufacture in Great
Britain, 636Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton, 639Hugh Miller, “Old Red Sandstone,” 642Lucy Larcom, A New England Girlhood, 644Alexis de Tocqueville, 1848 speech, 648Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto
(1848), 649Ellison Jack, quoted in Civilization in the West, 653Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, 653Friederich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in
England in 1844, 653Mary Paul, quoted in Women and the American
Experience, 653Charles Dickens, Hard Times, 655
Chapter 26Seneca Falls Convention, “Declaration of Sentiments,” 662William Bennett, quoted in The Peoples of Ireland, 667William Shorey Coodey, quoted in The Trail of Tears, 670Émile Zola, from a letter, 681
Chapter 27Cecil Rhodes, Confession of Faith, 686Edward Morel, The Black Man’s Burden, 694J. A. Hobson, Imperialism, 696Dadabhai Naoroji, speech before Indian National
Congress, 1871, 696Jules Ferry, quoted in The Human Record: Sources of Global
History, 696Joseph Chamberlain, in a speech, January 22, 1894, 699Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, in a letter to Hasan Shirazi,
April 1891, 700Lord Kitchener, quoted in Asia and Western Dominance, 704Phan Thanh Gian, in a letter to his administrators, 707King Chulalongkorn, “Royal Proclamation in Education,” 708Kwaku Dua III to Frederic M. Hodgson, 1889, 711
Chapter 28Lin Zexu, quoted in China’s Response to the West, 716Millard Fillmore, quoted in Millard Fillmore Papers, 720Ponciano Arriaga, speech to the Constitutional Convention,
1856–1857, 730From an article in the Tokyo Times, 735
Chapter 29Frédéric Passy, quoted in Nobel: The Man and His Prizes, 744Valentine Fleming, quoted in The First World War, 750Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth, 757Anna Akhmatova, from You Will Hear Thunder, 763From an editorial in Vossische Zeitung, May 18, 1915, 765
Chapter 30Yevgeny Yevtushenko, A Precocious Autobiography, 778Mao Zedong, quoted in A History of World Societies, 783Mohandas K. Gandhi, quoted in Gandhi the Man, 786Mohandas K. Gandhi, Letter to Sir Daniel Hamilton, 1922, 791
Chapter 31Paul Valéry, Variété, 796Franklin Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address, 806Erich Ludendorff, from a letter to President Hindenburg,
February 1, 1933, 809Winston Churchill, speech before the House of Commons,
October 5, 1938, 815William Shirer, quoted in The Strenuous Decade, 817
Chapter 32General Charles de Gaulle, quoted in Charles de Gaulle:
A Biography, 823Lieutenant John Spainhower, quoted in War Diary
1939–1945, 828Ralph Martin, quoted in The GI War, 830M. I. Libau, quoted in Never to Forget: The Jews of
the Holocaust, 832Elie Wiesel, Night, 834Japanese Journalist, quoted in The American Heritage
Picture History of World War II, 841Simon Weisenthal, quoted in Never to Forget: The Jews of
the Holocaust, 843From The Christian Century, August 29, 1945, 847
Chapter 33Winston Churchill, “Iron Curtain” speech, March 1946, 857Harry S. Truman, speech to Congress, March 12, 1947, 858Fidel Castro, quoted in an interview, October 27, 1962, 872Robert McNamara, quoted in Inside the Cold War, 878Ho Chi Minh, quoted in America and Vietnam, 881
Chapter 34Jawaharlal Nehru, quoted in A New History of India, 887Kwame Nkrumah, from a 1957 speech, 897Arthur James Balfour, in a letter to Lord Rothschild,
November 2, 1917, 901Kenneth Macleish, National Geographic, 907
V O I C E F R O M T H E P A S TThere is a new African in the world, and that newAfrican is ready to fight his own battle.KWAME NKRUMAH, 1957 speech
Chapter 35José Sarney, “Brazil: A President’s Story,” 913Alan Riding, Distant Neighbors, 914Godfrey Amachree, from The Africans, 918Stefan Ghencea, a Romanian Student, 925David M. Kotz, “The Cure That Could Kill,” 928U.S. Senator George Mitchell, quoted in “Neophyte
Democracies Present a Challenge to U.S.,” 930Anonymous Student, San Francisco Examiner, 933Orville Schell, “The Coming of Mao Zedong Chic,” 937
Chapter 36Peter Drucker, Managing a Time of Great Change, 946Frances Cairncross, Economic Growth and Sustainable
Development, 950Thomas Friedman, “Jobs or Trees?” The New York Times,
July 14, 1997, 951José A. Lutzenberger, from a letter, 951Dalai Lama, quoted in Global Trends: The World Almanac
of Development and Peace, 954Charles Mann, The Material World: A Global Family
Portrait, 961Josef Joffe, America the Inescapable, 963
xxix
0005whpe-Features-xvii-xxix 10/11/02 3:21 PM Page xxix
