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AQUA-CSPAQUA-CSP

Franz TriebGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)Hani El NokraschyNOKRASCHY ENGINEERING GmbH, Germany

BioVision Alexandria, 12-16 April 2008, Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Concentrating Solar Powerfor Sea Water Desalination

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German Aerospace Center (Germany)Dr. Franz Trieb, Dipl. Geo. Julia Gehrung, Dr. Peter Viebahn, Dr. Christoph Schillings, Dipl. Phys. Carsten HoyerNational Energy Research Center (Jordan)Eng. Malek Kabariti, Waled Shahin, Ammar Al-Taher University of Aden, (Yemen)Prof. Dr. Hussein AltowaieUniversity of Sana’a, (Yemen) Prof. Dr. Towfik SufianUniversity of Bahrain, (Bahrain)Prof. Dr. Waheeb AlnaserProf. Dr. Abdelaziz Bennouna, formerly at CNR (Morocco)Intern. Forschungszentrum für Erneuerbare Energien e.V. (Germany)Dr. Nasir El-BassamKernenergien – The Solar Power Company (Germany)Dipl.-Ing. Jürgen KernNokraschy Engineering GmbH (Germany)Dr.-Ing. Hani El-NokraschyDeutsche Gesellschaft Club of Rome (Germany)Dr. Gerhard Knies, Dr. Uwe MöllerHouse of Water and Environment (Palestine)Dr. Amjad Aliewi, Hafez ShaheenCenter for Solar Energy Studies (Libya)Dr. Ibrahim ElhasairiCentre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables (Morocco)Mme. Amal Haddouche (Director General)University of Bremen (Germany)Dr. Heike Glade

IFEED

Study Team

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Criteria for Sustainable Water:

Inexpensivelow cost no long term subsidies

Secure diversified and redundant supply based on inexhaustible resourcesavailable or at least visible technologycapacity expandable in due time

Compatible low pollution climate protectionlow risks for health and environmentfair access

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Portfolio of Energy Sources for Power & Desalination:

Coal, LigniteOil, Gas Nuclear Fission, FusionConcentrating Solar Power (CSP)Geothermal Power (Hot Dry Rock)BiomassHydropowerWind PowerPhotovoltaicWave / Tidal

ideally storedprimary energy

fluctuatingprimaryenergy

storable primaryenergy

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• firm capacity,power on demand

• combined generation of process heat for desalination

Fuel

Thermal Power Cycle (e.g. Steam

Turbine)

Process Heat

Electricity

Principle of a Conventional Thermal Power Plant

Concentrating Solar Collector Field (Mirrors)

Solar Heat

Thermal Energy Storage

• concentrated, easily storable solar thermalenergy as fuel saver

Principle of a Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plant

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direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

Parabolic TroughReflector

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

direc

t sola

r bea

m radia

tion

reflector

receiver

Parabolic TroughReflector

Linear Fresnel Concentrating Solar Thermal Collector

Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Thermal Collector

Fresnel Reflector Panels

solar beam radiation receiver tube

Fresnel Reflector Panels

solar beam radiation receiver tube Animation by FhG-ISE

Photo by KJC

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Configuration of Solar Trough Plant with Thermal Storagefor Steam Turbine Power Cycle

Pre-Heater

Evaporator

Superheater

Re-Heater

Turbine

Cooling Tower

Condenser

Generator

Grid

Feed PumpHeat Transfer Fluid Pump

Solar Collector Field

Storage

Hot Tank

Cold Tank

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….Planta Solar 10 MW, Sevilla, 2007SEGS 350 MW, California, since 1985

NovatecMurcia, 2007

Andasol 2 x 50 MW, Guadix, 2008

Achievements

Nevada Solar I, 64 MW, 2007

MAN/SPGAlmeria

2007

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Fuel

Thermal Power Cycle (e.g. Steam

Turbine)

Process Heat

Electricity

Concentrating Solar Collector Field (Mirrors)

Solar Heat

Thermal Energy Storage

Cost of Heat from ConcentratingSolar Collectors

90+ %

80 %

60 %

40 %

20 %

20 %

Solar Share on Base Load

50-60 $/barreltoday

15 $/barrel ± 52030+

20 $/barrel ± 52020

25 $/barrel ± 52015

40 $/barrel ± 52010

200 $/barrel1985

Cost of Solar Heatequivalent to Crude Oil at:

Year

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Unsubsidised cost of electricity of CSP versus natural gas CC

Discount rate 5%, economic life 25 years, fuel cost 25 €/MWh, fuel cost escalation 1 %/y, irradiance 2400 kWh/m²/y, real €2007, €/$=1

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Cos

tof E

lect

ricity

[€/k

Wh]

Solar Fossil Hybrid

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This diffirence isused to supportwater desalination

Cost of water from CSP/MED plants. Please note that before 2020 water could be produced as bye-product without cost

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Freshwater Demand Prospects by Country

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50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Year

Fres

hwat

er D

eman

d [b

illio

n m

³/y]

BahrainYemenUAESaudi ArabiaQatarKuwaitOmanIranIraqSyriaLebanonJordanIsraelPalestineEgypt LibyaTunisiaAlgeriaMorocco

Natural Renewable Water

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AQUA-CSP Scenario for Sustainable Supply

Middle East & North Africa

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100

200

300

400

500

600

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

[Bm

³/y]

Natural Water Used Wastewater reused Fossil Fuel DesalinationGroundwater Over-Use CSP Desalination Efficiency Gains

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Direct Solar Irradiance in kWh/m²/y

1 km² is enough to desalinate 165 000 m³/day.50 km x 50 km are needed to avoid the MENA water deficit in 2050.

Solar irradiance 2400 kWh/m²/year x 10 % CSP efficiency / 4 kWh/m³ RO power consumption / 365 days/year = 0.165 m³/m²/day

MED-CSPMED-CSP

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Conventional Desalination Plant

Screening,Filtration

TunelIntake

DesalinationPlant

DirectDischarge

Power Plant

Heat / Power

FuelFuel

Anti-ScalingAnti-FoamingAnti-CorrosionDesinfection

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Advanced CSP-Desalination Plant

Nano-Filtration

Horizontal Drain Intake

DesalinationPlant

Horizontal Drain Discharge

Power Plant

Heat / Power

Concentrating SolarCollector & Storage FuelFuel

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Impact on Global Warming (Life Cycle Assessment)

0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

Conv. MSF Conv. MED Conv. RO Best RO CSP/MED CSP/RO

Technology

Rel

ativ

e G

HG

Em

issi

ons

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Energy Production above and Biomass Production below a Linear Fresnel Collector Field in a CSP Multipurpose Plant

Photos: Solarmundo Greenhouse Visualization: DLR

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Multipurpose Plant for the Development of Arid Regions wood

solar collector andpartially shaded crops

freeland crops

salt production

pasture

brine

sea watersweet water

electricity

steam powerblock

thermal desalination plant

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Deserts as Powerhouses and Water Works

(artist view created withGoogle Earth)

HVDC Link

AC Grid

www.desertec.org

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….

One Square Kilometre of Desert Land usingConcentrating Solar Thermal Power canproduce up to:

250 Million kWh/year of Electricity

60 Million m³/year of Desalted Seawater

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Oil, Gas

Coal

Wind, PV, Hydropower, Geothermal, Biomass

Nuclear

Why not use …?

Yes, but potential already needed for growing electricity demand in MENA www.dlr.de/tt/med-csp

Yes, but expensive and exhaustible

No infrastructure, no domesticsource, climate change, exhaustible

Radioactive waste disposal has notbeen solved in 50 years of commercial operation

Decommissioning cost 8000 €/kWwww.nda.gov.uk

Because it does not satisfy the criteria for sustainability, e.g. …

Considering Sustainability

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….

Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region

Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power

Concentrating Solar Power for Sea Water Desalination

MENAREC 2Amman, JordanMay 2005

MENAREC 3Cairo, EgyptJune 2006

MENAREC 4Damascus, Syria June 2007

Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region

Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power

Concentrating Solar Power for Sea Water Desalination

MENAREC 2Amman, JordanMay 2005

MENAREC 3Cairo, EgyptJune 2006

MENAREC 4Damascus, Syria June 2007

www.menarec.org

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Thank You !

CSP Plant at Kramer Junction, California on the Grid since 1989