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Concentrating Solar Power:The ‘Other’ Solar…
A Systems Perspective
Scott JonesSandia National Laboratories
October 19, [email protected]
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000
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Concentrating Solar Power - Tower
HeliostatsSalt Storage
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Advanced Towers
vessel
quartz windowinsulation
secondary concentrator
inlet
exit
absorber
concentrated solar radiation
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Concentrating Solar Power - Trough
Heat Collection Element Trough Collector
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Other CSP/STE Systems
Dish/Engine
CLFR
CPV
Solar Chimney/Tower
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CSP Applications• Electricity and heat applications are near-term
– $16 Trillion energy infrastructure projected worldwide through 2030, 70% for electricity*
– Massive expansion possible: concrete, glass, steel• Solar chemistry applications are long-term
“A challenge for the chemical sciences is to provide a disruptive solar technology to meet that scale of the problem [10-20 TW] on terrestrial installations in a reasonable area globally. But such a technology most likely has to be much less expensive, and in a different form, than is available now. Additionally, we need to provide the new chemistry to support an evolving energy mix if we are going to produce this much carbon-free power.” -Nathan Lewis, Caltech
* IEA 2003 World Energy Investment Outlook Summary
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Is CSP Dead?
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CSP status
140MW ISCCS 140MW ISCCS IndiaIndia400MW ISCCS Iran400MW ISCCS Iran
200MW ISCCS 200MW ISCCS MoroccoMorocco140MW ISCCS 140MW ISCCS EgyptEgypt
200MW CSP Spain200MW CSP Spain
100MW SEGS Israel100MW SEGS Israel130MW SEGS/ISCCS Jordan130MW SEGS/ISCCS Jordan
100MW CSP South 100MW CSP South AfricaAfrica
1000MW CSP USA1000MW CSP USA
240MW ISCCS 240MW ISCCS MexicoMexico
• S&L/NRC study in USA• Hydrogen R&D gaining momentum• GEF grants: $200M to 4 projects• South Africa 100 MWe tower• Israel plans 500 MWe
• Global Market Initiative to build 5,000 MWe globally in 10 years signed by 8 countries in Bonn
• 1,000 MWe initiative being considered by WGA in USA
• Nevada 50 MWe troughSources: Fred Morse, Morse & Assoc. & Michael Geyer, IEA SolarPACES
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Spain leads the way• Eventually, PV prices offered to CSP …• 5-10 plants promoted or in progress
trough & tower
Oops, the other solar!
Sources: Michael Geyer, IEA SolarPACES & Manuel Romero, CIEMAT
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What is important…long term?• Market potential
– Sectors: Electricity, transportation, industrial, …– In 2001, U.S. grid-tied solar was 0.01% of
generation and 0.05% of capacity**– Porsche has 0.2%* market share, GM has 28%– Limited by intermittence and low capacity factors
• Levelized energy cost (LEC) and value are key– Environmental or energy security benefits– What is the competition? For investors?– Delivery of energy to application – Offset new capacity, transmission & distribution?
*2003 U.S. light vehicle sales, Ward’s AutoInfoBank ** EIA AEO 2003, tables F9 and A8
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Levelized energy cost
)($/kWhM&O)Energy(kWhAnnual($)M&OFCRCC($)LEC uelvariable/f
fixed ++×
=
0
• Efficiency• Size• Capacity Factor• Risk
• Performance• Capital Cost• Financing• Operating Cost
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System efficiencyηsystem = ηcollector * ηprocess
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Storage increases value
New System Load After Solar Added(Aggravates Peak)
250 MW ReductionIn Peak Load
1250
MW
Pla
nt
Source: Platts Research and Consulting, NREL
No
Stor
age
DISPATCHINGFROM STORAGE
1250 MW ReductionIn Peak Load
New System Load After Solar Added(Removes Peak)
3.5
hour
s St
orag
e
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Hybridization also valuable
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
On-
Peak
Cap
acity
- %
Site Average
Source: KJC Operating Company
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Thermal storage is inexpensive
Storage System
Installed Cost of Energy
Storage for a 220 MWe Plant
($/kWhre)
Lifetime of
Storage System (years)
Annual Round-trip
StorageEfficiency
(%)
Maximum Operating
Temperature (°C)
Molten-salt power tower
15 30 >99 650
Battery Storage Grid Connected
500 to 800 5 to 10 76 Not Applicable
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Thermal storage also lowers cost
Source: Greg Kolb, SNL
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CSP hydrogen
Electricity
Electrolysis
Source: Aldo Steinfeld, ETH
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Thermochemical hydrogen• NERI study for nuclear thermochemical H2
• Solar Hydrogen Generation Research-SHGR
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Temperature vs. Reaction (>500C)
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Zn/ZnO cycle
Source:
Aldo Steinfeld, ETH
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2000°C reactor
Source:
Aldo Steinfeld, ETH
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Westinghouse hybrid-sulfur cycle
SolarInput (980 oC)
(750 oC)
H2SO4(g) >> SO2(g) + H2O(g) + ½ O2(g) (850 oC)SO2(aq) + 2H2O(l) >> H2SO4(aq) + H2(g) (80 oC electrolysis)
H2 Out
O2 Out
H2O In
Westinghouse, 1982
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Tower receiver concepts >900 oCfor sulfur-hybrid cycle
•Tubular– Carbonate salt– Sodium – H2SO4, integral reactor
•Sodium heat-pipe, integral reactor •Volumetric-air •Falling particle
Water In
Acid In/Out
Source: Greg Kolb, Sandia
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Particle receiver bestParticle-to-Acid Heat Exchanger
Sand Flow Valve
Acid In
Acid Out
Lift
Receiver
Hot Tank
Cold Tank
Receiver/Storage Concept
FCR PT-electrolyzer PT-T/C14% $4.7 $3.010% $3.5 $2.2
Levelized H2 Cost ($/kg)
Source: Greg Kolb, Sandia
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Conclusions• Intermittence, capital intensity and
investment risk are problems for solar• On-ramp (niche) markets necessary…
but not sufficient• Delivery of energy to application is
important• Storage is valuable, hopefully economic• CSP has good long-term potential for
electricity and chemical fuel applications
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R&D Opportunities• Applied research & demos are needed• Systems analysis• Energy delivery/transportation options• Solar resource projections 1-7 days ahead• Heat transfer & storage media >650 C for
chemistry and Brayton power cycles• Solar hydrogen, liquid fuels, and chemistry
