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Ecology

Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

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Page 1: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Ecology

Page 2: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

• Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their  environment,  such  as  the  interactions organisms have  with each other and with their abiotic environment.

• Abiotic:  Physical,  or  nonliving,  factor  that  shapes  an  ecosystem. Examples include rocks, climate, pressure and humidity.

• Biotic:  Living  factors  such  as  plants,  animals,  fungi,  protist  and bacteria are all biotic or living factors.

• Habitat: the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it.

• Niche: describes the relational position of a population or species in an ecosystem. The niche describes how population reacts to the abundance of its natural resources and enemies.

Page 3: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Organization of ecosystem

Page 4: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Individual: An individual is any living thing or organism. Individuals do not breed with individuals from other groups.

Population: A group of individuals of a given species that live in a specific geographic area at a given time. Populations include individuals of the same species, but may have different genetic makeup. 

Community: This includes all the populations of organisms of different species in a specific area at a given time. 

Ecosystem: Ecosystems include more than a community of living organisms (biotic) interacting with the environment (abiotic eg rocks, water, air and temperature). 

Biome: A biome is a set of ecosystems in a geographic area. Eg grasslands, tropical forests, deserts etc.

Biosphere:  A biosphere is the sum of all the ecosystems established on Earth.

Page 5: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Trophic levels of Food Chain

Page 6: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Some more Definitions…• Trophic level: Step in flow of energy through an ecosystem: 

– Plants (First trophic level)– Herbivores (Primary consumers)– Carnivores (Secondary consumers)– Omnivores– Decomposers 

Producers: trap sunlight for photosynthesis to conert inorganic matter into organic matter.

Consumers: obtain energy in the form of organic matter.

• Food Chain: Sequence of organisms feeding on one another.• Food web: Interaction of many food chains

Page 7: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Pyramids for characterizing Ecosystems

Pyramid of Energy• There is about 90% loss of energy as we proceed 

from one trophic level to the next higher level.

Page 8: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Pyramid of Numbers

• Can lead to inverted pyramids: Eg. A large number of insects feeding on leaves of single tree.

Page 9: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Pyramid of Biomass90% loss at each trophic level

Page 10: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other
Page 11: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Community Interactions• Predation: occurs when one organism captures, kills and eats other 

organisms for food. This is a positive-negative (+ -) interaction in that the predator species benefits while the prey species is harmed. 

• Parasitism: Interaction in which one organism is harmed (Host) while other is benefitted (Parasite). Parasite generally derives nourishment and shelter from host. Example: tapeworm is a parasite in humans.

• Mutualism: Mutualism is  a symbiotic interaction between  species  in which both benefit. Examples  include Rhizobium bacteria growing  in nodules on  the roots of  legumes and  insects pollinating  the flowers of plants.

Page 12: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

• Commensalism: is a type of relationship among organisms in which one  organism  benefits  while  the  other  organism  is  neither benefited  nor  harmed.  The  organism  that  benefited  is  called the commensal while  the other organism  that  is  neither benefited nor  harmed  is  called  the host.  For  example,  an epiphytic  orchid attached  to  the  tree  for  support  benefits  the  orchid  but  neither harms nor benefits the tree. 

• Amensalism: an interspecific relationship in which a product of one organism  has  a  negative  effect  on  another  organism.  Example antibiotics production by bacteria and fungi.

• Competition:  Interaction  in  which  both  organisms  are  harmed  to some  extent.  Competition  can  be  for  food,  shelter,  nesting  sites, water or mates. Eg. Competition of crop plants with weeds.

Page 13: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Cycling of Matter in Ecosystem• Biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling

of substances is  a  pathway  by  which  a  chemical substance moves  through  both  biotic  (biosphere)  and abiotic  (lithosphere, atmosphere,  and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. 

• It tells us about the biological, geological and chemical factors which are involved in recycling of matter.

•   The  circulation  of  chemical  nutrients  like  carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water etc. through the biological and physical world are known as biogeochemical cycles.

Page 14: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Hydrological/Water cycle

Page 15: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Carbon Cycle

Page 16: Ecology. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other

Nitrogen Cycle• http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/em05_pg20_nitrogen/

em05_pg20_nitrogen.swf