Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e · PDF fileEssentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 13 The Respiratory System ... tonsils B) flagella C) cilia

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 13 The Respiratory System 13.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 13.1, identify the following: 1) The nasal cavity is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label C C) Label B D) Label H E) Label A Answer: E Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) The right main (primary) bronchus is indicated by ________. A) Label H B) Label I C) Label J D) Label B E) Label F Answer: A Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


3) The trachea is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label I C) Label B D) Label F E) Label G Answer: B Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The diaphragm muscle is indicated by ________. A) Label C B) Label E C) Label F D) Label G E) Label J Answer: D Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) The oral cavity is indicated by ________. A) Label C B) Label A C) Label E D) label B E) Label G Answer: A Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) The inferior lobe of the right lung is indicated by ________. A) Label E B) Label J C) Label I D) Label G E) Label F Answer: E Page Ref: 442 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


7) The nostrils, or nares, are indicated by ________. A) Label C B) Label G C) Label B D) Label A E) Label F Answer: C Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) The apex of the right lung is indicated by ________. A) Label E B) Label F C) Label H D) Label G E) Label J Answer: A Page Ref: 442 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) The larynx is indicated by ________. A) Label H B) Label G C) Label F D) Label A E) Label D Answer: E Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The pharynx is indicated by ________. A) Label H B) Label I C) Label J D) Label F E) Label B Answer: C Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


11) The three mucosa-covered projections into the nasal cavity that greatly increase surface area of mucosa exposed to air are called ________. A) tonsils B) adenoids C) conchae D) paranasal sinuses Answer: C Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) The posterior portion of the palate that is not supported by bone is called the ________. A) soft palate B) paranasal sinus C) epiglottis D) hard palate Answer: A Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

13) From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharynx are the ________. A) oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx B) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx C) laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx D) nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx Answer: B Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 14) The ________ tonsil, or adenoid, is located high in the nasopharynx region. A) lingual B) laryngeal C) pharyngeal D) palatine Answer: C Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) The ________ routes air and food into their proper channels and plays a role in speech. A) tongue B) pharynx C) nasal conchae D) larynx Answer: D Page Ref: 439 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


16) The mucosa-lined windpipe that extends from the larynx to the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra is called the ________. A) trachea B) oropharynx C) main (primary) bronchus D) nasopharynx Answer: A Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) ________ lining the mucosa of the trachea beat continuously to propel contaminated mucus to the throat. A) Microvilli B) Coarse hairs C) Cilia D) Flagella Answer: C Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

18) When breathing in, air enters the trachea through the ________. A) glottis B) epiglottis C) esophagus D) thyroid cartilage Answer: A Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The C-shaped rings that reinforce the trachea are constructed of ________. A) fibrocartilage B) elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) compact bone Answer: C Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) The flap of ________ cartilage that protects the opening of the larynx is called the epiglottis. A) thyroid cartilage B) elastic C) hyaline D) fibrous Answer: B Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


21) Folds of mucous membrane called ________ vibrate to provide speech. A) vocal folds (true vocal cords) B) hyaline cartilage rings C) epiglottis D) uvula Answer: A Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) The serous membrane that surrounds each lung is created by a parietal and visceral ________. A) pleura B) pericardium C) peritoneum D) mediastinum Answer: A Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

23) The division of the trachea produces two tubes called the right and left main (primary) ________. A) bronchioles B) bronchi C) alveolar ducts D) alveolar sacs Answer: B Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) The smallest conducting passageways of the lungs are known as ________. A) main (primary) bronchi B) alveoli C) bronchioles D) alveolar ducts Answer: C Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) The ________ zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli and is where gas exchange occurs. A) respiratory B) conducting C) terminal D) filtering Answer: A Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


26) The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is commonly called breathing or ________. A) cellular respiration B) internal respiration C) respiratory gas transport D) pulmonary ventilation Answer: D Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 27) Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli is called ________. A) pulmonary ventilation B) inhalation C) external respiration D) internal respiration Answer: C Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

28) The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the ________ and ________. A) rectus abdominis; external obliques B) diaphragm; external intercostals C) trapezius; latissimus dorsi D) diaphragm; external obliques Answer: B Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 29) Air flowing out of the lungs is known as ________. A) expiration B) respiratory gas transport C) inhalation D) inspiration Answer: A Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 30) Lung collapse, or ________, can occur if the intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure when air enters the pleural space. A) pleurisy B) atelectasis C) rales D) wheezing Answer: B Page Ref: 447 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


31) ________ volume is the air moved into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing and is approximately 500 mL of air. A) Tidal B) Vital capacity C) Residual D) Inspiratory capacity Answer: A Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 32) The total amount of exchangeable air is known as ________. A) residual volume B) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) C) tidal volume (TV) D) vital capacity (VC) Answer: D Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

33) Respiratory capacities are measured with a ________. A) thermometer B) spirometer C) spygmomanometer D) stethoscope Answer: B Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 34) During ________, oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. A) internal respiration B) external respiration C) cellular respiration D) expiration Answer: B Page Ref: 450 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 35) ________ is an odorless, colorless gas which binds preferentially with the same binding site on hemoglobin as oxygen. A) Hydrogen sulfide B) Carbon monoxide C) Nitrous oxide D) Methane Answer: B Page Ref: 451 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


36) When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms ________. A) carbaminohemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) carbon monoxide D) carbonic acid Answer: D Page Ref: 450 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 37) The normal respiratory rate of 12-15 breaths per minute is known as ________. A) hyperpnea B) eupnea C) dyspnea D) apnea Answer: B Page Ref: 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

38) The portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathing rate are the ________. A) medulla and pons B) pons and cerebellum C) cerebrum and cerebellum D) thalamus and hypothalamus Answer: A Page Ref: 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 39) The regulation of the activity of the breathing muscles, the diaphragm and external intercostals, is controlled by nerve impulses transmitted from the brain via the ________ and ________ nerves. A) splanchic; sacral B) trochlear; trigeminal C) phrenic; intercostal D) cranial; spinal Answer: C Page Ref: 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


40) The most important stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is the body's need to rid itself of the blood gas called ________. A) carbon dioxide B) oxygen C) methane D) nitrous oxide Answer: A Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 41) In order to return acidic blood pH to normal, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid, a phenomenon known as ________. A) hypoventilation B) hyperventilation C) apnea D) dyspnea Answer: B Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 42) ________ is a fatty molecule made by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse between breaths. A) Sebum B) Surfactant C) Nicotine D) Mucus Answer: B Page Ref: 457 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


13.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) Gas exchange occurs in the ________. A) nose B) pharynx C) larynx D) trachea E) alveoli Answer: E Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. A) allow air to reach the lungs B) purify air C) humidify air D) exchange gases E) warm incoming air Answer: D Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) What sweeps contaminated mucus from the nasal cavity to the throat? A) tonsils B) flagella C) cilia D) coarse hairs E) air turbulence Answer: C Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity? A) increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity B) separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity C) lighten the skull D) act as a resonance chamber for speech E) trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris Answer: E Page Ref: 437, 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


5) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by ________. A) the pharynx B) the nasal conchae C) the larynx D) both the hard and soft palate E) both the nasal conchae and hard palate Answer: D Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

6) Which one of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses? A) frontal B) sphenoid C) mandible D) ethmoid E) maxilla Answer: C Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) Which tonsil(s) is/are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate? A) adenoid B) pharyngeal tonsil C) thymus D) palatine tonsils E) lingual tonsils Answer: D Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) Air from the nasal cavity enters the superior portion of the pharynx called the ________. A) nasopharynx B) oropharynx C) palatopharynx D) laryngopharynx E) tracheopharynx Answer: A Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


9) The pharynogotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear, open into the ________. A) nasopharynx B) oropharynx C) palatopharynx D) laryngopharynx E) tracheopharynx Answer: A Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The correct pathway air flows through the respiratory system is ________. A) nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi B) nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi C) nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, main (primary) bronchi D) nose, larynx, trachea, pharynx, main (primary) bronchi E) nose, pharynx, larynx, main (primary) bronchi, trachea Answer: A Page Ref: 437-443 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

11) Following the removal of the larynx, a person would be unable to ________. A) speak B) sneeze C) eat D) hear E) breathe Answer: A Page Ref: 439-440 Bloom's: 3) Application 12) The opening between the vocal cords is called the ________. A) epiglottis B) glottis C) larynx D) thyroid cartilage E) esophagus Answer: B Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


13) The flap of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing is the ________. A) glottis B) thyroid cartilage C) Adam's apple D) epiglottis E) trachea Answer: D Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) Vibration due to exhaled air that results in speech is a function of the ________. A) complete voice box B) true vocal cords C) false vocal cords D) glottis E) epiglottis Answer: B Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) The superior portion of each lung is the ________. A) pleura B) base C) apex D) mediastinum E) fissure Answer: C Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

16) The serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs is called the ________. A) mediastinum B) visceral pleura C) parietal pleura D) main (primary) bronchi E) pleurisy Answer: B Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


17) Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs? A) the narrower portion of each lung is called the apex B) the bases rest on the diaphragm C) the left lung has two lobes D) the right lung has three lobes E) both lungs have two lobes Answer: E Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) What is the function of an alveolar macrophage? A) secrete mucus B) facilitate gas exchange C) produce surfactant D) engulf bacteria, carbon particles, and debris E) sweep contaminated mucus and debris from the alveoli Answer: D Page Ref: 444 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone? A) respiratory bronchioles B) alveolar ducts C) alveolar sacs D) alveoli E) primary bronchi Answer: E Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Which of the following is NOT one of the four main events of respiration? A) pulmonary ventilation B) respiratory gas transport C) residual volume D) external respiration E) internal respiration Answer: C Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


21) Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by ________. A) osmosis B) simple diffusion C) facilitated diffusion D) active transport E) endocytosis Answer: B Page Ref: 444 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) The lipid molecule critical to lung function that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces is called ________. A) surfactant B) interferon C) kinin D) renin E) lecithin Answer: A Page Ref: 444 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) Air moving in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing is called ________. A) internal respiration B) inspiration C) external respiration D) expiration E) pulmonary ventilation Answer: E Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration? A) contraction of the diaphragm muscle helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity B) relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity C) increased intrapulmonary volume causes inhaled gases to spread out D) the decreased gas pressure produces a partial vacuum that forcibly sucks air in E) air continues to move into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure Answer: B Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


25) The gas exchange that occurs between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries is called ________. A) pulmonary ventilation B) expiration C) internal respiration D) external respiration E) respiratory gas transport Answer: C Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) Expiration (exhalation) occurs when ________. A) the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract B) air moves into the lungs C) intrapulmonary volume increases D) the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax E) intrapulmonary pressure decreases Answer: D Page Ref: 447 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 27) Which nonrespiratory air movement clears the upper respiratory passageways? A) coughing B) yawning C) laughing D) hiccupping E) sneezing Answer: E Page Ref: 449 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 28) Laura's lung collapsed during a skiing accident when a rib punctured her lung. The condition of a collapsed lung is known as ________. A) atelectasis B) asthma C) eupnea D) pleurisy E) pneumothorax Answer: A Page Ref: 447 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


29) The respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air is the ________. A) tidal volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) vital capacity E) dead space volume Answer: D Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

30) Even after a forceful expiration, air still remains in the lungs for gas exchange to continue. This volume is about ________. A) 500 mL B) 1200 mL C) 2100 mL D) 4800 mL E) 6000 mL Answer: B Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 31) The amount of air exchanged during normal quiet breathing is about ________. A) 500 mL B) 1200 mL C) 2100 mL D) 4800 mL E) 6000 mL Answer: A Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 32) Most carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma for transport as ________. A) carbohemoglobin B) bicarbonate ion C) oxyhemoglobin D) carbon monoxide E) deoxyhemoglobin Answer: B Page Ref: 450 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


33) Oxygen is unloaded from the blood stream and diffuses into surrounding cells and tissues during ________. A) internal respiration B) pulmonary ventilation C) external respiration D) respiratory gas transport E) tidal volume Answer: A Page Ref: 451, 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 34) Oxygen is transported in the blood as ________. A) bicarbonate ion B) oxyhemoglobin C) carbonic acid D) deoxyhemoglobin E) carbonic anhydrase Answer: B Page Ref: 450 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

35) Which of the following breathing rates represents eupnea? A) 5 breaths per minute B) 10 breaths per minute C) 14 breaths per minute D) 18 breaths per minute E) 24 breaths per minute Answer: C Page Ref: 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 36) Hyperventilation is the body's response to ________. A) increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood B) increased oxygen levels in the blood C) decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood D) alkalosis E) increased blood pH Answer: A Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


37) Hypoventilation dramatically increases carbonic acid concentration and involves ________. A) extremely deep breathing B) extremely fast breathing C) extremely slow breathing D) intermittent breathing E) irregular breathing Answer: C Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 38) Hyperventilation leads to all of the following except ________. A) brief periods of apnea B) cyanosis C) dizziness D) fainting E) buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood Answer: E Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 39) The most important chemical stimulus leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is ________. A) decreased oxygen level in the blood B) increased blood pH C) increased carbon dioxide in the blood D) increased hydrogen ion in the blood E) decreased carbon dioxide in the blood Answer: C Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

40) Which one of the following is NOT a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A) most patients have a genetic predisposition to COPD B) dyspnea becomes progressively more severe C) frequent pulmonary infections are common D) most COPD victims are hypoxic E) most patients have a history of smoking Answer: A Page Ref: 455 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


41) Which respiratory disease in which sufferers are often called "pink puffers," is characterized by enlarged alveoli, lung inflammation, and fibrosis of the lungs? A) asthma B) emphysema C) cleft palate D) chronic bronchitis E) cystic fibrosis Answer: B Page Ref: 455 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 42) What accounts for the majority of cases of lung cancer? A) small cell carcinoma B) adenocarcinoma C) melanoma D) squamous cell carcinoma E) basal cell carcinoma Answer: B Page Ref: 455 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 43) Surfactant is usually present in fetal lungs in adequate quantities by ________. A) 20-22 weeks of pregnancy B) 22-24 weeks of pregnancy C) 24-26 weeks of pregnancy D) 26-28 weeks of pregnancy E) 28-30 weeks of pregnancy Answer: E Page Ref: 457 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 44) The abbreviation IRDS stands for ________. A) infant respiratory disease state B) intermittent respiratory distress state C) infant respiratory distress syndrome D) intermittent respiratory disease syndrome E) infant respiratory disease syndrome Answer: C Page Ref: 457 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


45) What is the most common cause for lung cancer? A) diet B) work environment C) asthma D) hereditary E) smoking Answer: E Page Ref: 455 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 46) The respiratory rate in infants is ________. A) 5-10 respirations per minute B) 12-18 respirations per minute C) 20-25 respirations per minute D) 30 respirations per minute E) over 40 respirations per minute Answer: E Page Ref: 457 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 47) The homeostatic imbalance associated with the death of many full-term newborn infants is called ________. A) CF B) SIDS C) CTRL D) COPD E) IRDS Answer: B Page Ref: 459 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 48) Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants are characteristic of ________. A) atelectasis B) pleurisy C) asthma D) pneumothorax E) pulmonary tamponade Answer: C Page Ref: 459 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


49) Which of these age-related disorders is related to loss of elasticity of the lungs? A) asthma B) sleep apnea C) tuberculosis D) pneumonia E) sudden infant death syndrome Answer: B Page Ref: 459 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

50) Which one of the following is NOT true of lung cancer? A) it is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. B) it slows down the movement of cilia C) it is generally more prevalent in males than females D) most types of lung cancer are very aggressive E) lung cancers often metastasize rapidly and widely Answer: C Page Ref: 455, 457 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13.3 True/False Questions 1) Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa in the nasal cavity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 437 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the nasal conchae. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Paranasal sinuses warm, cleanse, and humidify air entering the nasal cavity. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The portion of the pharynx continuous with the mouth is termed the oropharynx. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) The opening between the vocal cords is known as the epiglottis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


6) The larynx routes air and food into their proper channel and plays an important role in speech production. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 439 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) The "guardian of the airways" that prevents food from entering the superior opening of the larynx is the thyroid cartilage. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) The function of the C-rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea is to keep the airway patent or open for breathing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in a person's own lungs is used to eject an obstructing piece of food. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Each main (primary) bronchus enters the lung at the apex. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) The surface of each lung is covered by pulmonary, or visceral pleura. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) The bronchioles are the smallest of the conducting passageways in the lungs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) The respiratory zone is the only site of gas exchange within the lungs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


14) The respiratory membrane is the air-blood barrier, where gases are exchanged. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 444 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) Alveolar macrophages patrol the alveoli to engulf and remove bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 444 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) The process of breathing is known as pulmonary ventilation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Inspiration results when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

18) Expiration occurs when the thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease and the intrapulmonary pressure increases. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 447 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration is around 1200 mL. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Normal quiet breathing, known as tidal volume, is around 500 mL of air. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of the diaphragm are hiccups. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 449 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) Bronchial sounds are produced as air fills the alveoli of the lungs. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 449 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


23) Wheezing is a whistling sound associated with diseased respiratory tissue, mucus, or pus. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 449 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) According to the laws of diffusion, movement of a respiratory gas occurs toward the area of higher concentration of that particular respiratory gas. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 449 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) The general term for inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues regardless of the cause is called hypoxia. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 451 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) Venous blood in systemic circulation is poorer in oxygen and richer in carbon dioxide. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 27) Hyperpnea results from exercise when breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 452 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

28) Surfactant prevents lung collapse since it lowers surface tension of the film of water lining each alveolar air sac. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 457 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 29) Changes in oxygen levels in the blood are the most important stimuli for breathing in a healthy person. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


13.4 Matching Questions Match the following structure with its description: A) larynx B) pharynx C) trachea D) bronchioles E) epiglottis F) main (primary) bronchus G) glottis H) alveoli 1) Passageway for both food and air; known as the "throat" Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Rigid, patent airway reinforced with C-rings of hyaline cartilage Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Routes air and food into their proper channels Page Ref: 439 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) Protects the superior opening of the larynx during swallowing Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Opening to the trachea situated between the vocal cords Page Ref: 440 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) First tube to branch off of the trachea Page Ref: 440, 441 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) Smallest conducting passageways in the lungs Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) Part of the respiratory zone, these air sacs perform gas exchange Page Ref: 443 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) E 5) G 6) F 7) D 8) H


Match the following with the four events of respiration: A) respiratory gas transport B) pulmonary ventilation C) internal respiration D) external respiration 9) Breathing in and out while at rest Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Gas exchange occurring between the pulmonary blood and alveoli Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) Gas exchange occurring between systemic capillaries and surrounding cells and tissues Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Inspiration and expiration Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) Movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen through the blood Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 9) B 10) D 11) C 12) B 13) D 14) A


Match the following definitions with their associated respiratory volume or capacity: A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) expiratory reserve volume D) dead space volume E) inspiratory reserve volume F) residual volume 15) Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) Normal, quiet breathing which moves approximately 500 mL of air per breath Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Air that enters the respiratory tract and remains within the conducting zone passageways Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) Amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly over the tidal volume Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Total amount of exchangeable air Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Air that remains in the lungs even after the most strenuous expiration Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Sum total of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume Page Ref: 448 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 15) C 16) A 17) D 18) E 19) B 20) F 21) B


13.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the roles of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system. Answer: Respiratory mucosa lines the nasal cavity which produces sticky mucus. This mucus moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris entering the nasal cavity. The ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa move this contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx where it can be swallowed. The trachea is also lined with ciliated mucosa. These cilia move contaminated mucus toward the throat where it either can be swallowed or spat out. Page Ref: 437, 438, 440 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 2) List the three regions of the pharynx and identify their relative superior and inferior endpoints in the respiratory passageway. Answer: The three portions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the superior portion that extends from the nasal cavity to the soft palate. The oropharynx is the central portion that lies between the soft palate and the upper epiglottis. The laryngopharynx is the most inferior portion and is the connecting point to the larynx below. Page Ref: 438 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) What structures does a molecule of oxygen encounter on its way to the alveoli of the lungs from the nose? Trace the pathway. Answer: Air first encounters the nose by entering through the nares. It travels by the nasal conchae of the nasal cavity, then to the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The next structure, the larynx, routes air into the lower respiratory passageways and food into the posterior tube, the esophagus. Air travels through the glottis into the windpipe, or trachea, and into the smaller branches, finally reaching the smallest passageways known as bronchioles. The terminal bronchioles end in alveoli, small air sacs, where gas exchange is occurring. Page Ref: 437-443 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 4) Identify the two pleural membranes and describe them under normal and disease conditions. Answer: The pleural membranes, the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura, produce a slippery serous secretion that allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing. This serous fluid causes the two pleural layers to cling together. They can slide easily from side to side across one another, but they cannot easily be pulled apart. As surface tension of water holds them tightly to each other, the lungs are held tightly to the thorax wall. The pleural space is more of a potential space than an actual space, and it is only during illness or injury that this space becomes apparent, such as with a pneumothorax that can lead to atelectasis. Page Ref: 441 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


5) Explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane. Answer: The respiratory membrane, also known as the air-blood barrier, is comprised of the fused basement membranes of the alveolar and capillary walls. It has gas flowing past on one side and blood flowing past on the other. Gas exchanges occur by simple diffusion through the respiratory membrane. Oxygen passes from the alveolar air into the capillary blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the gas-filled alveoli. Page Ref: 444 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 6) Describe the changes in pressure and volume that lead to inspiration. Answer: The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract upon stimulation by the phrenic and intercostal nerves. In doing so, the intrapulmonary volume (volume inside the lungs) increases. Gases within the lungs spread out to fill the larger space, decreasing the intrapulmonary pressure. Air follows the pressure gradient into the body until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure, and inspiration (inhalation) occurs. Air rushes into the lungs. Page Ref: 445 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 7) Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. Answer: Oxygen is transported in two ways: 1. Most oxygen attaches to hemoglobin molecules on the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin. 2. A small amount of oxygen dissolves in the plasma for transport. Carbon dioxide is also transported in two ways: 1. Most carbon dioxide dissolves in the plasma as the bicarbonate ion. 2. A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried inside the RBCs bound to hemoglobin (bound to a different site from oxygen). Page Ref: 449-452 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 8) Five-year-old Charlie is angry he can't continue to play so he holds his breath. His carbon dioxide levels continue to climb and his parents are concerned what will happen to him. Predict how the respiratory system handles the rising carbon dioxide levels. Answer: As carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the blood decreases becoming more acidic. The respiratory centers in the brain stimulate the inspiratory muscles to contract and increase the breathing rate. Hyperventilation produces breathing that is deeper and more rapid than eupnea (normal breathing) and removes more carbonic acid from the blood. Carbon dioxide is the primary stimulus for breathing; oxygen becomes an important stimulus when levels become dangerously low. Page Ref: 454 Bloom's: 3) Application

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e · PDF fileEssentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 13 The Respiratory System ... tonsils B) flagella C) cilia