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1

fgUnw bfrgkl ds rF; o jgL; (f}rh; Hkkx)

ys[kd%fnus'k pUæ R;kxh

çdk'kdlkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkku

ladVekspu vkJe] lsDVj&6] jkeÑ".kiqje~ubZ fnYyh&110022

nwjHkk"k% 011&26195368] 26181315bZesy% <[email protected]>

osclkbV% www.hindusthangaurav.com

2

lkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkku

© lkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkkuladVekspu vkJe] lsDVj&6]jkeÑ".kiqje~] ubZ fnYyh&110022nwjHkk"k% 011&26195368] 26181315bZesy% <[email protected]>osclkbV% www.hindusthangaurav.com

lg;ksx jkf'k % 120@& 120@&

eqæd%,DlyfçaVlh&36] ÝySVsM iQSDVªh dkWEIysDl>.Msokyku] ubZ fnYyh&110055

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vuqØef.kdkfo"k;lwph i`"B la[;k

çLrkouk 5

Hkwfedk 8

1- egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; %O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo 9

2- dkSu Fks fczfV'k ,ts.V\ lkojdj ;k dE;qfuLV 17

3- dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dh vej dgkuh 21

4- fgUnh] fgUnw] fgUnqLFkku 32

5- nks f'k[kj egkiq#"k egkeuk ekyoh; th,oa Lokeh J¼kuUn th 38

6- Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk èkèkdrk Tokykeq[kh 45

7- ØkfUrf'kjksef.k HkkbZ ijekuUn dk thou n'kZu 51

8- fgUnh ra=k] fgUnw ea=k o fgUnqLFkku ds Lokra=;jFk ds egku lkjFkh egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; 59

9- jk"Vª dks pkfg, ij'kqjke dk czãrst o {kk=kcy 63

10- uo laoRlj (o"kZ çfrink) 67

11- èkkj fLFkr Hkkst'kkyk esa Kku dh nsoh ljLorhdk ,sfrgkfld efUnj jktk Hkkst us cuok;k Fkk 78

12- 'kqæ xq# dk¡phiw.kZ ds f'k"; txn~xq# jkekuqtkpk;Zus fgUnw lekt esa tkrh; leUo; dhuo Økafr dk 'ka[kukn fd;k 82

13- lkojdj vkSj fgUnw egklHkk 87

14- v[k.M Hkkjro"kZ dk xkSjo gS egkjk"Vª 92

15- ns'k èkeZ dh j{kk esa tks vkxs c<+rs gSa] lhuk rku! muLokfHkekuh jk"VªHkDrksa ds çsjd gSa egkjk.kkçrki egku 102

4

16- vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z dh efgek dksBhd ls le>uk gksxk fo}kuksa dks 111

17- gfj}kj esa gj dh ikSM+h ij xaxk dh èkkjk dsvfojy çokg dks vfofPNUu cuk;s j[kus dsfy, v-Hkk- fgUnw egklHkk o xaxk egklHkk dk,sfrgkfld vkanksyu 114

18- Lokra=;ohj lkojdj }kjk çfrikfnr fgUnw 'kCndh ifjHkk"kk dks mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ;Fkkor~Lohdkj fd;k x;k 121

19- vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij laLÑr 126

20- çkphu Hkkjr esa xksekal Hk{k.k ds vlR;çpkj dk vkèkqfud "kM~;a=k 132

21- D;k Hkkjr iqu% v[k.M gks ldrk gS\ 140

22- Økafrdkfj;ksa ds ân; lezkV HkkbZ ijekuUndk thou n'kZu 147

23- dqjku ds fo"k; ij fgUnw egklHkk usrk dks1986 esa feyh ,sfrgkfld fot; 153

24- usr`Ro esa n`<+ bPNk'kfDr gks rks jk"Vª dkdk;kdYi gks ldrk gS 159

25- 1857 dk Lokèkhurk laxzke ,d jk"Vªh; èkeZ;q¼ Fkk 165

26- Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa lkSj o"kZ i¼fr dk egÙo 170

27- 14 flrEcj % fgUnh fnol % jk"VªHkk"kk dhçfr"Bkiuk dk ladYi fnol 176

28- Hkxoku Hkkjro"kZ esa xw¡ts gekjh Hkkjrh 180

29- vk;Z lekt ds egku usrk vf}rh;jk"Vªuk;d ia- çdk'kohj 'kkL=k 187

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çLrkouk (iqLrd leh{kk)iqLrd HkkSfrd foKku esa ,e-,l-lh- dh mikfèk

çkIr Jh fnus'k pUæ R;kxh th us vius thou dsvewY; o"kks± ds xgu fpUru] euu vkSj vuqHko dsvkèkkj ij fy[kh gSA Jh R;kxh th dk lEiw.kZ thouR;kxe; jgk gSA mUgksaus ,e-,l-lh- dh mikfèk çkIrdjus ds ckn jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds çpkjd dk riksfu"B thouviuk;k vkSj fujUrj ;qokoLFkk ds 16 o"kZ çpkjd jg dj lekt ons'k dh cgqewY; lsok dhA buds thou esa R;kx] riL;k o lekt dkekxZn'kZu loksZifj jgkA vkyL; muds thou esa ?kql ugha ldkA ;qokvksadks ns'kçse o ns'kHkfDr dh fujUrj çsj.kk nsuk è;s; jgkA vè;;u'khyrkvkjEHk ls gh muds thou ls tqM+h jghA fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds le;R;kxh th us bfrgkl dh vusd iqLrdsa i<+h vkSj mUgksaus mu iqLrdksadh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k vkSj budh lR;rk dh tk¡pdjus esas Hkh f'kfFkyrk ugha cjrhA

la?k ds nh?kZdkfyd çpkjd ds i'pkr~ os Bgjs ugha o #ds ughavkSj ns'k lsok esa MVs jgsA

^^vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk** ds ^jk"Vªh; vè;{k* cus vkSjfu%ladksp Hkko ls vusd nkf;Ro 1992 ls laHkkyrs jgs tSls vè;{k]mikè;{k jgs] egkea=kh jgs vkSj leUo; lkeatL; ds çsj.kk lzksr jgsAfofHkUu fopkjksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj usrk cuus dh bPNk j[kus okysbPNqdksa dks fgUnw lekt dh lsok dh çsj.kk nsrs jgsA

,sls fpUrd] bfrgklosÙkk vkSj lekt dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa lstw>rs jgs] Jh R;kxh th us ;g ewY;oku iqLrd rS;kj dh gSA

blesa vR;Ur mi;ksxh lwpukvksa vkSj laosnukvksa ls Hkjs gq, ys[kgSa ftuesa u dsoy fo"k; dk foospu gqvk gS cfYd mldk fo'ys"k.k]mldh leh{kk Hkh dh xbZ gSA

çFke vè;k; esa vkfn xq# 'kadjkpk;Z dks vkèkkj j[kdj Jh R;kxh

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us txn~xq# Hkkjro"kZ ds vè;kRe dk fn'kkn'kZu djk;kAi`Foh ekrk ds tUefnol dk mYys[k djrs gq, mUgksaus ,d

vè;k; esa foKku ds ekè;e ls thokRek dh lukrurk fl¼ dh gSAfgUnw èkeZ dk vkèkkj blls lqân gqvk gSA

lezkV foØekfnR; dk thoar fooj.k gesa bl iqLrd esa lqyHkgksrk gSA dqrqcehukj okLro esa foØekfnR; dk LraHk gSA ogh foØekfnR;dh osn'kkyk gSA lezkV foØekfnR; dks bl iqLrd esa m¼`r djds];g crk;k gS fd og Hkkjr ds gh 'kkld ugha Fks oju~ mudk 'kkluvjc rd foLr`r Fkk] mudh ç'kalk esa vjch esa vusd dfork,¡ fy[khgSA

Jh R;kxh th us lafoèkku la'kksèku dk vfHk;ku vkjEHk fd;k gStks mUgksaus vusd o"kks± igys çkjEHk fd;k Fkk mudk foospu vkSjvusd rdZ] HkkSfrd fpUru ls mn~Hkwr gSaA

bl Øe esa ;g Hkh ns[kuk vko';d gS fd MkW- eueksgu flag dsçèkkuea=kh dky esa ns'k ds cgqla[;d fgUnqvksa dks iwjh rjg fuEurjLrj ij igq¡pkus dk xaHkhj "kM~;a=k gqvk bldk iqLrd esa O;kidmYys[k gqvk gS oks ml dky dk egÙo dyad Fkk tks lkaLÑfrdxkSjo laLFkku o vU; fgUnw laLFkkuksa ds vfgald fojksèk ds dkj.kfoiQy gks x;kA

ys[kd us jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds fpUru dh i`"BHkwfe ijcqf¼thfo oxZ ds fy, vusdksa çek.k çLrqr fd, gSaA èkeZfujis{krk ukedh èkfTt;k¡ HkyhHkk¡fr mM+kbZ gSA ys[kd us Bhd fy[kk gS fdèkeZfujis{krk ,d çiap tks i{kikriw.kZ gSA fdlh lhek rd iaFkfujis{krkçkphu Hkko ekuk tk ldrk gSA i`Foh dk dksbZ Hkh dkuwu èkeZfujis{kugha gks ldrk gS bldh dYiuk djuk Hkh dfBu gS D;ksafd Hkxokuus lcdks muds thou ds lkFk mudk èkeZ fn;k gSA

ys[kd us lkoèkku fd;k gS fd fgUnqvksa dks ;g le>uk gksxk fdèkeZ nh?kZdkyhu jktuhfr gSA ;g u le>us ds dkj.k bl fouez lektdks gtkjksa o"kZ dh ;a=k.kk >syuh iMhA ys[kd us cgqr lVhd foospuèkeZ vkSj jktuhfr ds vUr;kZeh Lo:i dk foospu fd;k gSA

7

fgUnqvksa dks psrkouh nh gS fd os èkeZ ds eeZ dks le>sa mUgksausfo'o dks vk;Z cukus dk lans'k fn;k gSA

ys[kd dh fpUru dh èkjksgj dqN muds fgUnqRo ds leku lw=kvè;k; esa dk lE;d~ foospu fd;k x;k gSA iqLrd dk ;g vè;k;foy{k.k gS vkSj tkudkfj;ksa ls Hkjiwj gSA

vkèkqfud Hkkjr ds egku lsukuh HkkbZ ijekuUn th] Lokeh n;kuUnth] egku fo}ku Lokeh fuR;kuUn th vkSj xkS HkDr lar ykMkjkelfgr vusd xkS HkDrksa ds thou vkSj ÑR;ksa ij Hkh ys[kd us fy[kdjviuh ys[kuh dks èkU; fd;k gSA

fy[kus dks rks ys[kd dh iqLrd ij ,d iqLrd fy[kh tk ldrhgSA eSa bruk gh fy[kdj vius dks èkU; ekurk gw¡A ys[kd us eq>s ;giquhr volj fn;k gSA blds fy, eSa vkHkkjh gw¡A

&MkW- egs'k pUæ xqIrkflfoy bathfu;fjax Lukrd,e-,-] ih-,p-Mh-] Mh-fyV

(fgUnh) iwoZ funs'kd jktHkk"kk]x`g ea=kky; Hkkjr ljdkj

lnL;&dsUæh; ijke'kZ eaMylkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkkunwjHkk"k% 9289686427

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Hkwfedk;g iqLrd Jh fnus'k pUæ R;kxh th ds xgu

fpUru] euu o yxu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax gSA bliqLrd esa bfrgkl dh ,slh vn~Hkqr jpuk,sa gSa tks fd;qokvksa dks vkt ds bl nkSj esa çsj.kknk;h jgsaxsA bliqLrd ds ekè;e ls gh Jh fnus'k pUæ R;kxh th ustks çdk'k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl o Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij Mkyk gS mlls vktds ukStokuksa dks gh ugha vfirq gj oxZ ds O;fDr;ksa dks ykHk feysxkAekuuh; cqf¼thfo;ksa dks Hkh bl iqLrd esa fyf[kr jpuk,¡] mudkekxZn'kZu djus o Kku çkIr djus gsrq vR;Ur ykHkdkjh jgsaxhA

blds fy, esa fo'kky R;kxh rFkk vius leLr dk;ZdrkZx.k(Ñ".k eqjkjh th] Jh jfoUæ th o fouhr 'kekZ th) o vU; leLrlkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkku ds ifjokjx.k dh vksj ls gkfnZd cèkkbZ dslkFk Jh fnus'k pUæ R;kxh th dks ân; dh xgjkbZ;ksa ls èkU;okn nsrkgw¡A

}kjkfo'kky R;kxh

,e-,- (jktuhfr 'kkL=k)] ,e-ch-,- (HR)iwoZ jk"Vªh; laxBu ea=kh (;qok bZdkbZ)

lkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkku

Jh Ñ".k eqjkjhlkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkku

9

egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; % O;fDrRovkSj ÑfrRo

egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; th dk thou rFkk dk;Z vkt Hkhmu yksxksa ds fy, vR;ar çklafxd gS tks jk"Vª dh çxfr ds fy, fgUnwlaLÑfr ds lkoZtfud] loZekU;] ltho rRoksa dk vkèkqfud fopkjèkkjkds çxfr'khy rRoksa ls leUo; j[krs gq, jk"Vª fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs gSaAekyoh; th ds dbZ fopkjksa ls vlger gqvk tk ldrk gS fdUrqmudh rRijrk] n`<+rk] Hkærk vkSj drZO;ijk;.krk] fuHkhZdrk vkSjfu%LokFkZ lsokHkkouk] lkoZtfud thou ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, lnSovuqdj.kh; rFkk çsj.kknk;h lUns'k nsus esa vrqyuh; gSA vius 60 o"kZds lkoZtfud thou esa ftruh laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k] lapkyu vkSjekxZn'kZu ekyoh; th us fd;k oSlk nwljk mnkgj.k feyuk nqyZHk gSAftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nkfjæ; ls tw>dj mUgksaus vius O;fDrRo dksfu[kkjk] lkèku foghu ifjokj esa tUe ysdj Hkh tks fojkV vk;kstumUgksaus fuekZ.k fd;s vkSj lkèkuk ds cy ij lkèku tqVkus ds dhfrZekuLFkkfir fd;s oSlk O;fDrRo muds leku nwljk vn`'; gh gSA ,f'k;kdk lcls cM+k fo'ofo|ky; (Banaras Hindu University) tks vc14 oxZ fdyksehVj {ks=k esa foLrh.kZ gS vkSj tks vjcksa #i;ksa dh èkjksgjgS mudk fuekZrk ,d fuèkZu czkã.k dqyksRiUu o;fDr gks ldrk gS];g lglk fo'okl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA os iw.kZr% jk"Vª ds fy,lefiZr Fks blhfy, jk"Vª dh çR;sd èkM+du ds lkFk ekyoh; th }kjku;h&u;h dYiukvksa ls vksr&çksr vxf.kr laLFkkvksa dk l`tu djus esalfØ; ;ksxnku fd;k tkrk jgkA

ekyoh; th }kjk lukru èkeZ esa u;h tkx`fr lu~ 1928 bZ- esa ç;kx esa ekyoh; th dh vè;{krk esa lukru

èkeZ egklHkk dk lEesyu gqvk] ftlesa xksoa'k ds Hk;adj fouk'k ij

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fpark çdV dh xbZ rFkk xksj{kk ds fufeÙk fgUnw ek=k ls vuqjksèk fd;kx;k fd (1) os xkSvksa dks dlkb;ksa ds gkFkksa esa iM+us ls cpk;sa] (2)dlkb;ksa ds lkFk dksbZ ysu nsu dk O;ogkj u djsa] (3) tgk¡ rd gkslds peM+s dk O;ogkj u djsa] (4) LokHkkfod ekSr ls ejs gq, i'kqvksads peM+s dk gh twrksa vkfn ls ç;ksx djsaA

xksikyu ds fy, vuqjksèk fd;k x;k&

1& ftldh lkeF;Z gks og ,d xkS ikysA

2& ;FkklEHko xks'kkyk,¡ [kksyh tk;saA vkfn vkfnA

jkoyfi.Mh (1924) lukru èkeZ lEesyu1924 esa iatkc çkar ds lukru èkeZ lEesyu jkoyfi.Mh esa

ekyoh; th us dgk fd vLi`';ksa dks lkoZtfud dqvksa ls ty Hkjusnsus vkSj lkoZtfud Ldwyksa esa muds cPpksa dks i<+us nsus esa lo.kZfgUnqvksa dks lc çdkj dk lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A

ve`rlj 1925 esa nqxZ;kuk eafnjekyoh; th us 1925 esa èkeZ;K dk vk;kstu djds ve`rlj esa

çfl¼ nqxZ;kuk eafnj dh LFkkiuk dhA

lukru èkeZ lHkk }kjk fgUnw laxBu1934 esa iatkc lukru èkeZ lHkk ds lEesyu esa Hkk"k.k djrs gq,

ekyoh; th us dgk fd ^¬ ue% f'kok;*] ^¬ ueks Hkxorsoklqnsok;* ,oa ¬ ueks ukjk;.kk;* eU=kksa ds mPpkj.k vkSj tki lsifrr Hkh ifo=k gks tkrk gSA bu ea=kksa dh nh{kk ysus dk lcdksvfèkdkj gSA gekjk drZO; gS fd ge vaR;t i;ZUr lc fgUnqvksa dksbu ea=kksa ls nhf{kr dj muds thou dks ifo=k cukus esa lgk;d gksaA

vLi`';rk mUewyu esa ;ksxnkuvLi';rk ds fo"k; esa ekyoh; th us dgk fd 'kkL=kksa esa dgk x;k

gS fd rhFkZ] ;k=kk] nsoky;] lM+d vkfn esa rFkk uxj esa vkx yxusds volj ij NqvkNwr dk fopkj ugha gksrk rFkk çR;sd dks vfèkdkjgS fd og vius ?kj esa çfrek j[ks vkSj Hkxoku dk iwtu djsA

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vk;Zlekt dh ç'kalk1935 ds blh lEesyu esa ekyoh; th dgk fd iatkc esa èkeZ

lEcUèkh f'k{kk vkjEHk djus dk Js; vk;Zlekft;ksa dks gSA fo|kfoHkkx esa mUgksaus i;kZIr mUufr dh gSA Mh-,-oh- dkWyst ds vfrfjDryxHkx 44 fo|ky; bl çkar esa vk;Z HkkbZ;ksa }kjk lapkfyr gSaA iatkcesa lukru èkeZ dh 1923 bZ- esa dsoy 123 lukru èkeZ lHkk,¡ FkhaAvc 1934 esa 400 lukru èkeZ lHkk,¡] 335 egkohj ny] 32gkbZLdwy] 8 fefMy Ldwy] 1 dkWyst rFkk 148 dU;k ikB'kkyk,¡iatkc çkar esa dk;Zjr gSaA 10 o"kZ esa lukru èkeZ lHkk ds fy, brukdke djuk larks"k dh ckr gSA

vaxzst tux.kuk vfèkdkjh dk "kM~;a=k foiQytux.kuk vfèkdkjh fjlys us fgUnqvksa ls i`Fkd ekudj dfFkr

vLi`'; tkfr ds yksxksa dh x.kuk djds fgUnqvksa esa iQwV Mkyus dk"kM~;a=k jpkA rks ekyoh; th us blds fo#¼ la?k"kZ dk 'ka[kukn fd;kAlEcfUèkr tkfr;ksa ds ;qodksa us Hkh blesa Lo;a dks fgUnw ?kksf"kr djrsgq, ekyoh; th dk lkFk fn;kA

gfj}kj esa xaxk çokggfj}kj esa 1914 bZ- esa lj esLVu dh vè;{krk esa ekyoh; th ds

ç;Ruksa ls ,d lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa gj dh ikSM+h ijxaxk ugj ds lEcUèk esa fopkj foe'kZ gqvkA ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa dsvfrfjDr dbZ jktk vkSj egkjktkvksa us Hkh bl lHkk esa Hkkx fy;kAekyoh; th ds vuqjksèk ij tsEl esLVu us 1914 ds fu.kZ; dkscnydj ty ekxZ dks 5 iQqV ds LFkku ij 6 iQqV dj nsus dh ?kks"k.kkdh rFkk gj dh ikSM+h ij xaxk dh èkkjk dks vfofPNUu j[kus dk HkhçcUèk dj fn;k x;kA

jk"VªHkk"kk ds lsod ekyoh; th19 vçSy 1918 dks eqEcbZ esa vk;ksftr fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu

dh vè;{krk djrs gq, ekyoh; th us dgk fd ^nsoukxjh fyfi esafy[kh gqbZ fgUnh Hkk"kk dks jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk* dh ekU;rk çnku dh tkuh

12

pkfg,A fgUnh Hkk"kk Hkkjr ds vfèkdka'k çkarksa esa fdlh u fdlh #i esaçpfyr gSA ekyoh; th us dgk fd lkfgR; vkSj ns'k dh mUufrvius ns'k dh Hkk"kk }kjk gh gks ldrh gSA eqlyekuksa ls Hkh ekyoh;th us dgk fd lezkV vdcj us Hkh fgUnh esa Lo;a vPNh dfork,¡fy[kh FkhaA jghe] tk;lh] jl[kku vkfn us fgUnh dks ekr`Hkk"kk ekudjgh mldh lsok dh gSA lSdM+ksa fgUnqvksa us mnwZ esa dkO; vkSj xzUFk fy[kgSa rks fiQj eqlyekuksa dks Hkh fgUnh ds çfr vknj o çse dk Hkkoçnf'kZr djuk pkfg,A

lkEçnkf;d vokMZ dk ekyoh; th vkSj fgUnw egklHkk}kjk çcy fojksèk

17 vxLr 1932 dks fczfV'k çèkkuea=kh eSdMksuYM us Hkkjr dsfy, viuk lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; (Communal Award) ?kksf"kr fd;kAekyoh; th] MkW- eqats] jktk ujsUæukFk] MkW- ,l-ds- nÙk la;qDrfuokZpu ç.kkyh ds i{k esa FksA tcfd lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ;* lkEçnkf;drFkk i`Fkdrkoknh çsj.kkvksa vkSj ço`fÙk;ksa ij vkèkkfjr FkkA ;g fu%lUnsglkekftd fo?kVu dk ,d miØe FkkA bl fu.kZ; ls eSdMksuYM usHkkjrh; fuokZpdksa dks eqlyeku] nfyr oxZ] fiNM+k oxZ] bZlkbZ]flD[k] O;kolkf;d vkSj vkS|ksfxd oxZ] tehankj] etnwj vkfn Jsf.k;ksaesa foHkkftr dj fn;k FkkA vkaXy Hkkjrh; rFkk ;wjksfi;uksa ds fy, Hkhi`Fkd fuokZpu dh o;oLFkk FkhA

ekyoh; th lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; dks ekuus ds fy, rS;kj ugha FksAbl lEcUèk esa ekyoh; ftUuk okrkZ gqbZ vkSj la;qDr fuokZpu i¼frdks ekuus dk ekyoh; th us ftUuk ls vkxzg fd;k ijUrq fcuk fdlhifj.kke ds okrkZ lekIr gks x;hA

jk¡ph dkaÚsUl rFkk dkaxzsl dh nks eq¡gh uhfr2&3 ebZ 1934 dks jk¡ph esa LojkT; ikVhZ dh cSBd esa dsUæh;

,lsEcyh ds pquko yM+us dk fu'p; gqvkA twu 1934 esa dkaxzsldk;Zlfefr us ljdkj ds 'osri=k vkSj lkçnkf;d fu.kZ; ij ,dçLrko ikfjr fd;kA mlesa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd 'osri=k fdlh çdkj

13

Hkh Hkkjrh; turk dh bPNk dks vfHkO;Dr ugha djrkA 'osri=k dk,dek=k larks"ktud fodYi o;Ld erkfèkdkj }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;klafoèkku gSA dkaxzsl us fu.kZ; fd;k fd lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; dks dkaxzslu lohdkj djrh gS] u jí djrh gS] ;|fi mls dkaxzsl us loZFkknks"kiw.kZ ekuk gSA

ekyoh; }kjk dkaxzsl ikfyZ;keSUVªh cksMZ ls R;kxi=kekyoh; th dks dkaxzsl dk ;g fu.kZ; ilUn ugha FkkA os pkgrs

Fks fd dkaxzsl lkEçnkf;d vokMZ dks Li"V 'kCnksa esa jí djus dh?kks"k.kk djsA dkaxzsl blds fy, rS;kj ugha gqbZ] vr% ekyoh; th usikfyZ;keSUVªh cksMZ ls R;kxi=k ns fn;kA ekyoh; th ds lkFk ,e-,l-v.ks us dkaxzsl dk;Zlfefr ls R;kxi=k ns fn;kA xk¡èkh th us bl ç'uij iqufoZpkj dk vk'oklu nsdj bu nksuksa ds R;kxi=k #dok fn;sfdUrq 29 tqykbZ 1934 dks okjk.klh esa dkaxzsl us iqjkus fu.kZ; ij MVsjguk gh mfpr le>k] vr% bu nksuksa ds R;kxi=k ekU; gq,A

lqHkk"k puæ cksl vkSj usg# th dkaxzsl ds fu.kZ; dks Bhsd ughale>rs FksA lqHkk"k dk dguk Fkk fd 'osri=k ds leku lkEçnkf;dfu.kZ; dks Hkh rqjUr jí dj nsuk pkfg,A mUgsa nq%[k Fkk fd eqlyekuksads vkxzg ij dkaxzsl desVh dks ;g gkL;kLin fu.kZ; djuk iM+k fdlkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; loZFkk xyr gksrs gq, Hkh dkaxzsl mls u rks Lohdkjdjrh gS vkSj u vLohdkjA

ekyoh; th }kjk dkaxzsl us'kufyLV ikVhZ dk xBu18&19 vxLr 1934 dks dydÙkk esa ekyoh; th dh vè;{krk

esa jk"Vªokfn;ksa dh lHkk esa dkaxzsl us'kufyLV ikVhZ cukus dk fu'p;fd;k x;kA ekyoh; th us ,d oDrO; esa dgk fd dkaxzsl dhlkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; dh tks uhfr jgh gS o ns'k ds fy, ?kksj ?kkrd vkSjfo'ks"kr% fgUnqvksa ds fy, nks"kiw.kZ vkSj vxzká gSA ekyoh; th us ns'kdh turk dks 15 çdkj ds i`Fkd fuokZpu {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr dj nsusds ljdkjh fu.kZ; dh HkRlZuk dhA bl vfHk;ksx ds çpkjkFkZ ekyoh;th us LokLFk dh vogsyuk djrs gq, caxky] fcgkj] m-ç- vkSj iatkc

14

dk nkSjk fd;k mUgksaus çfriknu fd;k fd LojkT; turk }kjk 'kklugS] og lEçnk; }kjk 'kklu ugha gSA mudh èkkj.kk Fkh fd i`FkdfuokZpu }kjk fczfV'k ljdkj gesa foHkkftr j[krs gq, lnk ds fy,viusvèkhu j[kuk pkgrh gSA

dsUæh; ,lsEcyh ds pqukocaxky esa yxHkx lHkh lhVksa ij 1934 esa gq, dsUæh; ,lsEcyh ds

pqukoksa esa us'kufyLV ikVhZ fot;h gqbZA lrh'k puæ cksl] vf[ky pUænÙk] ek[ku lsu vkfn usrk fot;h jgsA iatkc esa dkaxzsl ,d gh LFkkuthr ldhA HkkbZ ijekuUn dkaxzsl ds Hkkjh fojksèk ds ckn Hkh fot;hjgsA cjkj ls v.ks lkgc fufoZjksèk pqus x;sA dkaxzsl 44 rFkk us'kufyLVikVhZ 12 LFkkuksa ij fot;h jghA

fnYyh esa dkaÚsal }kjk fojksèkekyoh; th dh çsj.kk ls 23&24 iQjojh 1935 dks fnYyh esa

lh-okbZ- fpUrkef.k dh vè;{krk esa lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; ds fo#¼ ,dlEesyu vk;ksftr gqvkA fpUrkef.k us dgk fd ;g fu.kZ; iap fu.kZ;ugha le>k tk ldrkA ;g fu.kZ; xyr gS D;ksafd ;g flaèk vkSj lhekçkar rFkk iatkc vkSj caxky ds fgUnqvksa ds fy, mudh tula[;k lsde LFkku lqjf{kr djrk gS] ;ksjksfi;uksa dks cgqr gh vfèkd LFkkuçnku djrk gSA ekyoh; th us dgk fd lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; fuUnuh;gS D;ksafd ;g fgUnqvksa vkSj flD[kksa ds fy, fo'ks"k #i ls vU;k;iw.kZgS] ;g jk"Vªfojksèkh vkSj yksdra=k fojksèkh gS vkSj og Hkkjr ds ÅijfczVsu ds vfèkiR; dks n`<+ djsxkA ;g fu.kZ; Lo'kklu ds o`{k dkstM+ idM+us ugha nsxk vkSj blls ;ksjksfi;uksa dks NksM+dj fdlh nwljslEçnk; dk Hkyk gksus okyk ugha gSA vr% lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; dkfojksèk djuk lcdk jk"Vªh; drZO; gSA

VSxksj Hkh lkFkbl dkaÚsal esa jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj] lj çiQqYy pUæ jk;] lh-okbZ-

fpUrkef.k vkfn [;kruke O;fDr;ksa dh ,d lfefr xfBr dh xbZrFkk ekyoh; th ds usr`Ro esa yUnu dks ,d çfrfufèk e.My Hkstus

15

dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA

dkaxzsl }kjk fgUnw ernkrkvksa ls fo'okl?kkrbl fu.kZ; ij dsUæh; ,lsEcyh esa tks cgl gqbZ mlesa dkaxzsl

rVLFk jghA ftUuk us tks la'kksèku j[ks os Lohdkj dj fy;s x;sA ftUukdh fot; ij Hkkjrh; eqlyeku çlUu Fks ijUrq fgUnw turk {kqCèk FkhAdkaxzsl us fgUnw ernkrkvksa ls rks fo'okl?kkr fd;k gh dksbZ jk"Vªh;n`f"Vdks.k çLrqr djus esa Hkh og liQy ugha jghA dkaxzsl vè;{k dsukrs jktsUæ ckcw us ftUuk ls dbZ fnu rd bl fu.kZ; ds fodYi dh[kkst esa okrkZ pyk;h fdUrq og fujFkZd jghA

dkaxzsl o eqfLye yhx ds vè;{kksa dh okrkZ vUr esa blfy, VwVxbZ fd ftUuk us le>kSrs ds fy, fgUnw egklHkk dh lohÑfrvfuok;Z le>hA fgUnw egklHkk dh vksj ls ekyoh; th us i{k j[kkfd eqlyekuksa dks tks tula[;k ds vuqikr ls vfèkd lhVsa feyh gqbZgSa os ?kVkbZ tk;saA vUrr% le>kSrk VwV x;kA

vUrr% dkaxzsl us Hkwy Lohdkj dhvxLr 1936 esa dkaxzsl us vius ?kks"k.kk i=k esa usg# th dh

vè;{krk esa lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; dks jí djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA dkaxzslus ;g Hkh dgk fd vko';drk gksus ij vc dkaxzsl ds lnL;lkEçnkf;d fu.kZ; ds fo#¼ oksV djsaxsA dkaxzsl dh ;g ?kks"k.kkekyoh; th vkSj fgUnw egklHkk dh egÙoiw.kZ fot; FkhA

ekyoh; th fgUnw egklHkk vfèkos'ku iwuk esa29 fnlecj 1935 dks iwuk esa fgUnw egklHkk ds l=kgosa vfèkos'ku

dh vè;{krk djrs gq, ekyoh; th us dgk] ^^çR;sd Hkkjrh; dksladYi dj ysuk pkfg, fd çk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj ge LojkT;ysaxs vkSj rc rd çk.k&ç.k ls mlds fy, ç;Ru'khy jgsaxs tcrd gekjs ne esa ne gSA** mUgksaus bl volj ij fgUnw egklHkk dksgfjtuks¼kj ij viuh 'kfDr dsfUær djus dk ijke'kZ fn;kA

uksvk[kkyh dh O;Fkkekyoh;th us uksvk[kkyh ds fgUnqvksa ij vk;h egkfoifÙk dh

16

dFkk lquh rks os dk¡i mBs vkSj iQwV&iQwV dj jks iM+sA muls ç'u fd;kx;k fd cykr~ èkeZ ifjorZu ls foyx gq, lglzksa fgUnqvksa dkseqlyeku cuk;s tkus ij D;k mUgsa fgUnw èkeZ esa okfil ysuk mfprgksxk rks dk'kh ds iafMrksa dks cqykdj ekyoh; th us O;oLFkk nh fdeqlyeku cuk;s x;s fgUnqvksa dks okfil ysus ds fy, fdlh çdkj dh'kqf¼ dh vko';drk ugha gSA ,dek=k xaxkty vKSj jkeuke i;kZIrgSaA

mudk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk fd ^^fgUnqvksa ds fo#¼ èkkfeZd]lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd mUufr ds ç'uksa ij vfUre fu.kZ; nsus dkvfèkdkj fu'p; gh fdlh fgUnw laLFkk dks gh gS] tks mldh vksj lscksyus rFkk dk;Z djus ds fy, çfrfufèkRo djrh gksA mudk dguk Fkkfd rq"Vhdj.k dh jktuhfr rFkk dkaxzsl }kjk eqfLye yhx dh vlEHkoek¡xksa dks ekuus ds dkj.k cgqr vuFkZ fgUnqvksa ds lkFk gqvk gSA ospkgrs Fks ^^vkRelEeku vkSj vkRej{kk ds fy, fgUnw Lo;alsodksa dhlaLFkk,¡ LFkkfir dh tk;saA fgUnw fgUnqvksa dh j{kk djsa vkSj eqlyekuksads vR;kpkjksa dk n`<+rk ls lkeuk djsaA**

vf}rh; O;fDrRoekyoh; th dh loZrksUeq[kh çfrHkk] lkgl ,oa mRlkg ls ;qDr

dh xbZ jk"Vª lsok vrqyuh; FkhA mudk O;fDrRo fu'p; gh vn~HkqrFkkA os mPpdksfV ds tuuk;d rFkk jk"Vª fuekZrk FksA mUgksaus jktuhfrrFkk f'k{kk nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ;qx izorZd dk dk;Z fd;kA ekyoh; th esaos lHkh xq.k Fks tks HkrZgfj ds vuqlkj ,d egkRek esa gksus pkfg,¡&

foifn èkS;ZeFkkH;qn;s {kek]lnfl okd~ iVqrk ;qfèk foØe%;'kkfl pkfe#fpO;lZua JqrkS]izÑfr fl¼funa fg egkReuke~AA

foifÙk esa èkS;Z] lEifÙk esa {kek] lHkk esa okd~iVqrk] ;q¼ esa foØe];'k esa #fp] 'kkL=k esa yxu ;s xq.k egkRekvksa esa LoHkko ls gh gksrsgSaA

17

dkSu Fks fczfV'k ,ts.V\lkojdj ;k dE;qfuLV

4 ebZ 2002 dks v.Meku fudksckj }hilewg dh jktèkkuhiksVZCys;j fLFkr gokbZ vM~Ms dk uke ohj lkjdj foeku iÙku j[kusdk ljkguh; dk;Z dsUæ ljdkj us fd;k gSA bl volj ij dsUæh;x`gea=kh Jh ykyÑ".k vkMok.kh] mM~M;u ea=kh lS;n 'kkguokt gqlSurFkk lkojdj ds ifjokjtu fo'ks"k :i ls mifLFkr FksA ns'k dhLokèkhurk ds fy, la?k"kZ djus okys egku gqrkRekvksa o ØkfUrdkfj;ksads ân; lezkV Lokra=; ohj fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj dk iq.; Lej.kHkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, vR;Ur çsj.kk dk fo"k; gSA ijUrq Hkkjr dhlaln esa lkE;oknh lkaln oklqnso vkpk;Z us bl ukedj.k dk rh[kkfojksèk fd;k vkSj dgk fd lkojdj fczfV'k ,ts.V Fks] blfy,vkMok.kh th }kjk usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl ls lkojdj dh rqyuk ughadh tkuh pkfg, Fkh rFkk gokbZ vM~Ms dk ukedj.k Hkh lkojdj dsuke ij ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA lh-ih-vkbZ-(,e) ds vU; lkalnksaus Hkh oklqnso vkpk;Z dk leFkZu fd;kA laln esa bldk rhoz çfroknHkktik o f'kolsuk lkalnksa us fd;kA r`.kewy dkaxzsl ds lkaln lqnhicanksikè;k; us dgk fd usrkth dks tks dE;qfuLV ^rkstks (tkiku) dkdqÙkk* dgdj Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds le; mudh fuank djrs Fks osvkt usrkth dh ç'kalk fdl çdkj djus yxsA

1942 esa tc Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkUnksyu ds le; Hkkjrh; Lokra=;laxzke vius pje ij Fkk rc ns'k ds 'kh"kZ usrkvksa] xk¡èkh] lqHkk"k]lkojdj vkfn lHkh dks lkezkT;okn dk ,ts.V crkus okys dE;qfuLVLo;a D;k dj jgs Fks] blds okLrfod jgL;e;h bfrgkl dh ,d>yd ns'kHkDr ftKklqvksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, ;gk¡ çLrqr dh tkjgh gSA

Hkkjr esa dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds tud ,e-,u- jkW; dh tsy

18

vofèk fdl vihy }kjk de dj nh xbZ D;k dE;qfuLV crk ldsaxs\Mr. Roy was arrested in July 1932, prosecuted as an accused inthe original Kanpur conspiracy case, to imprisonment for twelveyears. The period was reduced on appeal of Roy anthe was releasedon 20 November 1930. vFkkZr~ 1932 esa 12 o"kZ dh ltk ?kksf"kr gksusij ,e-,u- jkW; dks 1936 esa gh dSls NksM+ fn;k x;k] bl jgL; dksHkh dE;qfuLVksa dks i<+uk pkfg,A

fgVyj LVkfyu lfUèk 1939lkjs lalkj esa #l dks NksM+dj lHkh ns'kksa ds lkE;oknh vxLr

1939 esa LVkfyu fgVyj iSDV ds xqyke FksA ml le; lkE;okfn;ksadh ifjHkk"kk esa fczVsu o Úkal lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ fiiklq ns'k Fks vkSjfgVyj dk teZuh fo'o 'kkfUr dk vxznwr FkkA

ijUrq twu 1941 esa #l&teZuh lfUèk VwV xbZ vkSj teZuh (fgVyj)us :l ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA bl vkØe.k ds ckn lkjk vUrjjk"Vªh;okrkoj.k ,dne cny x;kA u;h ifjfLFkfr esa dE;qfuLVksa ds f'kjksef.kns'k :l dks mu ns'kksa ls lfUèk djuh iM+h ftUgsa og cqtZvk] iw¡thoknho lkezkT;oknh dgdj xkfy;k¡ fn;k djrk FkkA bl u;s lehdj.k esavc :l] fczVsu] vesfjdk o Úkal ,d lkFk gks x;s vkSj bu lcdk'k=kq teZuh gks x;kA

ih-lh- tks'kh dk dPpk fpV~Bk1941 esa Hkkjr esa nks dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;k¡ FkhaA ,d og tks çfrcafèkr

Fkh vkSj mlds usrkx.k tsyksa esa can FksA nwljh ikVhZ ih-lh- tks'kh dsusr`Ro esa dk;Zjr FkhA

tsy esa can usrkvksa us bl le; twu ls uoEcj 1941 rd fczVsudk fojksèk djus dk fu'p; fd;kA ijUrq fnlEcj 1941 esa iyVekjdjrs gq, fczVsu dk lkFk nsus dk fu'p; fd;kA nsoyh tsy esa candE;qfuLV usrkvksa us tSls gh fczVsu dk leFkZu fd;k] mlds rRdkyckn 24 tqykbZ 1942 dks Hkkjr dh fczfV'k ljdkj us dE;qfuLV ikVhZij ls çfrcaèk gVk fy;kA fczVsu dks dy rd ;q¼ fiiklq (WarMonger) crkus okys dE;qfuLV vc dgus yxs fd fczVsu dk ;q¼

19

tu;q¼ gS vkSj mlesa Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks vo'; lg;ksx nsuk pkfg,A

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds le; Hkkjr rksM+ks esa yxs FksdE;qfuLV

1942 ds Lokra=; laxzke esa dE;qfuLVksa us fczVsu dh nykyh fdl:i esa dh] mlds çek.k dbZ ckj çdkf'kr gksrs jgs gSaA lhihvkbZ dsegkea=kh ih-lh- tks'kh rFkk lj jsthukYM eSDlosy (Hkkjr ljdkj dsx`glfpo) ds eè; tks i=k O;ogkj gqvk mldh ,d >yd ;gk¡çLrqr gS&

"An alliance existed between the polit bureau of the CommunistParty and the Home department of GOI, by which Mr. P.C. Joshiwas placing at the disposal of GOI the services of this partymembers.

dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds iksfyV C;wjks vkSj x`gea=kky; esa ,d le>kSrkgqvk ftlds vuqlkj tks'kh us ikVhZ dk;ZdrkZvksa dks fczfV'k lsok esalefiZr fd;kA

ikVhZ ds ,d çeq[k usrk ,l-,l- ckVyhoky us 22 iQjojh1946 dks ,d i=kdkj okrkZ esa bl le>kSrs dk fo'ks"k mYys[kfd;kA ckVyhoky us fo'ks"k :i ls dgk fd ih-lh- tks'kh us ikVhZ dsvU; ofj"B lnL;ksa dks vuns[kk djrs gq, dbZ dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ns'kHkDrvkUnksyudkfj;ksa ds ihNs xqIrpjh djus ds fy, yxk;k ftlds }kjklhvkbZMh dks lwpuk,¡ çnku dh tkrh jghaA usrkth rFkk vktkn fgUniQkSt dh xfrfofèk;ksa rFkk dkaxzsl o vU; vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dh eq[kfcjhdjds vaxzst ljdkj ds ra=k dks lwpuk nsuk bl le; dE;qfuLVksa dkfo'ks"k dk;Z Fkk (lanHkZ & LVªfxy iQkWj ÚhMe &vkj-lh- etwenkj)

ckWEcs Øksfudy (17 ekpZ 1946) esa çdkf'kr lekpkj dsvuqlkj ckVyhoky us crk;k& lhihvkbZ egkea=kh ih-lh- tks'kh us Hkkjrdh fczfV'k ljdkj dks i=k fy[kk] ftlesa fcuk 'krZ lc çdkj dk ikVhZlg;ksx vaxzstksa ds fy, djus dk opu fn;k Fkk] ftlesa 1942 esa^vaxzstksa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu* esa yxs Hkwfexr dk;ZdrkZvksa rFkk usrkth

20

o mudh vktkn fgUn iQkSt dh xqIr lwpuk,¡ nsuk o mUgsa fxjÝrkjdjkuk çeq[k dke FkkA Ref.-(R.C. Majumdar's Struggle for Freedom)tks'kh ds i=k esa vkUnksyudkfj;ksa dks VsªVlZ vkSj iapek¡xh rRo fy[kkx;k FkkA

dE;qfuLVksa }kjk Hkkjr dks rksM+us dk ns'kæksgh ç;Ru,sls le; esa tc lkojdj fgUnw egklHkk rFkk vU; jk"Vªoknh

laxBuksa o usrkvksa ds lkFk Hkkjr dh v[k.Mrk dks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kusds ç;Ruksa esa layXu Fks] ml le; esa dE;qfuLV ikVhZ eqfLye yhx dklkFk nsdj Hkkjr rksM+ks vkUnksyu esa yxh gqbZ FkhA vaxzst ljdkjeqfLye yhx dk iwjk lkFk ns jgh Fkh] mlh ds ladsr ij lhihvkbZ usHkh ikfdLrku fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx nsdj Hkkjr dk foHkktu djkus esavius fu"Ñ"V ns'kæksgh pfj=k dk ifj[; fn;kA

dE;qfuLVksa dh Hkkjr dks [k.M&[k.M djus dh pkylkojdj tc fnYyh esa v[k.M Hkkjr lEesyu cqykdj ns'k

foHkktu ds "kM~;a=kksa ds fo#¼ vy[k txk jgs Fks] rc dE;qfuLV ikVhZus ukjk fn;k fd Hkkjr esa Hkk"kkbZ vkèkkj ij ftrus Hkh lewg gSa mUgsaHkkjr ls i`Fkd gksdj Lora=k jk"Vª cukus dk iw.kZ vfèkdkj fn;k tkukpkfg,A lkojdj dh n`f"V esa Hkkjr iw.kZr% ,dkRe fgUnw jk"Vª Fkkftlesa fcuk fdlh i`Fkd jk"Vª dh ek¡x fd;s bZlkbZ o eqlyeku HkhfgUnqvksa ds cjkcj vfèkdkj çkIr djrs gq, fuokl dj ldrs Fks]ijUrq etgc ds uke ij i`Fkd eqfLye jk"Vª (ikfdLrku) ds os çcyfojksèkh FksA

fczfV'k laln (yanu) esa 3 twu 1947 dks foèks;d ikfjr fd;kx;k fd Hkkjr dks Lora=k ?kksf"kr djus ds lkFk ikfdLrku dh HkhLFkkiuk dh tk;sxh rFkk Hkkjr dh ns'kh fj;klrksa dks ;g vfèkdkj gksxkfd os Hkkjr esa foyhu gks tk;sa ;k ikfdLrku esa fey tk;sa vFkok Lo;adks Lora=k ns'k ?kksf"kr dj nsaA buesa vfUre nksuksa çLrkoksa dk leFkZudE;qfuLVksa us fd;kA blls Li"V gS fd fczfV'k ,tsUV gksus dk dkedE;qfuLV ikVhZ }kjk fd;k tk jgk Fkk u fd lkojdj }kjkA

21

ijra=k Hkkjr esa Lora=krk dk vuqlUèkku

dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dh vej dgkuh

rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfrtc ykWMZ dtZu Hkkjr ds ok;ljk; cus rks mudk dguk Fkk fd

Hkkjr ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds çcUèk esa ljdkjh çHkqRo c<+k;k tk;D;ksafd dtZu ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dk mÙkjnk;hO;ogkj ugha FkkA ,sls le; Hkkjr ds jk"Vªoknh usrk f'k{kk {ks=k esaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk dk çHkko c<+kus esa vxzlj gq,A lu~ 1902 esaxq#dqy dk¡xM+h] gfj}kj (vc fo'ofo|ky;) dh LFkkiuk LokehJ¼kuUn us dhA vaxzstksa ds lg;ksxh dh Hkwfedk ls eqfLye vksfj,UVyLdwy dh LFkkiuk lj lS;n vgen }kjk vyhx<+ esa 1879 esa gkspqdh FkhA 1911 esa bls vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; cuk fn;kx;kA Mh-,-oh- dkWyst dh LFkkiuk egkRek galjkt }kjk 1887 esa dhxbZA 1898 esa Jherh ,uh cslsUV }kjk okjk.klh esa lsaVªy fgUnw LdwyçkjEHk fd;k x;kA

ekyoh; th f'k{kk lsok esa vxzljbl okrkoj.k esa ekyoh; th us 1904 esa okjk.klh esa dk'kh ujs'k

çHkq ukjk;.k flag dh vè;{krk esa vk;ksftr lHkk esa dk'kh fo'ofo|ky;dh ;kstuk dk çk:i çFke ckj mn~?kkfVr fd;kA vDVwcj 1905 esans'k ds çHkqRo fgUnw usrkvksa ds ikl ;g f'k{kk ;kstuk çsf"kr dh xbZAblesa mYys[k fd;k x;k Fkk fd fgUnw lekt vkSj fgUnw èkeZ dhrRdkyhu vko;'drkvksa ds lanHkZ esa Kku ds O;kid çlkj vkSj èkeZdh iqjkuh çfr"Bk dks fiQj ls LFkkfir djuk ns'kksUufr ds fy,vko';d gSA çkDdFku esa crk;k x;k fd fgUnw èkeZ vkSj çkphuHkkjrh; 'kkL=k fo|k ds çf'k{k.k ds lkFk vkèkqfud Kku&foKku vkSjf'kYi 'kkL=k dh f'k{kk dks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr ds

22

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i<+k;k tkuk le; dh vko';drk gSA

blds lkFk vkèkqfud Kku&foKku dk vè;;u rFkk ç;ksx'kkykvksads egÙo dks Hkh vko';d le>k x;kA 31 fnlEcj 1905 dks blij VkÅu gkWy okjk.klh dh lHkk esa] fiQj dkaxzsl vfèkos'ku esa rFkktuojh 1906 esa lukru èkeZ lHkk ds dqEHk lEesyu ç;kx esa ;kstukds fØ;kUo;u ij fopkj foe'kZ gqvkA vxys pkj o"kZ (1906 ls1910) ns'k esa caxHkax vkUnksyu Nk;k jgk rFkk bl ;kstuk dks dksbZlfØ; çk:i ugha fn;k tk ldkA 1910 esa iqu% ekyoh; th vkxs c<+srFkk mÙkj çns'k (la;qDr çkar)] fcgkj] caxky] iatkc o eè; çns'k dsdbZ LFkkuksa ls dqN yk[k :i;k ,d=k djus esa og liQy jgsA

ok;ljk; dks çfrosnu11 vDVwcj 1911 dks njHkaxk egkjktk ij lj jkes'oj flag ds

lkFk ekyoh; th us ok;ljk; ykWMZ gkfM±x dks fgUnw ;wfuoflZVh dslEcUèk esa Kkiu fn;kA gkfM±x us dqN vkSipkfjdrk,¡ iwjh djus dsfy, dgk vkSj vk'oklu fn;k fd fo'ofo|ky; dh vuqefr feytk;sxhA

28 uoEcj 1911 dks ^fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; lkslk;Vh* ds uke lslaLFkk xfBr dh xbZ] vè;{k njHkaxk egkjkt cuk;s x;sA MkW- lqUnjykyea=kh cusA 4 fnlEcj 1911 dks bl lkslk;Vh dk ,d çfrfufèkeaMyfnYyh lj gjdksVZ cVyj (f'k{kk lnL;) ls feyk] ftUgksaus crk;k fd;wfuoflZVh ,DV rks ikl gks tk,xk fdUrq og çHkkoh rHkh gksxk tcvkidh lkslk;Vh ij 50 yk[k #i;k gks tk;s rFkk 1 djksM+ #i;k tekdjus dh vkidh {kerk gksA

èku laxzg vfHk;kuekyoh; th fczfV'k ljdkj ds vk'oklu ds ckn èku laxzg

vfHk;ku esa tqV x;sA ns'k Hkj ls feys lg;ksx ls 31 ekpZ 1913 rd21-5 yk[k #i;s ,d=k dj fy;s x;s rFkk 36 yk[k #i;s dsvk'oklu fey x;sA 1915 rd 50 yk[k #i;s ,d=k gks x;sAfo'ofo|ky; ds fy, Hkwfe çnku djus dk dke dk'kh egkjktk

23

çHkqukjk;.k flag us fd;kA bl vofèk esa ;g Hkh fu'p; gks x;k fdlsaVªy fgUnw Ldwy dh çcUèk lfefr Hkh bl lfefr esa foyhu gkstk;sxhA

ekyoh; th pkgrs Fks fd i<+kbZ dk ekè;e fgUnw Hkk"kk gh jgs]fdUrq ljdkj gB ds lkeus ekè;e vaxzsth gh Lohdkj djuk iM+kAljdkj ;g Hkh pkgrh Fkh fd çkè;kidksa dh fu;qfDr ysfÝVusaV xoZujdjsaA tuer blds fo#¼ Fkk rFkk ljdkjh f'kdatk dls tkus ijnkunkrkvksa esa foæksg dh Hkkouk FkhA vUrr% ljdkj >qd xbZA

gjcVZ cVyj us 22 ekpZ 1915 bZ- dks dsUæh; èkkjk lHkk(Imperial Legislative Council) esa cukjl fgUnw ;wfuoflZVh fcyçLrqr djrs gq, dgk fd ;g vkoklh; fo'ofo|ky; gksxk rFkkbldk çcUèk fgUnw lekt ds gkFkksa esa jgsxkA dsUæh; èkkjk lHkk esa fcydk leFkZu djus okys egÙoiw.kZ O;fDr Fks egkjktk euhUæ pUæ uUnhtks ckn esa 1915 esa 13 vçSy (cSlk[kh) dks gfj}kj dqEHk ds voljij xfBr vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk ds vè;{k cuk;s x;s FksA vU;egkiq#"kksa esa loZJh lj xaxkèkj fpVuohl] lqjsUæ ukFk cSuthZ] jk;lrhukFk cgknqj] eèkqlwnu nkl] ekudth nknkHkkbZ rFkk lj iQty HkkbZdjhe HkkbZ Fks ftUgksaus bl fcy dk leFkZu fd;kA ,-ds- xtuoh usèkkjk lHkk esa dgk fd fgUnw eqfLye ,drk ds fy, ;g gkfudkjd Hkhgks ldrk gSA Jh fpeuyky lhryokM us çfrokn djrs gq, dgk fdfgUnw fo'ofo|ky; Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds bfrgkl esa ,d u;k vè;k;çkjEHk djsxkA ekyoh; th us èkkjk lHkk esa lnL;ksa dks vk'oLr fd;kfd ladqfpr lkEçnkf;drk ds LFkku ij O;kid vkSj mnkj èkkfeZdHkkoukvksa dks gh fo'ofo|ky; esa çksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxkA

1 vDVwcj lu~ 1915 dks cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; foèks;dikfjr dj fn;k x;k rFkk 4 iQjojh 1916 dks ek?k 'kqDy çfrink la-1973 fo- dks ykWMZ gkfM±x us fo'ofo|ky; dk f'kykU;kl fd;kA

çFke çcUèk O;oLFkk1 vçSy 1916 dks fo'ofo|ky; dk lapkyu çkjEHk

fd;k x;kA eSlwj egkjktk Ñ".kjkt okfn;kj dqyifr] Xokfy;j

24

egkjktk ekèko jko flafèk;k çfr dqyifr (çks pkUlyj) rFkk MkW-lqUnjyky midqyifr (3 o"kZ ds fy,) fu;qDr gq, FksA çcUèkfu;qfDr;k¡ 6 o"kZ rd jgha] ckn esa vfèkdkjh cnyrs jgsA MkW-lqUnjyky ds 13 iQjojh 1918 dks fnoaxr gks tkus ij lj ih-,l-f'koLokeh vÕ;j midqyifr cuk;s x;sA vÕ;j th us 8 ebZ 1919dks R;kxi=k ns fn;kA vr% 29 uoEcj 1919 dks egkeukekyoh; th midqyifr cuk;s x;sA 3 o"kZ ckn ekyhoh; thcjkcj fuokZfpr fd;s tkrs jgs rFkk 1938 rd og inklhu jgsAekyoh; th ds mÙkjkfèkdkjh MkW- jkèkkÑ".ku cuk;s x;sA fgUnwfo'ofo|ky; ds vfèk'kklh vfHk;ark (Executive Engineer) Fks jktkTokyk çlkn (fctukSj fuoklh) tks la;qDr çkar ds phiQ bathfu;j inij fojkteku FksA jktk Tokyk çlkn 1936 ls 1940 rd çks- pkUlyjHkh cusA

fof'k"V dk;ZfgUnw èkeZ foKku] çkphu bfrgkl] çkphu laLÑfr rFkk vU; çkP;

fo|kvksa dk vè;kiu ;gha dh fo'ks"krk Fkha tcfd ml le; rd pyjgs vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ;g lqfoèkk miyCèk ugha FkhA blds lkFkgh vaxzsth lkfgR; rFkk vkèkqfud foKku dh f'k{kk dk Hkh çcUèkfofèkor jgkA

fgUnh lkfgR; ds egkjFkhckcw ';ke lqUnj nkl] vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy] ia v;ksè;k flag

mikè;k; ^gfjvkSèk*] ckcw Hkxoku nhu ljh[ks fgUnh lkfgR; ds f'k[kjiq#"kksa ds uke Hkh dk'kh dk'kh fgUnq fo'ofo|ky; ls vfHkUu #i lstqM+s jgsA

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl Hkh fo'ofo|ky; esa i<+k;ktkrk Fkk tcfd vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ;g vlEHko FkkA vkèkqfudfo"k;ksa esa èkkrq foKku (Metallurgy), [kuu foKku (Mining Engineering),Hkw foKku (Geology), eSdsfudy bathfu;fjax] fo|qr bathfu;fjax]

25

jlk;u foKku rFkk vk;qfoZKku rFkk vkS"kèk fuekZ.k foKku vkfn fo"k;xaHkhjrk ls i<+k;s tkrs FksA

ekyoh; th ds mins'kikB~;Øe esa fuèkkZfjr lc çdkj dh f'k{kk ds lkFk ekyoh; th

dk èkeksZins'k Hkh fo'ks"k egÙo j[krk FkkA os 'khy vkSj ns'k&çse dksèkeZ dk vkèkkj ekurs FksA muds vuqlkj&'khya ije~ Hkw"k.ke~&'khy dksmÙke vkHkw"k.k ekuuk pkfg,A os fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>krs Fks&;fnrqeus ;gk¡ ls ns'k dks Lora=k o Lo'kkflr ns[kus dh mRdV vkdka{kkfuekZ.k ugha dh rks ;gk¡ ls çkIr f'k{kk O;FkZ gSA blds fy, ekyoh;th jk"Vªh; usrkvksa dks cqykdj Hkh Hkk"k.k djkrs FksA

xq# lsokekyoh; th dk çeq[k mins'k Fkk ^xq#lqJq"k;k fo|k* xq# dh

lsok ls gh fo|k çkIr gksrh gSA

euq Leqfr ds bl 'yksd dk fo'ks"k Lej.k djkuk mudk vH;kl Fkk&

vfHkoknu 'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%ApRokfj rL; oèkZUrsvk;qfoZ|k ;'kkscye~AA

vius ls cM+ksa dks ç.kke djus rFkk lsok djus okys O;fDr dhvk;q] fo|k] ;'k vkSj cy dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA

Kku T;ksfr dk mins'kekyoh; th dk fç; 'yksd Fkk&

T;ksfrjkRefu ukU;=k lea rRlo±tUrq"kqALo;a u 'kD;rs n`"Vqa lqlekfgr psrlkAlR;su czãp;sZ.k O;k;kesukFk fo|;kAns'kHkDr;k R;kxsu lEekugZ lnkHkoA

fgUnw tkfr dh ,drk dk vkn'kZNk=kkoklksa esa lo.kZ o gfjtu lHkh Nk=k ,d lkFk jgrs Fks rFkk

Hkkstuky; esa ,d lkFk Hkkstu djrs FksA gfjtu Nk=kksa dks fu%'kqYdf'k{kk feyrh FkhA vU; Nk=kksa dks Hkh fo'ks"k lqfoèkk fey tkrh FkhA

26

pkSèkjh fxjèkkjh yky o Jh txthou jkefctukSj tuin ds uthckckn (lqjf{kr) foèkkulHkk {ks=k ls Lora=k

Hkkjr esa dbZ ckj foèkk;d cudj mÙkj çns'k ds ea=kheaMy esa dbZckj ea=kh cuus okys Jh fxjèkkjh yky us fy[kk gS fd ekyoh; th dks;fn irk py tkrk fd veqd ckyd gfjtu gS rks f'k{kk 'kqYd oNk=kkokl 'kqYd nksuksa dh NwV fey tkrh FkhA vko';drk gksus ijvU; lgk;rk Hkh fey tkrh FkhA

çfl¼ usrk Jh txthou jke Hkh blh fo'ofo|ky; dh nsu jgsA

jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa vxz.kh fo'ofo|ky;lSdM+ksa fo|kFkhZ 1920&21 ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus

x;s vkSj tsyksa esa jgsA tsy ls ykSVus ij mUgsa iqu% vè;;u dh lqfoèkknh xbZA

nh{kkUr Hkk"k.k1928 esa ekyoh; th us Nk=kksa dks nh{kkUr Hkk"k.k esa tks vkns'k

fn;k og çsj.kknk;d gS ^vki Lora=krk pkgrs gSa] vius ns'k esaLo'kklu pkgrs gSa rks blds fy, tks R;kx vkils visf{kr gS mldsfy, rS;kj jfg,A vki Lo;a esa ekr`Hkqfe ds xkSjo ds fy, R;kx dhHkkouk iq"V djsaA bl çdkj ge iqu% ,d cM+k jk"Vª cu ldsaxsA

1930 dk lR;kxzgekyoh; th 31 tqykbZ 1930 dh jkf=k dks cEcbZ esa lR;kxzg

djds tsy pys x;sA bl ij dqN vè;kid o fo|kFkhZ Hkh lR;kxzgesa Hkkx ysus ds fy, py fn,A ekyoh; th dks 6 ekl dk dkjkoklfeykA

ljdkj dk dksi Hkktujk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa fczfV'k ljdkj ds fo#¼ Hkkx ysuk fo'ofo|ky;

dks egaxk iM+kA vaxzst ljdkj us fo'ofo|ky; ds midqyifr(ekyoh; th)] vè;kidksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls #"V gksdjljdkjh vuqnku Hkstus ij çfrcaèk yxk fn;k rFkk fo'ofo|ky;

27

vfèkdkfj;ksa ls dbZ ç'uksa ds mÙkj ek¡xsA dk;Zlfefr us fczfV'k ljdkjdks mÙkj Hkstk&

^cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ,d jk"Vªh; laLFkk gSa] ns'kHkfDr vKSjukxfjdrk dh f'k{kk }kjk uo;qodksa ds pfj=k dk fuekZ.k mldk ,dçeq[k mís'; gSA--- ml le; tcfd cgqr ls lEekfur Hkkjrh; usrkjk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro dj jgs gksa] fo'ofo|ky; vè;kidksa ofo|kfFkZ;ksa ls muls çHkkfor u gksus dh vk'kk ugha dh tk ldrhA*rFkk fo'ofo|ky; ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj ogh vè;kid lsok lsvyx fd;s tk ldrs gSa] ftUgsa U;k;ky; us fdlh uSfrd vipkj dslaxhu vijkèk esa nf.Mr fd;k gks ijUrq lfou; voKk vkUnksyu esadkuwu dh fdlh èkkjk ds mYya?ku ds fy, çkIr n.M fdlh çdkjuSfrd vipkj ugha ekuk tk ldrkA blfy, lfou; voKk vkUnksyuesa Hkkx ysus ds dkj.k nf.Mr vè;kidksa dks fo'ofo|ky; viuhlsok ls i`Fkd ugha dj ldrkA

Nk=kksa ds fy, Hkh flafMdsV us fy[kk fd 1921 ds vkUnksyu esaltk dkVdj ykSVs cgqr ls fo|kFkhZ ftUgsa fo'ofo|ky; esa iqu% ços'kfn;k x;k] muesa ls dqN vPNs&vPNs fo}ku cudj cgqr ykHknk;ddke dj jgs gSa] vr% ,sls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ços'k ds fy, bu dkj.kkas lsfo'ofo|ky; dk }kj lnk [kqyk jgsxkA

dfBu ifjfLFkfr esa vè;kidksa dk vkn'kZljdkjh vuqnku can gks tkus ls fo'ofo|ky; ds vè;kidksa dks

Bhd le; ij iwjk osru nsuk dfBu gks x;kA bl fLFkfr esa vè;kidksaus gM+rky ij u tkdj fo'ofo|ky; vfèkdkfj;ksa dks fy[kk fd&

^fo'ofo|ky; ds fgrksa o mís';ksa dh j{kk ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;ds vè;kid lekt ds vèkksgLrk{kjh lnL; midqyifr egksn; dksfoÙkh; ladV dh voLFkk esa ml le; rd vkSj mu 'krks± ij viuhlsok vfiZr djrs gSa] ftUgsa os fuf'pr djsaA*

,d iqjkru Nk=k cSBd dks lEcksfèkr djrs gq, tsy ls ykSVus ijekyoh; th us dgk fd os fdlh 'krZ ds lkFk ljdkj ls vuqnku ysus

28

dks rS;kj ugha gSa vkSj ;fn vko';drk gksxh rks fcuk ljdkjh vuqnkuds fo'ofo|ky; pyk;k tk;sxkA

xk¡èkh bjfou le>kSrk17 iQjojh 1931 dks xk¡èkh bjfou okrkZyki gqvkA bl ij 25

iQjojh 1931 dks ljdkjh vuqnku dh igyh Nekgh fdLr fey xbZAckn esa le>kSrk gks tkus ij (5 ekpZ 1931) lEiw.kZ vukorZd vuqnkufo'ofo|ky; dks ns fn;k ysfdu vuqnku esa 10 çfr'kr dh dVkSrhdj nh ftls vè;kidksa us lg"kZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA bl vofèk esafo'ofo|ky; ij 13 yk[k #i;s dk ½.k gks x;kA

fiQj Hkh foLrkj ugha #dkbruh foÙkh; dfBukb;ksa ds jgrs Hkh fo'ofo|ky; ds u;s ladk;]

u;s foHkkx o u;s dkWyst [kqyrs jgsA 1934 ls 1937 ds eè;esfMdy lkbal foHkkx] vkS|ksfxd jlk;u foKku] Xykl VSDuksykWthvkfn u;s foHkkx çkjaHk fd;s x;sA

dbZ jktk egkjktkvksa us fuHkZ; gksdj lkFk fn;kfo'ofo|ky; ds f'kykU;kl ds le; (1 vDVwcj 1915) 12

egkjktk mifLFkr Fks] vusd tehankj] lkgwdkj] fo}ku o usrk Hkh FksAckn esa Hkh egkjktk chdkusj] tksèkiqj] tEew&d'ehj] njHkaxk] dk'khujs'k] dkyk dk¡dj] eSlwj] Xokfy;j] cM+kSnk vkfn fujUrj lg;ksxh cusjgsA

30 uoEcj 1922 dks cM+kSnk ds egkjkt l;kth jko xk;dokM+dqyifr rFkk chdkusj egkjktk xaxkflag çfr dqyifr cus tks 31 ekpZ1929 rd inklhu jgsA ckn esa egkjktk xaxkflag pkUlyj cus tks 1iQjojh 1943 rd in ij jgsA bl chp fczfV'k ljdkj us dqyifregkjktk chdkusj xaxkflag dks fy[kk fd fo'ofo|ky; dh n'kk cgqr[kjkc gS vkSj nwljs lfou; voKk vkUnksyu esa Nk=kksa o vè;kidksa dhHkkxhnkjh ls vuq'kklu dk furkUr vHkko gS] blfy, os vius in lsR;kxi=k ns nsaA egkjkt xaxkflag us mÙkj esa fy[kk fd ;fn n'kk [kjkcgS rks mls lqèkkjus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk;sxkA

29

bl ij ekyoh; th egkjktk ls feyus chdkusj x;s rks mUgksausdgk fd eSa (xaxkflag) vkidk lkFk NksM+us okyk ugha gw¡A vU;fj;klrksa ds jktkvksa ls Hkh jktLFkku esa ekyoh; us HksaV dhA lHkh usmUgsa leFkZu dk vk'oklu fn;kA

midqyifr MkW- jkèkkÑ".ku17 flrEcj 1938 dks lj loZiYyh jkèkkÑ".ku midqyifr

fuokZfpr gq,A blds iwoZ os vkaèkz fo'ofo|ky; ds midqyifr jgpqds Fks rFkk ml le; dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa n'kZu 'kkL=k dsçksiQslj FksA vkWDliQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa Hkh os foftfVax çksiQslj dsukrs tkrs jgrs FksA

1939 esa f}rh; fo;o;q¼ ds le; fo'ofo|ky; lhusV usljdkj dks fy[kk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gj çdkj dh lSfud f'k{kk dhi;kZIr lqfoèkkvksa dk çcUèk djus dh ljdkj vuqefr nsA

fofnr gks fd ;g ogh le; Fkk tc 1937 esa ukfld esa fgUnwegklHkk usrk MkW- ckyÑ".k f'kojke eqats us Hkkslyk fefyVªh dkWystçkjEHk fd;k Fkk rFkk Lokra=;ohj lkojdj us 1939 esa fgUnw egklHkkds dydÙkk vfèkos'ku esa ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd jktuhfr dk fgUnwdj.krFkk fgUnqvkssa dk lSfudhdj.k fd;k tk;sA

jtr t;Urh rFkk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu10 tuojh 1942 dks fo'ofo|ky; dh jtr t;arh eukbZ xbZA

nh{kkUr Hkk"k.kdrkZ Fks egkRek xk¡èkhA xk¡èkh th us dgk fd ^;|fiekyoh; th dh cgqr lh lsok,¡ gSa] ij ;g fo'ofo|ky; mudhlcls cM+h Ñfr gSA ekyoh; th lknk thou vkSj mPp fpUru dsltho mnkgj.k gaSA xk¡èkh th us vk'kk O;Dr dh fd fo'ofo|ky; esa'kh?kz gh fgUnh dks f'k{kk dk ekè;e cuk fn;k tk;sxkA* ekyoh; thus bl volj ij dgk fd fgUnh dh ikB~;iqLrdsa rS;kj gks jgh gSa vkSj'kh?kz gh fgUnh gh f'k{kk dk ekè;e cusxhA

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds le; 12 vxLr ls ,d ekl ds fy,fo'ofo|ky; can dj fn;k x;kA fo|kFkhZ o vè;kid fofHkUu :iksa

30

esa vkUnksyu ls tqM+s jgsA 13 vxLr 1942 dks dqN fo|kfFkZ;ksa'kkL=kkxkj ij Nkik ekjk ftls iqfyl us foiQy dj fn;kA ,d fnuNk=kksa us tqywl fudkykA iqfyl us xksyh pykbZA 25&26 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dksNjsZ yxsA dqN le; ckn tc ekyoh; th ogk¡ igq¡ps rks Nk=kksa us dgkds NjsZ gekjh ihB ij ugha Nkrh ij yxs gSaA ;g lqudj ekyoh; thdh vk¡[ksa Hkj vkbZA 19 vxLr dks lSfudksa us fo'ofo|ky; dks viusfu;a=k.k esa ys fy;k rFkk lHkh Nk=kksa dks Nk=kkokl [kkyh djus dsvkns'k ns fn;sA

21 vxLr dks fo'ofo|ky; lhusV us vkikr cSBd cqykdjljdkj ds bl ÑR; dh HkRlZuk dh rFkk lSfudksa o iqfyl dksfo'ofo|ky; ls gVk ysus dks dgk ijUrq ljdkj dk bjknk Fkk fdfo'ofo|ky; ifjlj esa lSfud vLirky [kksy fn;s tk;asA ljdkjhvfèkdkfj;ksa dk dguk Fkk fd ;gk¡ xjenyh; usrkvksa dks cqyk;k tkrkgS] muds Hkk"k.k djk;s tkrs gSaA xouZj dk vkjksi Fkk fd esjs çkar esaftruh rksM+&iQksM+ dh ?kVuk,¡ gqbZ gSa muesa lokZfèkd cukjl fgUnw;wfuoflZVh ds Nk=kksa o vè;kidksa ds dkj.k gqbZ gSa&çksiQslj jkèks';ke'kekZ o MkW- ds-,u- xSjksyk ds usr`Ro esa Nk=kksa us rksM+iQksM+ vfHk;kupyk;k] fiQj Hkh lhusV ds lnL; ljdkj ds lkeus >qds ughaA

vUr esa 26 vDVwcj ls fo'ofo|ky; dh d{kk,¡ èkhjs&èkhjs çkjaHkdh tkus yxha rFkk lsuk o iqfyl dks gVk fy;k x;kA

tqykbZ 1945 esa tc usrk tsy ls fjgk gksdj ckgj vkus yxs rksiqu% fo'ofo|ky; esa muds Hkk"k.k djk;s tkus yxsA buesa çeq[kFks&vkpk;Z ujsUæ nso] MkW- lEiw.kkZuUn] t;çdk'k ukjk;.k vkfnA cknesa MkW- jkèkkÑ".ku (midqyifr) ds ç;Ruksa ls vè;kidksa dh osruo`f¼ dh xbZ rFkk xzsMs'ku esa lqèkkj fd;k x;kA ekpZ 1944 esa Ñf"kdkWyst LFkkfir fd;k x;k tks cgqr de fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa lapkfyrFkkA

egkjktk chdkusj lj xaxkflag dk 21 vDVwcj 1943 dks fuèku gkstkus ds ckn lj gfjflag] egkjkt tEew&d'ehj fof'ofo|ky; ds

31

paklyj fu;qDr fd;s x;sA

ia- bdcky ukjk;.k xqVwZekyoh; th ds vuU; lg;ksxh O;fDr;ksa esa vxzx.; egkuqHkko Fks

ia- bdcky ukjk;.k xqVwZA xqVwZ th us ;qokoLFkk esa gh vPNh odkyrNksM+dj lektlsok esa inkiZ.k fd;kA os lsVªy fgUnw Ldwy dsçèkkukè;id in ij jgs rFkk ckn esa fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds fy,lefiZr gks x;sA ç;kx fo'ofo|ky; ds Hkh midqyifr in ij xqVwZth fojkteku jgsA ekyoh; th ds vkxzg ij 1940 esa mUgksaus dk'khfgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dk çks- pkUlyj dk mÙkjnkf;Ro laHkkykA xqVwZ thus fo'ofo|ky; esa voSrfud lsok dhA

ekyoh; th dk fpjLFkk;h Lekjd;|fi egkeuk ekyoh; th ds uke ij vusd LFkkuksa ij fo|ky;

o Nk=kkokl vkfn py jgs gSaA Hkkjr dh laln o fnYyh foèkkulHkkesa mudh fo'kky ewfrZ;k¡ o fp=k çfrf"Br gSaA lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij Hkhmudh ewfrZ;k¡ lq'kksfHkr gSa ijUrq okLro esa mudk Js"Bre Lekjddk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; gh gSA ;g fo'ofo|ky; bl le; Hkkjrdk vkSj lkFk gh ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k fo'ofo|ky; gSA bldkfoLrkj 14 fdyksehVj {ks=k esa O;kIr gSA dk'kh ujs'k çHkq ukjk;.kflag th ds lkStU; ls bruh fojkV Hkw lEink fo'ofo|ky; dks çkIrgks ldh ftlds fy, dk'kh dk jkt?kjkuk lEiw.kZ ns'kokfl;ksa ds fy,egku vkn'kZ cu x;k gSA ;g egku Lekjd vkSj mlds egkulaLFkkid nksuksa gh oUnuh; gSa] fpj Lej.kh; gSaA

lanHkZ xzaFk&1. egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh;&çks- eqdqV fcgkjh ykyA2. egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh;&lhrkjke prqosZnhA3. çkslhfMaXl xouZj tujy dkSaflyA4. History of BHU-Dar and Somsakandar.5. Struggle for Freedom : Dr. R.C. Majumdar6. Records of Hindu Mahaabha

32

fgUnh] fgUnw] fgUnqLFkku

14 flrEcj çfro"kZ gh fgUnh fnol ds :i esa loZ=k euk;ktkrk gSA fgUnh fnol] fgUnh lIrkg] fgUnh i[kokM+k vkfn ukeksa lslkekftd] lkfgfR;d o jktdh; laLFkkuksa esa dk;ZØe vk;ksftr gksrsgSaA bl o"kZ rks ^fgUnh ekl* dk Hkh uke lquk tk jgk gSA fofHkUuçns'kksa esa ^fgUnh vdkneh* tSlh laLFkk,¡ fgUnh ds mUu;u dk;Z esayxh gqbZ FkhA bl laLFkkvksa dks jktdks"k ls i;kZIr vkfFkZd lg;ksx fn;ktkrk gSA dsUæh; Lrj ij jktHkk"kk foHkkx] dsUæh; fgUnh funs'kky;]dsUæh; fgUnh laLFkku] fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fgUnhHkou vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh cgqr lh xfrfofèk;k¡ lapkfyr dh tkrh gSaAijUrq ^fgUnh fnol* ls lEcfUèkr dk;ZØeksa o vk;kstuksa dks vcO;aX; dk fo"k; cuk;k tk jgk gSA fofHkUu lekpkj&i=kksa esa fgUnh dsfrjLdkj dh dgkfu;k¡ O;aX; ys[kksa ds :i esa çdkf'kr dh tk jgh gSAfgUnh fnol dks ,d <dkslyk] fn[kkok o ik[k.M n'kkZ;k tk jgk gSAfnukad 10 flrEcj 2002 ds nSfud fgUnqLrku (fnYyh) esaçdkf'kr ,d O;aX; ys[k dk 'kh"kZd gS ^fgUnh ij Ñik dk ekSlevk;k*A bl ys[k esa ys[kd Jh jfoUæ ik.Ms us fgUnh ij ^vkj&ikj*O;aX; ys[k fy[kdj ;g ihM+k O;Dr dh gS fd fgUnh dh yM+kbZ ,dfnu gh D;ksa yM+h tkrh gS] rhu lkS iSlB fnu D;ksa ughaA ôhj vtqZu*esa Hkh 10 flrEcj ds vad esa ys[k çdkf'kr gSA

fgUnh fnol çsj.kk o mRlkg dk fnol gSo"kZ esa ,d fnu rks lHkh çdkj dh ?kVukvksa dk Lej.k fd;k tkrk

gSA LorU=krk fnol] x.kra=k fnol] Fky lsuk fnol] ok;q lsuk fnol]cky fnol] f'k{kd fnol] gksyh] nhikoyh] fot;kn'keh] j{kkcaèkuvkfnA fiQj fgUnh fnol eukus esa gh ghu xzfUFk D;ksa viukbZ tkrh gSAfgUnh fnol dks gesa çsj.kk o mRlkg ds lkFk gh eukuk pkfg,A

33

mnwZ dk lekos'ktks ys[kd o lekpkj&i=k fgUnh dh nqnZ'kk ij ys[k fy[krs jgrs

gSa] muds ys[ku esa mnwZ 'kCnksa dk lekos'k fdruk ?kj dj x;k gSi<+dj lglk fo'okl ugh gksrkA dqN rks foo'krk,¡ gaS tks O;ogkj esaçfo"V gks xbZ gSaA jsy] cl] Mkd[kkuk] LVs'ku (LFkkud)] fjD'kk] eksVj]dkj tSls vusd 'kCn nwèk esa ikuh ds leku vn`'; gks x;s gSaA tSlsnwèk esa vfèkd ikuh feyk nsus ij irk pyrk gS fd nwèk iryk gS]feykoVh gS rks ml LFkku ls nwèk ysuk ge can dj nsrs gSa vkSj ç;Rudjrs gSa fd fdlh fo'oluh; nqdkunkj ;k nwfèk;s ls 'kq¼ nwèk çkIrfd;k tk;sA blh çdkj Hkk"kk dh 'kq¼rk dk ç;u gSA fgUnh esa ftlçdkj mnZw] vaxszth] iQkjlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dk lekos'k gqvk gS] oSls ghvaxzsth o mnwZ esa Hkh fgUnh 'kCnksa dk cM+h la[;k esa çHkqRo gks pqdkgSA blfy, euksoSKkfud ghurk dk rks ç'u [kM+k gh ugha gksrk] ijUrqcqf¼ghurk dk ç'u vo'; vkt [kM+k gks pqdk gSA fdlh mnwZHkk"kh lsdfg, fd fuEufyf[kr fgUnh okD; dk mnwZ esa vuqokn djks&eSa tkrkgw¡] eSa tkÅ¡xk] eSa tk jgk gw¡] og dy vk;sxk vkfnA mnwZHkk"kh ds iklbls ;Fkkor~ nksgjkus ds vfrfjDr dksbZ ekxZ ugha gks ldrkA blfy,Hkk"kk ds O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls mnwZ D;k gS] bldh leh{kk djus dkdksbZ ljy mik; ugha gSA ijUrq fgUnh ys[kd vktdy bl çlax esals fgUnh dh fo'ks"krk] ekSfydrk o opZLo dk rks o.kZu djuk ughapkgrs] blds foijhr mnwZ dks fgUnh ij vuko';d :i ls Fkksiukpkgrs gSA

HkktikbZ nwjn'kZu o vkdk'kok.kh dh fgUnh^vkt rd] lgkjk] th Vhoh] LVkj U;wt] tSu Vhoh] nwjn'kZu] MhMh

pSuy] bZ Vhoh] jkt Vhoh vkfn* dksbZ lk Hkh pSuy ns[kk lquk tk;s]Hkk"kk lcdh fgUnh fouk'kd gh çrhr gksrh gSA

vc ^lekpkj* ns[kuk nwjn'kZu ij laHko ugha jgk] vc rksyxHkx lHkh pSuy cksyrs gSa lqfu,&^[kkl [kcjsa*A igys dgk tkrkFkk& ^çLrqr gSa fo'ks"k lekpkj*] vc dgk tkrk gS&îs'k gSa vc rd

34

dh ^[kkl [kcjsaa* xkSjryc] eísutj] eqrkfcd] t:jr] jkstkuk vkfndh ckfj'k pkSchl ?kaVs gksrh jgrh gSA lwpuk çlkj.k ea=kh çeksn egktugks ;k lq"kek Lojkt blls dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+rk&vc jkstkuk ckfj'kgh gksrh gS ô"kkZ* dHkh ugha gksrhA o"kkZ ½rq dks D;ksafd ckfj'k½rq ugh dgk tkrk vr% ckfj'k dk ekSle dgk tkus yxkA lHkhpSuy èkeZ fujis{k rks Fks gh] vc lc fgUnh fujis{k] fgUnwfujis{k o fgUnqLFkku fujis{k Hkh cu x;s gSA tSu Vhoh ij^?kVukØe* ds la;kstd tc okrkZ dk lekiu djrs gSa rks ^[kqnkgkfiQt* cksyrs gSa] ueLrs ;k ueLdkj dguk&cksyuk muds fy, ?kksjyTTkk dk fo"k; cu x;k gSA

ç.kke dks lykeêk¡ rq>s ç.kke* ds LFkku ij êk¡ rq>s lyke* dk çpkj djus

ds fy, vdsys ^jk"Vªh; lgkjk* lekpkj&i=k vc rd dbZ djksM+#i;s ds foKkiu çdkf'kr djk pqdk gSA ;fn eqlyekuksa esa ;g ppkZpyus yxh fd igys tks dHkh ôUns ekrje~* Fkk vkSj mls gekjs xysmrkjk x;k Fkk Lokèkhurk laxzke ds uke ij&vkt ogh ôUns ekrje~*vFkkZr~ êkrk dh oUnuk* vFkkZr~ êkrk dks ç.kke* ;kuh êk¡ rq>slyke* gekjs xys mrkjk tk jgk gS rc D;k gksxk\ tks yksx (Hkkjr)êk¡ rq>s ç.kke* ugha dg lds mUgsa êk¡ rq>s lyke* fl[kkdj ;fnns'kHkfDr muesa txkbZ tk ldh rks bl ?kkVs ds lkSns dks ge Lohdkjdjus dks rS;kj gSaA ijUrq è;ku jf[k;s fd ^lyke* ds ckn dgha ;gvkidk ^rfd;k dyke* gh u cu tk;sA

gLrk{kj vc ugha gksrsfØdsV Vhe vkSj ch-lh-lh-vkbZ esa vuqcaèk dh ppkZ pyh rks

le; lhek fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ fd fØdsV ds f[kykM+h 9 flrEcj rdvuqcaèk ij gLrk{kj dj nsaA ^vkt rd* ds iq.; çlwu oktis;h usvius pSuy ij dgk fd nLr[kr djus ls f[kykfM+;ksa us euk djfn;k] rc ckn esa tkdj nksuksa i{kksa esa le>kSrk fdlh vU; vkèkkj ijgqvkA vFkkZr~ vc ^gLrk{kj* dgha ugh gksrs ^nLr[kr* gh fd;s

35

tkrs gSaA vc ^vuqlkj* fdlh pSuy ij ugha feyrk] êqrkfcd*ds vuqlkj gh n'kZdksa dks pyuk iM+rk gSA

nsoukxjh vadksa dk foèoaltulÙkk ds vfrfjDr nSfud lekpkj&i=kksa esa lHkh çfl¼ i=k

1]2]3 ds LFkku ij 1]2]3 fy[kus yxs gSaA ;g ifjorZu xr 5 ls 10o"kks± esa vk;k gSA ;fn lafoèkku dk funsZ'k gksrk rks 1950 ls gh ;gØe pyk;k tkrkA iru dh jkg esa pyus esa 40&45 o"kZ yxs] ogHkh Lokèkhu ns'k esaA tc ns'k ijkèkhu Fkk rks gekjs eu Lora=k Fksvc ns'k Lokèkhu gS rks gekjs eu ijra=k gks pqds gSaA ^tulÙkk*nSfud esa vad rks nsoukxjh esa fy[ks tkrs gSa ijUrq tc ikB~; lkexzhdk 'ks"k Hkkx fdlh vU; i`"B ij çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS rks fy[krsgSa ^ckfd ist rhu ij* mnZw] vaxzsth o fgUnh dk fdruk vn~Hkqr laxegSA ;gh fLFkfr dbZ fgUnqRofu"B laLFkkvksa ds lekpkj i=kksa o laoknçs"k.kksa esa viukbZ tk jgh gSA

cM+s&cM+s jktuhfrd ny igys fgUnh vadksa (1]2]3]4----) dkç;ksx djrs Fks] vc Hkktik dh dsUæh;dkfj.kh Hkh 1]2]3 dk ç;ksxdjrh gSA

fgUnh HkDr eqyk;e flag ;knoJh eqyk;e flag ;kno tc mÙkj çns'k ds eq[;ea=kh cus Fks rks

mUgksaus lHkh ljdkjh okguksa ij nsoukxjh (fgUnh) vadksa dk vfuok;Zç;ksx djk;k FkkA ckn dh Hkktik] clik ljdkjsa bldk ikyu ughadj ldhaA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku rks nksuksa ds fy, ,d lk gh gSA fnYyhçns'k esa nsoukxjh vadksa esa fdlh okgu dk Øekad fy[kk gskxk rksmudk pkyku dkVus dk vfèkdkj ;krk;kr iqfyl dks gS] ijUrq fnYyhesa tc xq#eq[kh] rfey ;k caxyk Hkk"kk esa fy[ks vad ysdj dksbZ okgufey tk,xk rks mldk pkyku ugha fd;k tkrkA egkjk"Vª ljdkj tksviuk dkyn'kZd (dSys.Mj) çdkf'kr djrh gS og ejkBh vadvFkkZr~ nsoukxjh fyfi ds vadksa esa gksrk gS] xqtjkr] iatkc] vkUèkz]dukZVd] dsjy] rfeyukMq] caxky] vle] mM+hlk vkfn viuh

36

çknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa esa gh fy[krs gSa rc mudk vUrjjk"Vªh;dj.k 1]2]3esa djus dk dsUæ ljdkj dHkh vkxzg ugha djrhA dsoy fgUnh vad1]2]3-----9 dks vUrjjk"Vªh; cukuk nklrk dk gh ifjpk;d gS vU;Fkk:l] phu] tkiku] vjc tSls ns'k bl 1]2]3 dk ç;ksx D;ksa ughadjrs\

jk"VªHkk"kk ds fy, pkfg, jk"Vªh; LokfHkekuvko';drk gS jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku dh] ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk ds

tkxj.k dh] ns'k ds xkSjo ds lkFk thou thus dh Hkkouk dh] rHkhokLro esa jk"VªHkk"kk dk lEeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa tks'kCnkoyh gS] og vfèkdka'k nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ls yh xbZ gSA xzhd] Úsap]teZuh] Lisfu'k vkfn ds 'kCnksa dk vk;kr vaxzsth esa Fkksd :i ls fd;kx;k gSA vaxzsth dk Hkk"kk foKku (Hkk"kk 'kkL=k) ftl Linguistics 'kCnls tkuk tkrk gS og 'kCn Hkh ysfVu Hkk"kk dk gS& Lingua Franca ftltyiku x`g (jsLVksjsaV) esa ge xoZ ds lkFk pk;&dkWiQh ihrs gSa ogRestaurant Úkalhlh Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS&jSLrksjk¡A ,slk gh Úsap ls fy;kx;k vaxzsth 'kCn gS&Renaissance fjuslk¡&iqutkZxj.kA tks lksfo;r :l,d n'kd igys rd fo'o dh f}rh; egk'kfDr Fkk] mls 1]2]3fy[kuk ugha vkrk Fkk vkSj u vc rd og bldk vuqdj.k djrk gSAog fy[krk gS& I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X :l esa chl&XX]rhl&XXX] pkyhl&L] ipkl&C ipkl fy[kk tkrk gSA

fiQj Hkh geus cks>k <ksus dk fu'p; fd;k gS fd ge 1]2]3----9 okyksa dh Hkk"kk dks vUrjjk"Vªh; vad fyfi dgdj iqdkjsaxsA nklrkds vof'k"V bfrgkl dk ek=k ,d mnkgj.k ek=k gS ;gA

fgUnh fnol % jk"Vªh; xkSjo dk çrhdfgUnh fnol gesa Lej.k djkrk gS fd ge jk"VªHkk"kk ds [kks;s xkSjo

dks iqu% çfr"Bkfir djus dk ladYi ysaA dsoy lÙkk ds Hkw[ks HksfM+;stks pkgsaxs] ogh gksxk] ;g lkspuk fujFkZd gSA lÙkk dHkh iQkjlh okysckn'kkgksa dh Fkh] dHkh mnwZ [kk¡ uokcksa dh vkSj dHkh vk x;s ckbljk;vkSj xoZuj tujyA geus le;kuqlkj dHkh iQkjlh lh[kh] dHkh mnwZ

37

vkSj fiQj dksV] iSaV] VkbZ] cwV igudj vaxzsft;r esa Hkh ge jax x;sAijUrq tc geus vaxzsth ij vfèkdkj dj fy;k rHkh geus vaxzstksaij Hkh vfèkdkj dj fy;k vkSj mlus dgk Quit India (vaxzstksaHkkjr NksM+ks) vaxzstksa dks cM+k vk'p;Z gqvk fd geus ftUgsa vaxzsthfl[kkbZ Fkh vc os rks gedks gh vaxzsth esa dg jgs gSa&Quit India. blhdk uke rks gS lukru èkeZ tks lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lukru ('kk'or)cuk jgsA nsoukxjh Hkh 'kk'or lR; gSA vaxzsth dkyn'kZd (Calendar)200 o"kZ ls Hkkjr ij Nk;k gqvk gS&tuojh] iQjojh------fnlEcj rFkkbZLoh lu~ dk loZ=k çpkj gSA ijUrq tc fot;kn'keh] nhikoyh] xaxkLuku] dkfrZd iwf.kZek] o"kZ çfrink] uojk=k] firì{k] gksyh] djokpkSFk] vgksbZ v"Veh] gfj;kyh rht] xq# iwf.kZek] xaxk n'kgjk] cSlk[kh]edj laØkfUr gesa eukuh gksrh gS rks dkSu lk Hkkjrh; gS tks fgUnhiapkax ds ekxZn'kZu esa u pyrk gksA dqEHk dk esyk 10 djksM+Hkkjrh; vkSj fons'kh fgUnqvksa dks tksM+us esa liQy gskrk gS rcvaxzsth dSys.Mj èkjs jg tkrs gSa] mUgsa dwMs+nku ij iQsad fn;ktkrk gS vkSj gekjs ijEijkxr iapkaxksa ds vuqlkj frfFk;ksa dkfuèkkZj.k gh ljdkj dks ekuuk iM+rk gS vkSj rnuqlkj gh ç'kkludks lkjh O;oLFkk,¡ djuh iM+rh gSaA çpfyr jktèkeZ ijkftr gkstkrk gS] lukru jk"VªèkeZ çHkkoh cu tkrk gS] mlh dk loZ=k opZLojg tkrk gSA tSls fgUnqRo bl dky okg esa ls viuh thouh 'kfDriqu% iqu% la;ksftr djrk jgrk gS] oSls gh fgUnh dk Hkh ç'u gSA vcls 10 o"kZ igys lalkj esa rhljh lokZfèkd cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk FkhfgUnh] ijUrq 2002 esa tks fo'o Lrjh; vk¡dM+s çdkf'kr gq, gSarn~uqlkj fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ij çfrf"Br gS fgUnhA fnfXot;hHkkjr] txn~xq# Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk gS fgUnhA fgUnh fnol ij ,d ghladYi ge lcds eu esa xw¡tuk pkfg,&

fo'o esa xw¡ts gekjh HkkjrhAfot;h gks Hkkjr] fot;h gks HkkjrhAA

38

lukru èkeZ o vk;Z lekt ds mUuk;d

nks f'k[kj egkiq#"k egkeuk ekyoh; th,oa Lokeh J¼kuUn th

vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk ds nks 'kh"kZ egkiq#"kksa esa LokehJ¼kuUn vk;Z lekt ds çfl¼ usrk Fks rFkk egkeuk ia- enu eksguekyoh; lukru èkeZ ds çfl¼ usrk FksA lu~ 1920 ds i'pkr~vLi`';rk ,oa 'kqf¼ ds fo"k; esa dbZ ,sls laosnu'khy ç'u fgUnwlekt ds le{k le;≤ ij mifLFkr gksrs jgs tks fgUnw egklHkkds fy, ijh{kk dh ?kM+h cu x;sA fiQj Hkh leUo; dk ekxZfudkydj lukru èkeZ o vk;Z lekt dh nksuksa èkkjkvksa dks ,d lkFkcuk, j[kus dh vfXu ijh{kk esa fgUnw egklHkk tc dHkh liQyrkçkIr dj ldh rks mldk Js; bUgha nks egkiq#"kksa dks fn;k tkuklehphu gksxkA

fL=k;ksa rFkk gfjtu dks osnikB dk vfèkdkj nsus ds fo"k; esaJ¼kuUn th ds fopkj Li"V rFkk fu.kkZ;d FksA ½f"k n;kuUn ds ç[kjfopkjksa dh èkjksgj ds os çcy O;k[;rk cus jgsA blh dkj.k dksbZyphyk çLrko lcdks lkFk j[kus dh bPNk ls ;fn Lokeh th dksekuuk Hkh iM+k rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gqbZ tc Lokeh th viuhckr nwljksa ls euokus esa iw.kZr;k liQy jgsA

Lokeh J¼kuUn }kjk lapkfyr 'kqf¼ vkUnksyu vkSj fgUnwegklHkk

vk;Z lekt }kjk eqlyekuksa dks fgUnw èkeZ esa ços'k fnykus dkfo"k; fgUnw egklHkk ds le{k Hkh ToyUr ç'u FkkA cgqr ls eqlyekujktiwr ftuds iwoZt fdlh dkj.k ls eqlyeku gks x, Fks] iqu% fgUnwlekt esa okfil ykSVus dks rS;kj Fks ;fn mudh jktiwr fcjknjh mUgsaiw.kZr% Lohdkj djus dks rS;kj gksA eqlyeku usrk rFkk dbZ lukru

39

èkehZ fgUnw usrk bl 'kqf¼ dk;ZØe ds fojksèkh FksA xk¡èkh th bldkfojksèk djrs FksA eqlyeku rcyhx (èkeZçpkj) }kjk fgUnqvksa dkseqlyeku cukdj vius etgc esa lfEefyr djuk viuk vfèkdkjle>rs Fks ij 'kqf¼ vkUnksyu }kjk eqlyekuksa dks fgUnw cukus dh ckrmUgsa vlá yxrh FkhA vk;Z lekt bl dk;Z esa vxz.kh cudj dk;Zdj jgk FkkA fgUnw egklHkk dk ;g lkSHkkX; jgk fd vLi`';rk fuokj.krFkk 'kqf¼ fo"k; ij Lokeh J¼kuUn th rFkk ekyoh; th nksuksa dks,d eap ij ck¡èks j[kus esa og liQy jghA

ekyoh; th }kjk 'kqf¼ dk leFkZudqN lukru èkehZ usrkvksa dk fojksèk lgdj Hkh ekyoh; th us

'kqf¼ ds fo"k; ij LOkkeh J¼kuUn th ds er dk çp.M leFkZu djrsgq, dgk&^Hkxoku fo'oukFk dk uke yks vkSj vkt gh ;s O;oLFkkdj nks fd tks pkgs fgUnw gks ldrk gSA* mUgksaus dgk fd tks yksxvKku ds dkj.k vius èkeZ ls foeq[k gks tkrs gSa muds fo"k; esa leLrfgUnw tkfr dk drZO; gS fd mu vKkuh Hkkb;ksa esa Kku dk çpkj djs&

Kkua çkI; rq lalkjs ;% ijsH;ks u ;PNfrAKku :ih gfjLrLeS vçlUukS fg y{;rsAA

vFkkZr~ lalkj esa Kku çkIr djds tks nwljksa dks Kku ugha nsrk]mlds Åij Kku :ih bZ'oj vçlUu ls fn[kyk;h nsrs gSaA

cukjl vfèkos'ku (1923)ekyoh; th dh vè;{krk esa Lokeh J¼kuUn th ds vUr%dj.k

dh LiQwfrZ dks çfrfufèkRo djus okyk 'kqf¼ dk çrki fgUnw egklHkkds cukjl vfèkos'ku (1923) esa ikfjr gks x;k ftlds }kjk fgUnw èkeZesa ços'k djus okys eqlyeku jktiwrksa dk ân; ls Lokxr fd;k x;kAKkrO; gS fd 31 fnlEcj 1922 dks 'kkgiqjk ds jktkfèkjkt lj ukgjflag ds usr`Ro esa vkxjk esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; {k=kh; egklHkk dkvfèkos'ku gqvk ftlesa lk<+s pkj yk[k eqlyeku jktiwrksa dks 'kqf¼}kjk fgUnqvksa dh jktiwr fcjknjh esa lfEefyr djus dk fu.kZ;

40

gqvkA 1922 dk o"kZ fgUnw egklHkk ds Lof.kZe i"Bksa esa fxuk tk;sxk]D;kasfd ;gh og o"kZ Fkk tc fgUnw egklHkk us vius x;k (fcgkj)vfèkos'ku esa Loeh J¼kuUn dks jk"Vªh; vè;{k fuokZfpr fd;k FkkA

13 iQjojh 1923 dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnw (vk;Z) 'kqf¼ lHkkxfBr dh xbZA Lokeh J¼kuUn mldh çcUèk lfefr ds vè;{k pqusx;sA blh egku y{; dks thou dk;Z cukus okys Lokeh J¼kuUn dh,d èkekZUèk eqfLye ;qod us 23 fnlEcj 1926 dks t?kU; gR;k djnhA vej gqrkRek Lokeh J¼kuUn dk cfynku fgUnqvksa dks vej lans'kns x;k fd fgUnw tkfr dks thfor jguk gS rks og viuh fiNyh Hkwyksadk ifjektZu djrs gq, fcNqMs+ Hkkb;ksa dks tks fdUgha dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa foèkehZ cu x;s Fks mUgsa fiQj ls fgUnw èkeZ esa okfil ykdj viuhHkwyksa dk çk;f'pr djsaA

vLi`';rk fuokj.k1925 esa fgUnw egklHkk dk vfèkos'ku ykyk yktir jk; dh

vè;{krk esa dydÙkk esa lEiUu gqvkA bl vfèkos'ku esa ykyk jkeçlkn th }kjk ^lcds fy, osnikB dk vfèkdkj* fo"k; ij ,dçLrko j[kk x;kA dqN lukru èkehZ çfrfufèk;ksa ds çLrko ds fojksèkesa Loj mHkjus yxsA ekyoh; th us eè; ekxZ fudkydj ml le;fookn c<+us ls jksdkA ekyoh; th us dgk fd ^bZ'oj ds fn;s gq,çlkn lcds fy, lqyHk gSaA* xhrk dks fgUnw èkeZ dk çfrfufèk xzUFkekudj lcdks mls i<+us vkSj ekuus dh ckr dgh xbZA ijUrq ckn esa,sls dbZ çlax vk;s tc ekyoh; th us lukru èkehZ usrkvksa dksviuh ckr euokus ds fy, m|r dj fy;kA 1932 esa lo.kks± vkSjgfjtuksa ds eè; fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk c<+k;s x;s erHksnksa dks nwj djdsmuesa le>kSrk djkus esa ekyoh; th dk ljkguh; ;ksxnku jgkAekyoh; th dh gh vè;{krk esa cEcbZ esa vUR;tks¼kj ij lHkk gqbZrFkk vLi`';rk fuokj.k ij çLrko ikfjr gqvk (25 fnlEcj 1932)Agfjtuksa dks dk'kh fo'oukFk vkfn efUnjksa esa ços'k ds vfèkdkj fnykusdk usr`Ro Hkh ekyoh; th us gh fd;kA

41

fgUnw lekt dh vfHkUu lejlrk ds iks"kd ekyoh; thHkkjrh; 'kkL=kksa }kjk çfrikfnr uSfrd fu;eksa rFkk lnkpkj dh

efgek dk foLr`r fnXn'kZu djkrs gq, ekyoh; th dgrs Fks&

'kwæks¿fi 'khy lEiUuks xq.koku czkã.;s Hkosr~Aczkã.kks¿fi fØ;kghu% 'kwækr çRlojks Hkosr~AA &egkHkkjr (ouioZ)

^^'khy lEiUu 'kwæ Hkh xq.koku czkã.k ds leku gks tkrk gS]fØ;kghu czkã.k Hkh 'kwæ ls fxjk gks tkrk gSA**

;Lrq 'kwæks nes lR;s èkesZ p lrksfuR;r%Ara czkã.kega eU;s o`Ùksu fg Hkosn f}t%AA (egkHkkjr)

^^tks 'kwæ vkRela;e] lR;] èkeZ esa lnk çxfr djrk gS] mlsczkã.k ekurk gw¡A lnkpj.k ls gh f}t gksrk gSA**

ekyoh; th ds vuqlkj czkã.k ls ysdj vUR;t i;ZUr lHkhlukru èkekZuq;k;h iq#"kksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dks ea=knh{kk nsdj ea=k tki djusdk rFkk Hkxoku dh HkfDr djus dk iw.kZ vfèkdkj gSA ekyoh; thpkgrs Fks fd ^lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij o.kZHksn dk ç'u gVk fn;k tk,rFkk gfjtuksa dks vU; ukxfjdksa ds leku gh lc LFkkukas ds ç;ksx dkleku :i ls vfèkdkj gksA mudh èkkj.kk Fkh fd gfjtu fgUnw lektds vax gSa] os Hkh gekjh rjg fgUnw lH;rk laLÑfr ds mÙkjkfèkdkjhgSaA mudh mUUfr djuk] mUgsa loZ lkekU; vkSj èkkfeZd f'k{kk nsuk]nwljs oxks± ds leku mudh j{kk djuk vkSj mudks vkxs c<+kuk gekjkdrZO; gSA* os ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd czkã.k 'kkjhfjd Je ds egÙp dksLohdkj djsa] 'kwæ lsok ds vfrfjDr O;olk; }kjk Hkh thfodksiktZudjsa] lc yksx jk"Vª dh j{kk djuk viuk drZO; le>sa] lc tkfr;ksavkSj oxks± dks lSfud f'k{kk nh tk, vkSj lsuk esa HkrhZ fd;k tk;s] Å¡phls Å¡ph f'k{kk çkIr djus dk lcdks vfèkdkj gks] fL=k;k¡ Hkh lqjf{krgksa] tUetkr vLi`';rk nwj gks rFkk gfjtu Hkh f}t leku Js"Brk çkIrdjsaA

;qx çorZd nks egkiq#"k ftudk iFk ,d Fkk] iaFk nks FksLokeh J¼kuUn dk cfynku 23 fnlEcj (1926) dks gqvkA

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egkeuk ekyoh; th dk tUe 25 fnlEcj (1861) dks gqvkA nksuksads thou esa fnlEcj ekg egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA nksuksa ds fopkj'kqf¼ rFkk vLi`';rk fuokj.k ds fo"k; esa ç[kj rstfLork ls vksrçksrFksA eqlyekuksa dks yk[kksa dh la[;k esa fgUnw cukus ds dkj.k LOkeh thdks vius çk.k x¡okdj ml egku miyfCèk dk ewY; pqdkuk iM+ktcfd ekyoh; th uksvk[kyh tSls uxjksa esa yk[kksa fgUnqvksa dsmRihM+u rFkk lagkj dh ohHkRl ?kVukvksa ls O;fFkr gksus ds dkj.kekufld ;a=k.kk ls dky dofyr gq,A nksuksa egkiq#"k èkeZ] laLÑfr o'kkL=kksa ds çdk.M fo}ku Fks] nksuksa gh jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vxz.kh FksAnksuksa us dkaxzsl dks ladV xzLr dky esa usr`Ro çnku fd;kA lu~ 1919(13 vçSy) esa tkfy;k¡okyk ckx ujlagkj gqvk vkSj lglzksa ns'kHkDrHkkjrh; vaxzstksa dh xksfy;ksa ls Hkwu Mkys x;s rks ns'k esa Hk; dkokrkoj.k cu x;kA ,sls le; esa dkaxzsl ds ve`rlj vfèkos'ku esa1920 esa Lokxrkè;{k dk nkf;Ro Lokeh J¼kuUn us laHkkykA fnYyhesa Hkh os lhuk [kksydj fczfV'k laxhuksa ds lkeus vM+ x;s FksA nwljhvksj tc 1933 (vçSy) esa dkaxzsl dk dydÙkk vfèkos'ku gksuk Fkkrks fczfV'k ljdkj us mls voSèk ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA ml voSèkvfèkos'ku ds euksuhr vè;{k egkeuk ekyoh; th Fks ftUgsa vfèkos'kuesa tkrs gq, vklulksy esa fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kA bl çdkj ;s nksuksausrk dkaxzsl ds ladVdkyhu usrk FksA

nksuksa fgUnw egklHkk ds uk;dnksuksa gh egkiq#"k fgUnw egklHkk ds Hkh jk"Vªh; vè;{k cusA eksiyk

foæksg esa lglzksa fgUnqvksa dh gR;k o èkekZUrj.k rFkk fryd th dhe`R;q ds i'pkr~ xk¡èkh th }kjk dkaxzsl dks eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfrij èkdsy dj f[kykiQr vkUnksyu dk leFkZu djds eqfLye mxzrkdks iqjLÑr djus dk dkypØ tc rhozrk ls ?kwe jgk Fkk rc lu~1922 ds ml ladVdky esa fgUnqvksa dks Lokeh J¼kuUn ds :i esafgUnw egklHkk dk usr`Ro djus ds fy, ;g vfXu egkiq#"k çkIr gqvkAekyoh; th dks ckj&ckj] fgUnw egklHkk dk vè;{k cuk;k tkrk jgk(1916] 17] 23] 26 rFkk 1935)A ;fn 1926 esa Lokeh th dh gR;k

43

u gqbZ gksrh rks fuf'pr os Hkh dbZ ckj bl egku nkf;Ro dk oj.kdjrsA

egku f'k{kk lsoh nks egkiq#"kLokeh J¼kuUn us 1901 esa gfj}kj ds fudV xaxkrV ij dk¡xM+h

xzke esa xq#dqy dh LFkkiuk dh tks vc xq#dqy dk¡xM+h fo'ofo|ky;uke ls vk;Z txr dh dhfrZ irkdk iQgjk jgk gSA egkeuk ekyoh;th us 1915 esa dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh tks vc,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k fo'ofo|ky; gSA nksuksa gh midqyifr jgsA nksuksads f'k{kk laLFkkuksa us jk"Vªh; Lokèkhurk laxzke esa vf}rh; ;ksxnku fn;kAnksuksa gh dsUæksa ls jk"Vªh; [;kfr çkIr usrkvksa o f'k{kkfonksa dk foiqyla[;k esa fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA

;qxiq#"k ;qfr dks 'kr~&'kr~ ç.kke'kr~&'kr~ vfHkuUnu ml egku ½f"k n;kuUn dk] ½f"k dh

vrqyuh; laLFkk vk;Z lekt dk ftlus egkRek eqa'khjke dks LokehJ¼kuUn ds :i esa ifjofrZr dj fgUnw jk"Vª dks ,d vijkts; ;ks¼kçnku fd;kA ikou Lej.k ml egk cfynkuh vkRek dk ftlusJ¼kuUn ds uke ls fgUnqRo ds iFk ls nwj Nhu fy;s x;s yk[kksacUèkqvksa dks iqu% vk;Z lUrku ds :i esa Lohdkj dj 'kqf¼ dk 'ka[kuknfd;kA 'kr~&'kr~ oUnu lukru èkeZ dh ml vfofPNUu èkkjk dk ftlusegkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; esa xaxk dh fueZy èkkjk ds leku fgUnqvksadks ,d eueksgd usr`Ro çnku fd;kA xq#dqy dk¡xMh fo'ofo|ky;rFkk dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds :i esa ftudh dhfrZ ;qxksa&;qxksa rdxw¡trh jgsxh mu jk"Vª iq#"kksa dks vrhr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh fgUnwihf<+;k¡ lnSo J¼kur gksdj Lej.k djrh jgsaxhA gfj}kj dh xaxk dksgj dh iSM+h ij ugj ds :i esa ifjofrZr djus ds fczfV'k ljdkj ds"kM~;U=k ds fo#¼ ekyoh; th us vkUnksyu fd;k vkSj xaxk dh èkkjkdks vfofPNUu cuk, j[kus esa liQyrk çkIr dhA Lokeh J¼kuUn usosnKku dh fueZy èkkjk dks dyqf"kr djus ds vaxzsth "kM~;U=k dksfoiQy cukus rFkk xq#dqy ç.kkyh dh Kku xaxk cgkus dk vn~Hkqr

44

HkxhjFk ç;Ru fd;kA

nksuksa vius&vius {ks=k esa vf}rh; gSaA ,d us lukru èkeZ egklHkkdks cy'kkyh cuk;k] nwljs us vk;Z lekt dksA fdUrq nksuksa us feydjfgUnqRo dh èkkjk dks çp.M osx çnku fd;kA ekuksa os nksuksa ,d&nwljsds çfrLièkhZ ugha] ijLij iwjd FksA bu nksuksa egkiq#"kksa dk fu"dyq"kusr`Ro fgUnw egklHkk dks çkIr gqvkA fgUnw jk"Vª dh lsok esa] fgUnqRodh vfofPNUu èkkjk dks fujUrj çokgeku j[kus esa] fgUnw lekt dhÅtZfLork dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus esa fgUnw egklHkk bl daVd iFk ijvfMx jgdj vius drZO; dk fuokZg djrh jgs ;gh bl ;qx dsegkiq#"k }; dh ikou Le`fr esa fouez J¼katfy gSA

45

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk èkèkdrk Tokykeq[kh

Hkkjr dk tks bfrgkl vkt çkFkfed d{kkvksa ls ysdj fo'ofo|ky;Lrj rd i<+k;k tk jgk gS] og okLro esa bfrgkl u gksdj^bfr&g&ukl* gSA ^bfr* dk vFkZ gS ,slk] ^g* dk vFkZ gS fuf'pr :ils] vkl dk vFkZ gS gqvk FkkA bfrgkl vFkkZr~ ,slk fuf'pr :i lsgqvk FkkA ijUrqq tks bfrgkl gesa i<+k;k tk jgk gS mlds ckjs esa ;ghdguk mfpr gksxk fd tSlk fuf'pr :i ls ugha gqvk Fkk og bfrgklgesa i<+k;k tkrk gSA vk;Z Hkkjr ds ewy fuoklh gSa&i<+k;k tkrk gS fdvk;Z ckgj ls vk;s Fks] dHkh eè; ,f'k;k ls] dHkh vÚhdk ls] dHkh;ksjksi ls vkSj u tkus dgk¡&dgk¡ lsA Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª gS] l`f"V dk çFkejk"Vª gSA lalkj ds Kku dh loZçFke iqLrd ½Xosn o vFkoZosn esa Hkhjk"Vª 'kCn o jkT; O;oLFkk dk fo'kn o.kZu gSA ijUrq i<+k;k tk jgkgS fd Hkkjr ,d miegk}hi gS (India is a subcontinent and notnation) Hkkjr ,d ns'k gS ftlds fy, Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds çFkevuqPNsn eas fy[kk x;k gS fd Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk la?k gS (India is a Unionof States: it is not a country)A bldk vFkZ gS fd tks History gesai<+k;h tkrh gS og "History" mldh (eqlyeku o vaxzst dh)dgkuh gesa i<+k;h tkrh gSA gekjh dgkuh gesa ugha i<+k;h tkrhAvkpk;Z nqxZ ds vuqlkj&^^bfr gSo eklhfnfr ;% dF;rs l bfrgkl%**vFkkZr~ ;g fuf'pr :i ls ,slk gqvk Fkk] ,slk tks dgk tkrk gS ogbfrgkl gSA

çkx ,sfrgkfld ;qxHkkjr esa tks çkphu dky dk bfrgkl miyCèk gS mlds fy,

fons'kh ys[kdksa us ,d 'kCn x<+ fy;k gS ^çkx bfrgkl dky* (Pre-historic era)A ;g loZfofnr gS fd bLyke dh vk;q 1500 o"kZ gS]bZlkbZ er dk çknqHkkZo 2000 o"kZ iwoZ gqvkA ;gwnh er dh vk;q3000 o"kZ crk;h tkrh gSA igys ckbfcy dks lR; ekuus okys dgrs

46

Fks fd i`Foh dh vk;q 6000 o"kZ gS] vr% ekuo lH;rk rks yxHkx5000 o'kZ dh gh ekuh tk;sxhA fdUrq vc ;ksjksi] vesfjdk vkfn dsbZlkbZ oSKkfud Hkh fl¼ dj pqds gSa fd i`Foh dh vk;q 4 vjc 32djksM+ o"kZ ds vkl&ikl gS tSlk fd fo".kq iqjk.k rFkk lR;kFkZ çdk'k(½f"k n;kuUn) dh ekU;rk gSA dqjku 'kjhiQ o ckbfcy ?kks"k.kk djrsgaS fd i`Foh piVh gS vkSj lw;Z i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerk gSA foKkubu ekU;rkvksa dh èkfTt;k¡ fc[ksj pqdk gSA

blfy, bfrgkl dk gks ;k foKku dk vuqlaèkku] ik'pkR;ksa ovjc ns'kksa ls tqM+s fo}kuksa ds lkeus ,d gh ladYi gS fd Hkkjr dhfgUnw ekU;rkvksa dks foÑr :i esa çLrqr djsa vkSj vius dks Js"Brjfl¼ djsaA

Hkkjr ds bfrgkl o foKku dh pksjhnqHkkZX; ls Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa o vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa mUgsa

Hkkjr ds bfrgkl o Kku foKKu ls ifjiw.kZ èkjksgj dks tykdj [kkddjus vFkok pksjh dj ys tkus dk volj çkIr gqvkA eqfLyevkØkarkvksa }kjk gekjh yk[kksa vewY; iqLrdsa tyk nh xb± vkSj vaxzstksa}kjk 'ks"k cph iqLrdsa pksjh o lhuktksjh ds lkFk yUnu ys tk;h x;haAyUnu esa ,d iqLrdky; gS&bfUM;k vkWfiQl ykbcszjh (IndiaOffice Library) ftlesa 80000 (vLlh gtkj) ik.Mqfyfi;k¡laLÑr Hkk"kk dh iqLrdksa dh gSaA Úkal dk Hkh vkfèkiR; Hkkjr dsdqN {ks=kksa esa jgk Fkk tSls ikf.Mpsjh] djkdy] ekgh ;ue vkfnAblfy, Úkal dh jktèkkuh isfjl esa Hkh ,d iqLrdky; gS ftlesa50000 (ipkl gtkj) laLÑr ds xzaFk miyCèk gaSA

ftl lkfgR; dks eSdkys tSls èkwrZ vuqlaèkkudrkZvksa us xMfj;s dsxhr crk;k Fkk] ftl ns'k dks lisjksa o tknwxjksa dk ns'k cryk;k x;kFkk] mldh yk[kkas iqLrdksa o ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dks fons'k ys tkdj lqjf{krj[kus dh D;k vko';drk Fkh bu if'peh fo}kuksa dks\ ;g [kkst dkfo"k; gSA bfrgkldkjksa] iqjkrRofonksa o oSKkfudksa ds fy, ;g Hkh [kkstdk fo"k; gS fd fiNys 200 o"kZ esa gh lkjs ;ksjksi esa oSKkfud Økafr

47

D;ksa vkbZA Úkalhfl;ksa] vaxzstksa o iqrZxkfy;ksa us Hkkjr vkxeu ls igysogk¡ foKku ds peRdkj D;ksa ugha fn[kk;s tk lds tcfd baXySaM dsjktoa'k dk bfrgkl yxHkx 1100 o"kZ iqjkuk gSA

Hkkjr esa vkdj vaxzstksa }kjk f'k{kk {ks=k esa viuk opZLo cukdjgesa ;g le>kus dh ps"Vk fujUrj dh tkrh jgh fd Hkkjr ,d fiNM+ko vlH; ns'k gS vkSj fons'kh lEidZ ls gh mls lH; cuk;k tkldrk gSA

blh esa ls fl¼kUr tUek fd vk;Z Hkkjr ds ewy fuoklh ugha gSAvk;Z vkSj æfoM+ esa la?k"kZ] vkfnoklh o vk;ks± dk la?k"kZ] fl[k ,di`Fkd jk"Vª gSa] lo.kks± o 'kwæksa esa i`Fkdrk dk Hkko] czkã.kksa ds çfr ?k``.kkdk Hkko] vczkã.kksa ds }kjk czkã.k fojksèkh laxBuksa dks çJ; fn;k tkukvkfn fofHkUu dwVuhfrd nk¡oisap vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa çpkfjr fd;s rFkkHkkjr ds okLrfod bfrgkl dks dky ds xrZ esa èkdsyus rFkk mls >wBk]vçekf.kd o eux<+Ur fl¼ djus ds ?k`.kkLin ç;Ru fd;s tkrs jgsAjkts egkjktkvksa dh lUrkuksa dks baXyS.M ys tkdj i<+k;k x;k vkSj,slk ,d Dykl cuk;k x;k tks vaxzstksa ds fy[ks bfrgkl dks lR;çekf.kr djsA Hkkjr ds çR;sd ns'kHkfDr iw.kZ o jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k dksgs;n`f"V ls ns[ks tkus dk "kM~;a=k çkjaHk fd;k x;kA

bl lcds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr esa egku Økafrdkjh ç;Ru gq, ftuds}kjk vaxzstksa dh lc çdkj dh dqfVy uhfr;ksa dks èoLr fd;k tkrkjgk rFkk Hkkjr ds LokfHkeku o jk"VªHkfDr iw.kZ ç;Ruksa dks ;'kLohcukus gsrq vuojr la?k"kZ fd;k tkrk jgkA

bfrgkl dk ,d Hkh dky [k.M ,slk ugha feysxk fd tcns'kHkfDr dh fpUxkjh u lqyx mBh gksA dky dh dks[k ls LiQqfVrgksdj lSdM+ksa bfrgkl èkkjk,¡ çokfgr gks mBha ftuds }kjk vaxzst oeqlyekuksa dk >wBk çpkj èoLr fd;k tkrk jgkA

flUèkq ?kkVh ls çkIr cgqr lh eqæk,¡ fl¼ djrh gSa fd Hkkjr dkbfrgkl fo'o esa çkphure gSA oSfnd lkfgR; egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.ko iqjk.kksa esa tks bfrgkl dh lkexzh gS mlds lkeus dksbZ Hkh fons'kh

48

fo}ku ckSus fl¼ gks tkrs gSaA phu ds ;k=kh iQk&áku] àsulkax vkSjbZ&fpÄ~ us tks bfrgkl Hkkjr dh ;k=kk ds n'kZu ds :i esa fy[kkmldk Hkh dksbZ çR;qÙkj vaxzstksa o eqlyeku bfrgkldkjksa ds ikl ughagSA ;ksjksi ds Hkh dbZ bfrgklosÙkkvksa us Hkkjr dh egkurk dks ,d Lojls Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tc dHkh Hkkjr ds bfrgkldk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k çLrqr djus dk ;Ru gqvk rks vaxzst FkjkZ mBrs FksvkSj os bfrgkl ys[kdksa dks iQk¡lh rd dh ltk nsus esa ladksp ughadjrs FksA

dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa fgUnw jkT; 'kkL=k dh dgkuhMkW- ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ ds firk lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ tc

dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; ds midqyifr (Vics Chancelllor) cus rksfo}r~ ifj"kn us fopkj fd;k fd jktuhfr 'kkL=k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dksik'pkR; jkT; 'kkL=k i<+k;k tkrk gS fdUrq ^fgUnw jkT; 'kkL=k* (HinduPolity) dks dksbZ ikB~;Øe ugha gSA vr% MkW- dk'kh çlkn tk;lokydks ;g dk;Z lkSaik x;k fd os bl fo"k; ij iqLrd fy[ksaA le;kuqlkjiqLrd fy[k nh xbZ vkSj çdk'ku gsrq okbl pkalyj dks lkSai nh xbZAdqN le; esa gh oh-lh- ds ?kj pksjh gks xbZ vkSj vk'p;Z dk fo"k;gS fd pskjh esa dksbZ vU; lkeku ugha pqjk;k x;k] dsoy ^fgUnw jkT;'kkL=k* iqLrd dh ik.Mqfyfi gh pksjh dh xbZ FkhA iqfyl fjiksVZ gqbZvkSj dqN gh le; esa iqLrd pksj ls og iqlrd çkIr dj yh xbZAckn esa ;g iqlrd ys[kd ds }kjk bykgkckn esa ,d çdk'kd dks nhxbZA ckn esa irk pyk fd vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa iqlrd Nkius okyk çsl gh[kjhn fy;k x;k vkSj iqLrd Nkius ls u;s Lokeh us euk dj fn;kAfiQj dgha vU; LFkku ij Hkkjh ifjJe ds ckn MkW- tk;loky dksiqLrd çdk'ku esa liQyrk fey ldhA ckn esa ikB~ÔØe esa lfEefyrfd;s tkus ij fo}kuksa dh le> esa vk;k fd bl iqLrd ds dkj.kvaxzstksa dks i<+k;k x;k jkT; 'kkL=k fujkèkkj o >wBk fl¼ gks jgk gSA ;grF; Hkh iqLrd ls çdk'k esa vk;k fd Hkkjr esa jktuhfr 'kkL=k dhfoèkk,¡ igys ls bruh vfèkd fodflr Fkha ftudh dYiuk Hkh dHkh;ksjksi ds ns'kksa esa ugha dh xbZ FkhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd vaxzst ckj&ckj

49

pkgrs Fks fd fdlh çdkj fgUnw jkT; 'kkL=k çdkf'kr u gksus ik;sA

vk;Zlekt ds dbZ fo}kuksa us Hkh ;g vn~Hkqr ç;Ru fd;sA tc1881 dh tux.kuk ds ckn ,d iqLrd Nih&'Hindu Sangathan :Saviour of the Dying Race' (fgUnw laxBu % fgUnw tkfr dh lathouh)A½f"k n;kuUn }kjk fyf[kr osnksa dk Hkk"; (½Xosn Hkk";) tc çdk'kesa vk;k rks mu pkVqdkjksa dh vk¡[ksa iFkjk xb± ftUgksaus osnksa esa xksekalHk{k.k rd dk mYys[k dj Mkyk FkkA

Lokeh foosdkuUn dh ^f'kdkxks oDr`rk* rFkk vesfjdk ds ckn;ksjksi Hkze.k ls ;g fl¼ gks x;k fd 'Hindu Dharma is the motherof all religions' vFkkZr~ lc èkeks± dh ekr` laLFkk ds :i esa fgUnw èkeZdh egkurk leLr f'o ds iVy ij çLFkkfir djus esa foosdkuUnliQy jgsA iqjk.kksa dh vusd Hkzkafr;ksa ds çpkj ds dkj.k ftu ç'uksads mÙkj gekjs lukruèkehZ ugha ns ikrs Fks muds mÙkj Lokeh n;kuUno foosdkuUn us ftl fuHkhZdrk o euksoSKkfudrk ds lkFk fn;s mllsoSfnd èkeZ fnXfot;h fl¼ gqvkA çkphu lkfgR; o bfrgkl ds {ks=kes yksdekU; fryd] ykyk ykrir jk;] ohj lkojdj] ykykgjn;ky] HkkbZ ijekuUn vkfn us Hkh tks çpkj lkfgR; çnku fd;kog vaxzstksa dh cksyrh can djus dk veks?k vL=k fl¼ gqvkA fryddh ys[kuh us mUgsa ek.Mys tsy igq¡pk;k] ykyk yktir jk; dhys[kuh us mudks ns'k fudkyk fnyok;k] gjn;ky ,d [krjukdØkafrdkjh cuk fn;s tkus ds dkj.k vesfjdk tkus dks foo'k dj fn;sx;s] lkojdj o HkkbZ ijekuUn us Hkkjr dk bfrgkl fy[kk rksv.Meku dh dkydksBjh esa Hkh"k.k ;kruk,¡ lgus dks foo'k gksukiM+kA

vaxzst ds dkj.k gqvk jk"Vª dk fo?kVufiQj Hkh vkèkqfud ys[kd dgrs gSa fd vaxzstksa us gesa yksdra=k

fl[kk;kA nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks jkSanus okys] ns'kHkDrksa dks iQk¡lh ijyVdkus okys iQkflLV o fMDVsVj dgs tk ldrs gSa] yksdra=k ls mudkD;k lEcUèk gks ldrk gSA blh çdkj bfrgkl dk lcls cM+k >wB ;g

50

i<+k;k tkrk gS fd vaxzstksa us gesa ,d jk"Vª cuk;kA vaxzstksa us 1911 esayadk dks Hkkjr ls vyx fd;k] 1935 esa cekZ dks Hkkjr ls vyxfd;k] 1947 esa fczfV'k ikfyZ;kesaV esa 3 twu dks Hkkjr foHkktudjkdj ikfdLrku cukus dk çLrko Hkh vaxzstksa us ikfjr fd;k vkSjvUrr% Hkkjr dk foHkktu djk;kA vk;Z&æfoM+ la?k"kZ] fgUnw&fl[kerHksn] fgUnqvksa dh tkfr;ksa dks lwphc¼ dj mudk ljdkjhdj.kdjuk rFkk lekt dks VqdM+s&VqdM+s esa ck¡Vdj iQwV Mkyks o jkt djks(Divide and Rule) dh uhfr ij pyus okys vaxzst Hkkjr jk"Vª dsfouk'k ds tud gSaA og okLrfod bfrgkl tks igys fy[ks tkus ijiQk¡lh gksrh Fkh] ;fn vc le>k o fy[kk tk;] u;h ih<+h dks i<+k;ktk; rks Lof.kZe Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k djus esa vo';eso liQyrk feyldrh gSA

yqbZ tsdksfy;V (Hkkjr ds Úsap U;k;kèkh'k) us Hkkjr dksekuork dh tUeLFkyh ekurs gq, fy[kk gS&gs çkphu Hkkjr Hkwfe!ekuork dh tUenk=kh ueLdkj] iwtuh; ekr`Hkwfe ueLdkj! ftldks'krkfCn;ksa ls gksus okys u`'kal vkØe.kksa us vHkh rd foLe`fr dhèkwy ds uhps dgha nck fn;k gS] rsjh t; gks! J¼k] çse] dkO;,oa foKku dh fir`Hkwfe! rsjh t; gks] rsjk vfHkuUnu dj gevius ik'pkR; ds Hkfo"; esa rsjs vrhr ds iqutkZxj.k dk t;t;dkj djsaA

51

ØkfUrf'kjksef.k HkkbZ ijekuUn dk thou n'kZu

HkkbZ ijekuUn th ds fo"k; esa tkfy;ku okyk ckx ujlagkj dsØwj uk;d ekbdsy vks Mk;j us viuh iqLrd "India As I Know It"(Hkkjr tSlk fd eSa bls tkurk gw¡) esa fy[kk gS&

yktir jk;] HkkbZ ijekuUn vkSj jktHktu nÙk dh jktæksghço`fÙk;k¡ vc i;kZIr :i ls çdV gks pqdh gSaA--- yktir jk; us vk;ZdkWyst ds çksiQslj HkkbZ ijekuUn ds }kjk ';keth Ñ".k oekZ ds çpkjds fy, iqLrdsa e¡xokbZA---- 1910 esa HkkbZ ijekuUn ij ,d vfHk;ksxyxk;k x;kA 1915 esa jktæksg esa eq[; Hkkx ysus ds dkj.k mUgs iQk¡lhdk n.M lquk;k x;k ftls ckn esa okbljk; us vkthou dkjkokl esacny fn;kA HkkbZ ijekuUn xnj ikVhZ ds fl[kksa vkSj fcfV'k ljdkjfojksèkh fgUnqvksa dks feykus okyh dM+h dk dke djrs FksA

yUnu esa Hkkjrh; xkSjo ds bfrgkl dh [kkstHkkbZ th us 1907 esa yUnu çokl ds le; fczfV'k laxzgky; ds

çfl¼ iqLrdky; esa vè;;u fd;kA ljdkjh fjiksVZ] iqLrdksa vkSjmiyCèk okLrfod çek.kksa dk vè;;u djds HkkbZ th bl fu"d"kZ ijigq¡ps fd Hkkjr ds lEcUèk esa vaxzstksa }kjk fy[kk x;k lkjk bfrgklfo'ks"k jktuhfrd mís'; ls fy[kk x;k gSA ,slh bfrgkl iqLrdksa esaHkkjrh;ksa fo'ks"kdj fgUnqvksa dks egÙoghu crkus dh lksph le>h pkyls bfrgkl dks rksM+k ejksM+k x;k gSA tc dHkh fgUnqvksa dh fot; gqbZrks mls fNik;k x;k gS tc fd eqlyekuksa o vaxzstksa dh thr dksc<+&p<+ Niok;k x;k gSA

bfrgkl ds bl xw<+re jgL; dks vuko`r djus ds fy, HkkbZ thus yxHkx Ms+< o"kZ rd yUnu esa jgdj vFkok dgsa fd yUnu dsiqLrdky;ksa esa jgdj Hkkjr ds okLrfod bfrgkl dh lkexzh ,d=kdhA mUgksaus ^Hkkjr esa fczfV'k jkt dk mRd"kZ* uked ,d fo'ks"k

52

'kksèk çcUèk fy[kk FkkA

HkkbZ th bl lcUèk esa vius fopkj çdV djrs gq, fy[krs gSa&^êsjs bfrgkl lEcUèkh vè;;u us esjs fopkjksa esa ØkfUr mRiUu djnhA eq>s bl ckr dk fo'okl gks x;k fd Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dh f'k{kki¼fr gekjs jk"Vª dks jk"Vªh;rk ls fxjkus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gSAfofy;e cSafVd dh f'k{kk&lfefr ds rdZ i<+dj eSa bl ifj.kke ijigq¡pk fd fotsrk tkfr;k¡ foftr ns'kksa esa vius Hkk"kk rFkk lkfgR; dsçpkj ds }kjk foftr tkfr;ksa dh jk"Vªh;rk u"V djds mUgsa vius lkFkcaèkd cukuk pkgrh gSA jkse ds bZlkb;ksa o vjc ds eqlyekuksa us ,slkgh fd;kA bUgha dkj.kksa ls vaxzst ljdkj us Hkkjr esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk rFkkvaxzsth lkfgR; dk opZLo LFkkfir fd;kA

bl çdkj dh vaxzsth f'k{kk i¼fr ds çfr HkkbZ ijekuUn ds euesa rhoz ?k`.kk mRiUu gks xbZA fçafliy nhokupan tc dHkh HkkbZ th lsdgrs Fks&^dqN i<+k djsaA* HkkbZ th mÙkj nsrs Fks fd] i<+dj D;k d:¡\tks dqN i<+k gS mldk ,d gh fu"d"kZ gS&vaxzstksa dks ;gk¡ ls ckgjfudkyk tkuk pkfg,A HkkbZ th us Hkfo"; esa vius lHkh dk;ks± dkvkèkkj blh thou n'kZu dks cuk;k fd vgfuZ'k fgUnw lekt o fgUnwjk"Vª dh mUufr ds fy, dk;Z djuk rFkk vaxzstksa dks Hkkjr ls fudkyusds fy, lc çdkj ds ç;Ru djukA

lkezkT;oknh vaxzstksa ds lEcUèk esa ';keth Ñ".k oekZ rFkk HkkbZ thleku fopkj çdV djrs FksA ';ke th vaxzstksa dks lekt Hk{kd tkfrdgrs Fks vkSj ekurs Fks fd vaxzst vius bfrgkl vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds nklgSa] os viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Åij ugha mB ldrsA

iqu% Hkkjr esaHkkbZ th Hkkjr okfil ykSVs rks ekpZ 1908 esa dksgkV vk;Zlekt

efUnj (N.W.F.P., m-i- lhek çkar) esa mudk Hkk"k.k gqvkA mlesamUgksaus dgk&^^gesa jk"Vªfgr esa dke djuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj vaxzstksads O;fDrRo rFkk pfj=k dh rqyuk djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk& ^^gekjsle{k cgqèkk LokFkZ jgrk gSA ge lef"Vxr fgr dks è;ku esa ugha ykrsA

53

blh dkj.k lef"Vxr :i ls mUufr ugha dj ikrsA**

18 vçSy 1908 dks HkkbZ th us ykgkSj esa n;kuUn dkWyst dhçcUèk lfefr dh okf"kZd cSBd esa lnL;ksa ds lkeus ;wjksi çokl dsvuqHko lqukrs gq, dgk&^^;fn vk;Z lekt vius fy, fo'ks"k LFkkucukuk pkgrk gS rks gesa bZlkbZ;r dh mUufr dks Hkkjr esa lekIr djnsuk pkfg,A bldk ,d gh mik; gS fd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa dsjktk vkSj Hkkjr ds vU; çfrf"Br ukxfjd vius yM+dksa dks vk;Zlektdh vksj ls fe'kufj;ksa ds :i esa leLr ns'k esa oSfnd èkeZ ds çpkjkFkZHkstsaA

fiQjkstiqj vk;Zlekt esa24&26 vçSy 1908 dks fiQjkstiqj vk;Zlekt ds mRlo esa HkkbZ

th us Hkk"k.k esa vius thou n'kZu dks bu 'kCnksa esa çdV fd;k&^^fgUnwlekt dh mUufr gekjs ladYi ij fuHkZj gS&

1 - gekjs vUr%dj.k esa èkkfeZdrk gks] èkkfeZd Hkkouk gekjs thou dkvkèkkj cusA

2 - leLr fgUnw lekt ds fofHkUu rRoksa esa ijLij ,drk dh Hkkoukdk fuekZ.k gksA ladh.kZrk NksM+dj gesa gj le; lexz fgUnw dk ghè;ku djuk pkfg,A

3 - gfjflag uyok dh Le`fr esa cus ,d LFkku ij Hkk"k.k djrs gq,HkkbZ th us dgk fd fgUnqvksa dks jktuhfr esa c<+ p<+dj Hkkx ysukpkfg,] vius LokfHkeku dks txk,¡ vkSj fdlh dh pkVqdkfjrk lsdke u ysdj viuh 'kfDr ds vkèkkj ij [kM+k gksuk lh[ksaA tksvius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksrk gS og lalkj esa dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA

4 - lPpkbZ esa gh "kfDr gksrh gSA lR; gh ijekRek dks nwljk uke gSAtks euq"; lR; ij vkpj.k djrk gS] og vius vUnj fucZyrkdHkh ugha vuqHko djrkA lR; gj çdkj dh 'kfDr dk lclscM+k lzksr gSA

HkkbZ th dk cekZ çoklHkkbZ th us iafMr txr flag ds lkFk cekZ dk çokl fd;kA cekZ

54

ds dbZ LFkkuksa dh mudh bl ;k=kk ds lEcUèk esa ^;wukbVsM cekZ* us16 vxLr 1908 ds vad esa tks fy[kk mlls HkkbZ th d thou dhvkd"kZd >k¡dh dk euksje fp=k çLrqr gksrk gSA i=k esa fy[kk&^^gekjsuxj esa nks çeq[k iatkch HkkbZ vk, gSaA çksiQslj HkkbZ ijekuUn vkSjiafMr txr flagA budk LOkxr djus esa ge xoZ vuqHko djrs gaSAçksiQslj lkgc nf{k.k vÚhdk esa gks vk, gSaA ogk¡ mUgksaus nq%[kh ,oaihfM+r HkkbZ;ksa dh cgqewY; lsok dh gSA baXyS.M esa buds Hkk"k.kksa usogha ds yksxksa ds ân; esa Hkkjrh; n'kZu rFkk èkeZ ds fy, lgkuqHkwfrmRiUu dj nhA ;s cM+s ;ksX; fo}ku gSa vkSj cM+s Hkkjh f'k{kk fo'kkjngSaA yksx bl ckr dh çrh{kk dj jgs gSa fd og bfrgkl gekjs lkeusdc Ni dj vk;sxkA cekZ esa muds fe'ku dk lEcUèk ns'kh fons'khvkS"kfèk;ksa ds fo"k; esa f'k{kk nsus okys vk;qosZfnd fo|ky; ls gSA gemuds dk;Z dh gj çdkj ls liQyrk pkgrs gSaA**

vaxszt ljdkj us djkbZ HkkbZ th ds edku esa jktuhfrdpksjh

cekZ ls HkkbZ th ykgkSj ykSVs rks vius edku dh pksjh dk irkpykA egÙoiw.kZ oLrq tks pksjh dh xbZ og Fks os dkxt i=k ftuesafczfV'k laxzgky; yanu ds iqLrdky; ls HkkbZ th us [kkstiwoZd ogbfrgkl fy[kk Fkk ftlds çdkf'kr gks tkus ij vaxzsth lkezkT; dhuhao fgy tkus dk [krjk FkkA

;g jktuhfrd pksjh FkhA ;g bl dkj.k djkbZ xbZ Fkh fd HkkbZ thvaxzstksa dh f'k{kk uhfr ds fo"k; esa dksbZ iqLrd u fy[k ldsaA HkkbZth us fy[kk gS fd og esjs fy, bruk cM+k vk?kkr Fkk tks eq>s ckndh fxjÝrkjh vkSj ltk ls Hkh u feyk FkkA bl lkezxh dks iqu%,df=kr djuk nq#g dk;Z FkkA

oSfnd èkeZ ij n`<+ vkLFkk27 iQjojh 1909 esa HkkbZ th us vkxjk vk;Zlekt ds okf"kZd

mRlo esa crk;k&^^lHkh iaFkksa dk vkfn lzksr oSfnd èkeZ gSA ckbfcyvkSj dqjku ckn esa cuk;s x;sA bu nksuksa esa Hkh oSfnd èkeZ ds fl¼kUrksa

55

dk vuqdj.k fd;k x;k gSA fgUnqvksa dh vlkoèkkuh ds dkj.k mudsoSfnd èkeZ dh 'kfDr de gks jgh gSA ns'kokfl;ksa dks pkfg, fdos osn ds Kku dk çpkj djsa**A

nf{k.k Hkkjr dk çoklflrEcj&vDVwcj 1909 esa HkkbZ th us eækl vkfn nf{k.k çkarksa dk

Hkze.k fd;kA bl lEcUèk esa 26 uoEcj 1926 dks ,d lans'k esapØorhZ jktxksikykpkjh us vius 60 o"kZ iwoZ dk laLej.k fy[kk fd^êq>s os fnu Lej.k gSa tc HkkbZ th esjs ;gk¡ lyse esa Bgjs FksA os cgqrgh lq'khy ,oa Lusgiw.kZ Fks ;|fi fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk mRihfM+r fd;ax;s FksA** eækl ds nks lIrkg ds çokl esa HkkbZ th us ogk¡ vk;Zlektdh Hkh LFkkiuk dhA ckn esa gSnjkckn] vgenkckn vkfn LFkkuksa ijçopu djrs gq, HkkbZ th uoEcj 1909 esa ykgkSj ykSVsA

igys edku esa pksjh dh] fiQj ljdkj us edku dh ryk'khyh

bl ckj la;ksx ,slk cuk fd HkkbZ th ds edku dh ryk'kh yhxbZ vkSj ckn esa mudh fxjÝrkjh Hkh xbZA ryk'kh esa tks lkeku iqfylds gkFk yxk mlesa dqN dkxt ds os VqdM+s Hkh Fks ftu ij HkkbZ thvius eu esa mBs fopkjksa dks fy[k fn;k djrs FksA bu dkxtksa esa tks[krjukd ys[k feys Fks os gSa (1) Hkkjr ds Lora=k gksus dh n'kk esalafoèkku D;k gksxk\ (2) D;k ns'k ds fy, fnYyh dh jktèkkuh gksukvko';d gS\ (3) fgUnw eqlyeku leL;k dk gy dSls gksxk\ (4)dkaxzsl dk vkn'kZ jk.kk çrki gksuk pkfg, ;k ekuflag\ (5) ,d i=kfeyk tks HkkbZ th dks usiky ds esfMdy vkWfiQlj MkW- dkfrZd çlknus fy[kk FkkA os HkkbZ th dks usiky cqykus dk çcUèk dj jgs FksA bli=k ds idM+s tkus dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mlh le; fczfV'k ljdkjus usiky ljdkj dks fy[kk vkSj MkW- dkfrZd çlkn rqjUr usiky lsfudky fn;s x;sA bu idM+s x;s dkxtksa ds fo"k; esa fczfV'k lekpkji=kksa esa [kycyh ep xbZ vkSj mUgksaus Nkik fd ys[kd lpeqp gh cM+k[krjukd gS tks Lora=k Hkkjr dh dYiuk dj ldrk gSA bl lEcUèk

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esa ;g mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd dkaxzsl }kjk 1929&30 esa iw.kZLojkT; dh ek¡x loZçFke dh xbZ FkhA tcfd HkkbZ th }kjk fy[ks x;sLora=k Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dh dYiuk 1906 esa vkdkj xzg.k dj pqdhFkhA ryk'kh esa ik;s x;s dkxtkr ds vkèkkj ij vaxzst ljdkj us ;sfu"d"kZ fudkys tks HkkbZ th ds fo#¼ eqdnes vkSj fxjÝrkjh dk dkj.kcus&^^HkkbZ ijekuUn dk dqN o"kZ ls dq[;kr Økafrdkjh ykyk gjn;ky]^fycjsVj* ds lEiknd vkSj tCr iqLrd ^pk bjk* ds ys[kd bZ- ,l-tsEl] LojkT; (bykgkckn) ds iwoZ lEiknd 'kkafrukjk;.k] yktirjk;] vthr flag (Hkxrflag ds pkpk)] fd'ku flag (Hkxr flag dsfirk) vkSj mu yksxksa esa ls vfèkdrj gS ftUgsa jktæksgkRed jktuhfrd;kstukvksa ds fy, n.M fey pqds gSa] ;k tks lafnXèk gSaA

bl ?kVuk ij Hkkjr ljdkj ds vfèk'kklh lh-ts- LVhosalu eksj usiatkc ljdkj dks fy[kk tc eSaus lquk fd celkth ds ekudrykxqVdk dh çfr HkkbZ ijekuUn ds cDls esa feyh gS rc eSaus iatkcLis'ky czkap dks fy[kk fd bl lEcUèk esa HkkbZ ijekuUn ds fo#¼D;k dk;Zokgh dh tk jgh gS\ i=k O;ogkj fl¼ djrk gS fd os çeq[kØkafrdkfj;ksa ds lEidZ esa Fks vkSj ykyk gjn;ky vkSj vthr flag dhvkfFkZd lgk;rk djrs FksA HkkbZ ijekuUn ds fo#¼ mruk gh l[rdsl curk gS ftruk x.ks'k nkeksnj lkjdj ds fo#¼ cuk FkkA blfy,esjk er gS fd iatkc ljdkj dks rqjUr HkkbZ ijekuUn ds fo#¼,D'ku ysuk pkfg,A

vUrr% HkkbZ th fxjÝrkj fd;s x;sA 10 vçSy 1910 dks Lis'kyeftLVªsV us fu.kZ; lquk;k fd HkkbZ th rhu o"kZ ds fy, tekur nsa ugharks ;g vofèk dsUæ esa fcrk;saA fe=kksa esa tekur djkus ds fy, HkkbZth ls vkxzg fd;kA iUæg gtkj #i;s dh ik¡p O;fDr;ksa dh tekurek¡xh xbZ vkSj HkkbZ th dks eqDr dj fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr dk bfrgkl vkSj iQk¡lh1940 dh fxjÝrkjh o tekur ij NksM+s tkus ds ckn HkkbZ th

vius xk¡o dfj;kyk Hkh jgsA ckn esa nf{k.k vesfjdk rFkk vesfjdk dh

57

;k=kk ij Hkh x;sA thou dk;Z ogh fuf'pr FkkA çopu dk;Z gks ;kvkS"kfèk fuekZ.k dk vè;;u] mís'; dsoy ,d Fkk fd fdl çdkjvaxzstksa dks Hkkjr ls ckgj fudkyk tk;sA ;g lc djrs gq, vUrr%1914&15 esa os fiQj ykgkSj "kM~;a=k dsl esa fxjÝrkj dj fy;s x;sAbl dsl esa fo'ks"k deh'ku }kjk lquokbZ dh O;oLFkk ljdkj us dhFkhA deh'ku ds çèkku estj bjfou us dgk fd fczfV'k ljdkj dsfo#¼ HkkbZ ijekuUn us rkjh[ks fgUn (Hkkjr dk bfrgkl) fy[kkAlkojdj us xnj dk tks bfrgkl fy[kk] mlls dgha vfèkd bliqLrd us dke fd;kA vfHk;qDr ykgkSj "kM~;U=k dsl esa lcls vfèkdegÙoiw.kZ Økafrdkfj;ksa esa ls ,d gS vr% ljdkj ds fo#¼ ;q¼ djusesa lgk;rk djus ds dkj.k èkkjk 118] 121, o 124 ds vuqlkj nks"khgSA ge vuqHko djrs gSa fd vfHk;qDr ds fy, mfpr naM eqR;q ghgSA

blhfy, vfHk;qDr dks iQk¡lh dk iQank Mkydj rc rd yVdk;ktk, tc rd ekSu u gks tk,A blds vfrfjDr vfHk;qDr dh lkjhlEifÙk ljdkj ds i{k esa tCr dj yh tk,A

&,-,- bjfou estj (çèkku dfe'uj)

&Vh-ih- ,fyl (fo'ks"k dfe'uj)

deh'ku ds rhljs lnL; f'ko ukjk;.k us fy[kk&^^vfHk;qDr dsfo#¼ tks vkjksi yxk;s x;s gSa] muls eSa lger gw¡] ijUrq eSa ughale>rk fd vfHk;qDr dks iQk¡lh dk n.M nsuk vko';d gSA esjh jk;esa vkthou dkys ikuh Hkstuk i;kZIr gksxkA

&f'ko ukjk;.k (fo'ks"k dfe'uj)

HkkbZ tks dks iQk¡lh rks u gqbZ vkSj 5 o"kZ v.Meku ds dkyk ikuhdh ;kruk,¡ Hkqxrdj os viuk lw[kk 'kjhj ysdj okfil vkus esa liQygks x;s] ijUrq mUgsa foJke ugha djuk FkkA os 30 vçSy 1920 dksv.Meku ls ykgkSj ykSVsA dqN vUrjky ds ckn mUgksaus ^fgUnw la?k*uked laxBu cuk;kA ckn esa tkudkjh feyus ij os fgUnw egklHkk lsiw.kZr;k tqM+ x;s vkSj thou i;ZUr (8 fnlEcj 1947) rd mlh esa

58

tqVs jgsA

egku R;kx vkSj cfynku ls curs gSa jk"Vªegku O;fDr;ksa ds R;kx vkSj cfynku ls gh dksbZ jk"Vª egku

curk gSA jk"Vª vkSj cfynku dk lEcUèk cgqr gh ?kfu"B gS] lqjsUæukFkcuthZ ds 'kCnksa esa "The triumphs of liberty are not won in a day.Liberty is a jealous Goddess, exacting in her worship and claimingassiduous devotion."

&^^Lora=krk ds fot;ukn ,d fnu esa ugha çkIr fd;s tkrs]D;ksafd LokrU=; dh nsoh cM+h dfBukbZ ls lUrq"V vkSj rÌr gksrhgSA og vius HkDrksa dh dBksj o nh?kZdkyhu riL;k pkgrh gSvkSj ijh{kk ysrh gSA**

,slh riL;k vkSj ijh{kk esa HkkbZ ijekuUn dk thou n'kZu fuf'prgh dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjkA ekuo thou ds bZ'oj çnÙk vfèkdkjksa dksvekuqf"kd] fujadq'k] ân;ghu 'kkld ls çkIr djus dk veks?k vkSjfot;h 'kL=k gS cfynkuA

cfynku dk ;g vuks[kk ozr jksrs&jksrs ugha] iQhds] mrjs gq,] >qdsgq, fopkjdksa ds xkSjo esa Mwcs gq, O;fDr ls ikyu ugha fd;k tkldrk] blds fy, fo"ke riL;k djus okys O;fDrRo pkfg,¡A HkkbZijekuUn çHk`fr egkiq#"kksa dh ekU;rk,¡ o ijEijk,¡ tc rd jk"Vª esaiwftr gksrh jgsaxh rc rd jk"Vª vius LohÑr y{; dks ikus ds fy,lrr ç;Ru'khy cuk jgsxkA

ToyUr ns'kHkfDr o vijkts; fgUnqRo dh vnE; o vtL=k çsj.kkdk vuUr lzksr gS HkkbZ ijekuUn dk fnO; thou n'kZuA bl fnO;rkdks 'kr ckj ueuA

59

fgUnh ra=k] fgUnw ea=k o fgUnqLFkku ds Lokra=;jFk ds egku lkjFkh egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh;

egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; dk rstLoh O;fDrRo Hkkjro"kZ dsmu fojys egku iq#"kksa esa ls ,d gSa tks loZrksUeq[kh çfrHkk] lkèkuk oO;kid deZ {ks=k esa vf}rh; FksA fgUnh] fgUnw] fgUnqLFkku dh ewfrZearlk{kkr~ çfrek ;fn fdlh ,d O;fDr esa çfrfcfEcr gksrh gS rks os gSaLouke èkU; if.Mr enu eksgu ekyoh;A ;gk¡ mYys[k fd;k tkuklehphu gksxk fd fgUnh dk ra=k [kM+k djus ds fy, ekyoh; th usdqN ,sls dfBu o fojys dk;Z dj fn[kk;s tks ml le; vU; fdlhds è;ku esa Hkh ugha vk;sA fgUnh ds ckn fgUnw uke dks vej cukusds fy, mUgksaus 1915 esa nks laLFkkvksa dk l`tu fd;k&vf[ky HkkjrfgUnw egklHkk rFkk dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;A fgUnqLFkku ds Lokèkhurklaxzke ds fy, Hkh ekyoh; th dk vçfre ;ksxnku FkkA blds fy,vU; vkUnksyuksa ds lkFk og yUnu esa vk;ksftr nksuksa xksyest ifj"knksaesa Hkh Hkkxhnkj jgsA

bl ys[kekyk ds çkjaHk esa ;g çLrqr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tkjgk gS fd fgUnh ds ra=k dks O;kid vkèkkj çnku djus esa ekyoh;th fdrus vxz.kh jgsA

U;k;ky;ksa esa nsoukxjh fyfi ds vkfo"drkZ egkeuk ekyoh;lu~ 1900 ds igys dbZ n'kdksa esa vnkyrh dk;ks± esa iQkjlh vkSj

fgUnw fyfi rFkk vaxzsth dk gh opZLo FkkA ekyoh; th us ç;Ru çkjaHkfd;k fd U;k;y;hu dk;Z esa nsoukxjh fyfi dk lekos'k djk;k tk;sAlu~ 1891 esa odkyr dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus ekyoh; th us ftykvnkyr esa dk;Z çkjaHk fd;k FkkA nks o"kZ ckn gh og mPp U;k;ky;]bykgkckn esa odkyr djus yxsA

60

odkyr ds ekè;e ls fgUnh dks vf}rh; lsokekyoh; th us ,d çkFkZuk&i=k rS;kj fd;k ftlesa fy[kk fd lu~

1895&96 esa oukZdqyj fefMy Ldwyksa esa mnwZ i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksadh la[;k fgUnh i<+us okyksa ls pkj xquh gS] tcfd çkbejh Ldwyksa esafgUnh i<+us okys ckydksa dh la[;k mnwZ i<+us okys ckydksa ls rhuxquh gSA çkFkZuk&i=k esa ;g Hkh crk;k x;k fd 1873&74 esa fgUnhi<+us okyksa dh la[;k mnwZ Nk=kksa ls rhu xquh FkhA ekyoh; th us fy[kkfd fgUnh dks ihNs èkdsydj mnwZ ds vkxs vkus dk ewy dkj.k ljdkjdh lu~ 1877 dh og jktkKk gS ftlus ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa 10#i;s ekfld ls vfèkd dh ukSdjh ds fy, mnwZ ;k iQkjlh ls,aXyks&oukZD;wyj ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djuk vfuok;Z dj fn;kA ekyoh; thus ljdkj dks fy[kk fd mnwZ fyfi ds lkFk nsoukxjh fyfi dk Hkhvnkyrksa esa ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd fgUnh gh mÙkj Hkkjr dhHkk"kk gSA

ekyoh; th ds ç;Ru liQy gq, vkSj 1896 esa lj ,.VksuheSdMkuy us çkUrh; ljdkj dh lu~ 1877 dh jktkKk okfil ys yhAblds ckn 2 ekpZ 1898 bZ- dks v;ksè;k ujs'k egkjktk çrki ukjk;.kflag] ek.Mk ds jktk jke çlkn flag] vkokx<+ ds jktk cyoUr flag]ia- lqUnjyky rFkk egkeuk ekyoh; th dk ,d çfrfufèke.My lj,UVksuh eSdMksuy ls (çkar ds ysfÝVusaV xoZuj) ls feyk vkSjçkFkZuk&i=k fn;kA lj ,.Vksuh us bl ij fopkj djus dk vk'oklufn;k rFkk 14 vçSy 1900 bZ- dks vnkyrh dk;Z esa iQkjlh fyfi dslkFk nsoukxjh fyfi ds pyu dh jktkKk tkjh dj nh xbZA

fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu çFke vfèkos'kufgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dk 10 vDVwcj 1910 dks okjk.klh esa

çFke vfèkos'ku gqvkA bldh vè;{krk egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh;th us dhA ekyoh; th us vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa dgk fd tks O;fDrvius ns'k dh Hkk"kk u tkurk gks mls dHkh çfr"Bk o xkSjo çkIr ughagks ldrk] vr% ge lcdks fgUnh Hkk"kk ij ifjJeiwoZd vfèkdkj

61

djuk pkfg, rFkk fgUnh lkfgR; ds Hk.Mkj dks le`¼ djuk pkfg,AmUgksaus mifLFkr leqnk; ls dgk fd vki ,slk ;Ru djsa ftlls ^gekjhHkk"kk jk"VªHkk"kk cu ldsA*

f}rh; vfèkos'ku % fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu19 vçSy 1919 dks cEcbZ esa vk;ksftr fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu

ds f}rh; vfèkos'ku dh vè;{krk Hkh ekyoh; th us gh dhA ogk¡mUgksaus nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh gqbZ fgUnh Hkk"kk dks jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dhekU;rk çnku dhA

eqlyekuksa ds fgUnh fo"k;d O;ogkj ij ekyoh; th us dgk fddbZ eqlyeku dfo;ksa o ckn'kkgksa us Hkh fgUnh Hkk"kk ls çse fd;kAvCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk] jl[kku] eqckjd] tk;lh vkfn us fgUnh dksviuh ekr`Hkk"kk le>dj mldh lsok dhA tc cgqr ls fgUnh dfomnZw 'kk;jh fy[krs gSa rks eqlyeku dfo;ksa dks Hkh fgUnh ys[ku]iBu&ikBu o lkfgR; l`tu ls ijgst ugha djuk pkfg,A

ekyoh; th Hkkjr ds dkuwu dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgUnh dks cukuk pkgrsFksA vDVwcj] 1939 esa fot;kn'keh ds ioZ ij dk'kh esa fgUnh lkfgR;lEesyu dk vfèkos'ku gqvkA ekyoh; th blesa Lokxrkè;{k cuk;sx;s FksA bl dk;ZØe esa ekyoh; th us dgk fd eqlyekuksa ds'kkludky esa cgqr ls iQkjlh] mnwZ 'kCn gekjh fgUnh Hkk"kk esa feyx;sAblh çdkj dqN vaxzsth 'kCn Hkh fgUnh esa ?kqy fey x;sA fdUrqbldk vFkZ ;g ugha yxkuk pkfg, fd gekjh Hkk"kk mu 'kCnksa ls cuhgS ;k muds dkj.k cuh gSA ekyoh; th ds vuqlkj gesa dsoy mUghafons'kh 'kCnksa dks xzg.k djuk pkfg, ftuls gekjh Hkk"kk dh 'kfDr c<+svkSj Hkko dks Li"V djus esa lgk;rk feysA

vuqokn dh Hkk"kk ds fo"k; esa ekyoh; th pkgrs Fks fd og ljyrFkk ljl gksuh pkfg,A os rRle 'kCnksa esa fo'ks"k #fp ugha j[krs Fks]rn~Hko 'kCn ds fo'ks"k i{kèkj FksA fgUnh fy[krs ;k cksyrs le; ogvaxzsth 'kCnksa dk lekos'k ilan ugha djrs FksA

ekyoh; th ,slh nqyZHk fgUnh lsok ds fy, lnSo vxz.kh usrk ds

62

:i esa Lej.k fd;s tkrs jgsaxs] D;ksafd vnkyrh dk;Z esa nsoukxjhfyfi dk lekos'k djkus dk Js; mUgha dks çkIr gSA fgUnh lkfgR;lEesyu ds çFke o f}rh; vfèkos'kuksa dh vè;{krk djus dk vFkZ gSfd fczfV'k dky esa fgUnh mUu;u ds {ks=k esa os vxz.kh usrkvksa esa jgsAvU; lc usrk ckn esa muds vuqdj.kh; iFk ij vxzlj gq,A

ç;kx esa Hkkjrh Hkou ds laLFkkid] fgUnh ds egku mUuk;d]cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; o fgUnw egklHkk ds laLFkkid] fgUnqLFkkuds Lokèkhurk laxzke ds ;ks¼k egkeuk dks dksfV'k% lknj ueuA

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jk"Vª dks pkfg, ij'kqjke dk czãrsto {kk=kcy

vorkjksa o ohj egkiq#"kksa dh t;Urh dk egkioZ gS cS'kk[k 'kqDyi{kA cS'kk[k 'kqDy i{k f}rh;k dks N=kifr f'kokth egkjkt dktUe gqvk FkkA cS'kk[k ds 'kqDy i{k dh r`rh;k iquoZlq u{k=k esa jkf=kds çFke çgj esa jke (ij'kqjke) us js.kqdk ds xHkZ ls vorkj fy;kA

cS'kk[kkL; flrsi{ks r`rh;k;ka iquoZlkSAfu'kk;k çFkes ;kesa jkek[;% le;sgfj%AA[kksPpxS% "kMxzgs;qZDrs feFkqus jkgq lafLFkrsAjs.kqdk;kLrq ;ks xHkkZnorh.kksZ gfj% Lo;e~AA

ij'kqjke dks fo".kq dk lksgyok¡ vorkj ekuk x;k gSA mudkvkfoHkkZo fnol v{k; r`rh;k dgykrk gSA v{k; r`rh;k ds fnu fcukdksbZ eqgwrZ ns[ks fdlh dk;Z dks lEiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy,bls Lo;afl¼ eqgwrZ dgk tkrk gSA v{k; r`rh;k ls gh =ksrk;qx dk'kqHkkjEHk gqvk FkkA cS'kk[k 'kqDy i{k prqFkhZ frfFk egkdfo lwjnkldk tUefnu gSA cS'kk[k 'kqDy i{k i×peh dks vkfn txn~xq#'kadjkpk;Z t;Urh gSA cS'kk[k 'kqDy i{k dh "k"Bh dks txn~xq#jkekuqtkpk;Z t;Urh gSA cS'kk[k 'kqDy lIreh dks xaxkth dk tUefnol gSA cS'kk[k 'kqDy uoeh tkudh uoeh (lhrk t;Urh) dsuke ls çfl¼ gSA cS'kk[k 'kqDy =k;ksn'kh dks Hkxoku u`flag dkvkfoHkkZo gqvk FkkA cS'kk[k 'kqDy prqnZ'kh dks dwekZorkj gqvk FkkAcS'kk[k iwf.kZek dks cq¼ t;arh gSA

egkiq#"kksa dh canjck¡V mfpr ughavktdy egkiq#"kksa dks dqN leqnk;ksa] laLFkkvksa o nyh; jktuhfr

ds lwjekvksa }kjk lhfer vFkks± ls ck¡èkk tk jgk gSA ekuks os ,d tkfrfo'ks"k ds èkeZxq# vFkok jktusrk gksaA fgUnw lekt dks fo[kf.Mr djus

64

ds fy, dbZ egkiq#"kksa ds uke ij vktdy canjck¡V dh tk jgh gSAtks fgUnw laxBu ds fy, 'kqHk ugha gS rFkk fgUnw fo?kVu gksuk gh mldklEHkkfor ifj.kke gSA ;gk¡ ij la{ksi esa dqN lanHkZ çLrqr gSaA

Hkxoku ij'kqjkelkjs ns'k esa fiNys dqN o"kks± ls ij'kqjke t;Urh fo'ks"kdj czkã.k

lekt }kjk eukbZ tkrh gSA ;g çfl¼ ?kVuk Hkxoku ij'kqjke ds lkFkçpkfjr dh tkrh gS fd mUgksaus 21 ckj {kf=k;ksa dk lagkj djds i`Fohdks muls eqDr fd;kA LokHkkfod gS fd bl çdkj dk çpkj fgUnwlekt ds {kf=k; oxZ ds jktiwrksa ds eu esa czkã.kksa ds çfr ln~Hkko dsLFkku ij oSeuL; dks gh tUe nsrk gSA vkb, fo'sy"k.k djsa fd blçpkj esa fdruk ne gSA

tc Hkxoku jke us f'ko èkuq"k rksM+k rks ml ?kVuk ls ij'kqjkeØksfèkr gks mBsA mUgksaus Jhjke dks pqukSrh nh fd rqeus ;g dk;Z D;ksafd;kA Jhjke us viuk ifjp; fn;k tks jgL;e; Fkk vkSj ftldhlR;rk tkuus ds fy, ijh{kk vko';d FkhA ij'kqjke us jke ls dgkfd ;fn vki ogh gSa tks vki viuk ifjp; crk jgs gSa rks eSa fo".kqdk èkuq"k vkidks nsrk gw¡A rksM+uk rks nwj bldh çR;apk gh p<+kdjfn[kk nhft,A Hkxoku jke us ;g pqukSrh Lohdkj dj yh vkSj fo".kqds èkuq"k dh çR;apk p<+k nhA ij'kqjke lc dqN le> x;sA ,d vksjrks ij'kqjke pkg jgs Fks fd f'ko èkuq"k rksM+us okys jke dks nf.Mrfd;k tk,] jke ds vUr;kZeh O;fDrRo ds lkeus ij'kqjke ureLrdgks x;s vkSj mUgksaus fo".kq èkuq"k dks Jhjke dks gh lefiZr dj nsus dkfu.kZ; dj fy;kA jk{klksa dk lagkj djus ds fy, czkã.k f'kjksef.kij'kqjke us fo".kq èkuq"k dks {k=kh; dqy f'kjksef.k jke dks lefiZrdj fn;kA

Hkfo"; esa D;k gqvk\ Jhjke us ftl jk{kl dk oèk fd;k og Fkk,d fo}ku czkã.k jko.kA ijUrq czkã.k jko.k dk oèk djus okys{kf=k; jke ds çfr czkã.kksa esa dHkh dksbZ for`".k ugha tUeh vkSj mUgsajk{kl jko.k dk oèk djus okys Hkxoku Jhjke dh laKk çnku dh xbZA

65

lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fuokl djus okys czkã.k vkt loZ=k gh Jhjke dksHkxoku :i esa iwtrs gSaA efUnjksa esa Jhjke vkSj muds ifjokj dhvkjrh mrkjus dk çeq[k dk;Z czkã.k gh djrs gSaA vr% ;g dguk fdij'kqjke us {kf=k;ksa dk lagkj fd;k Fkk ,d çdkj dk vuqfpr çpkjgS D;ksafd {kf=k; o.kZ ds Jhjke dks fo".kq èkuq"k nsdj 'kfDr lEiUucukus rFkk ml 'kfDr ds cy ij jk{klh ço`fÙk ds czkã.k jko.k dkoèk djus esa ij'kqjke th us gh vrqyuh; lg;ksx fn;kA

;kno dqy f'kjksef.k Ñ".kJhÑ".k Hkxoku ds ikl tks loZJs"B vL=k Fkk og Fkk lqn'kZu

pØA og Hkh ,d czkã.k ½f"k }kjk JhÑ".k dks vR;kpkjh 'kkldksa dklagkj djus ds fy, fn;k x;k FkkA ;fn czkã.k ½f"k;ksa ds eu esavczkã.kksa ;k {kf=k;ksa ds çfr dksbZ nqHkkZo gksrk rks Jhjke vkSj JhÑ".kdks loZJs"B vL=k&'kL=kksa ls lqlfTtr D;ksa djrs vkSj nksuksa dks fo".kqds vorkj ds :i esa ekU;rk nsdj mudk iwtu vpZu oUnu djusokys czkã.k Lo;a dks èkU; D;ks ekurs\

vr% {kf=k; lagkjd ds :i esa ij'kqjke th dh Nfo çLrqr djukml fo?kVudkjh Hkk"kk dk çrhd gS tks fgUnw lekt dks tksM+us dsLFkku ij rksM+us dk dke djrh gSA ij'kqjke th us vR;kpkjh 'kkldksadk èoal fd;k Fkk u fd {kf=k; 'kkldksa dkA ;fn vkt ij'kqjke gksrsrks os viQxkfuLrku ds rkfycku ls ysdj ikfdLrku o ckaXykns'k dsØwj 'kkldksa dk oèk djds i`Foh dks vo'; gh ikfi;ksa ds Hkkj lseqDr djus dk vfHk;ku pykrsA

Jh ij'kqjke dk os"kçfl¼ fo}ku Jh jkepUæ 'kekZ ^'kkL=kh* }kjk fyf[kr ^Hkxoku Jh

ij'kqjke (pfjrke`r)* ds vuqlkj Jh ij'kqjke dk os"k ohj jl vkSj'kkUr jl dk vn~Hkqr leUo; gSA daèks ij èkuq"k gS] èkuq"k dh çR;apkp<+kbZ gqbZ gS tks ohj jl dk y{k.k gS vkSj 'kjhj ij ew¡t dh es[kykèkkj.k dh gqbZ gS tks riLoh dk Lo:i gSA gkFkksa esa ck.kksa dh ew¡B idM+sgq, gSa vkSj lkFk esa dq'kkvksa dh ew¡B fy, gq, gSaA ohjrk vkSj riL;k

66

dk vn~Hkqr lkE; gS ij'kqjke th ds Lo:i esaA ,d vksj mTToy èkkjokyk iQjlk vkSj nwljs gkFk esa LoPN ty dks èkkj.k djus okykde.MyA

Jh y{e.k th Hkxoku jke ls iwNrs gaS] vk;Z! czkã.k vkSj {kf=k;o.kZ ds fefJr Lo:i ds os'kHkw"kk okys fp=k ds leku ;s dkSuçdkf'kr gks jgs gSa\

ekSoh± èkuqLruqgj;a p foHkfrZ ekSTthAck.kk% dq'kk'p fylfUr djs] flrk;k%A

èkkjksTToy% ij'kqjs"k de.Myq'p]r}hj 'kkUrjl;ks fde; fodkj%\

(çlUu jk?ko vad 4@15)

Hkxoku jke mÙkj nsrs gq, y{e.k th dks le>krs gSa&gs rkr! rqeugha tkurs gks] os Hkxoku ij'kqjke th gSa ftUgksaus ØkSap ioZr ds f'k[kjdks osèk Mkyk] leqæ dks ihNs gVkdj lIr}hi ls vfrfjDr dksd.k}hi dk vkBok¡ }hi cuk fn;kA ;q¼ esa nsorkvksa ds lsukifr LokehdkfrZds; dks thr fy;kA ---- ,sls fof'k"V egkRek gS os ij'kqjke thA

czãrst vkSj {kk=kcyJh y{e.k dk vkSj Jhjke ls gqvk ij'kqjke laokn jke dFkk dk

vuwBk laokn gSA czãrst vkSj {kf=k; cy ds eè; lkeatL; LFkkfirdjus okyh ;g egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk gSA jk"Vª j{kk ds fy, vts; 'kfDrdk ,dek=k mik; gS czãrst o {kk=kcy dk leUo;A

egkHkkjr esa ukjn th us lat; dks crk;k fd ij'kqjke th riLohFks] 'kwjohjksa esa vxz.kh Fks] 'kwjohj mudh oUnuk fd;k djrs FksA leLri`Foh dks thrdj Hkh mUgksaus d';i th dks mls nku dj fn;kA mutSlk fuLi`g rstLoh vorkjh egkiq#"k vU; dksbZ ugha gks ldrkA vktds Hkkjr vkSj fo'o dks ij'kqjke ds ml Øksèk dh vko';drk gS tksjk{klh ço`fÙk;ksa dk lagkj djus esa leFkZ gksA

67

fgUnw jk"Vª ds dkyt;h vfHk;ku dk fnO; ioZ gS

uo laoRlj (o"kZ çfrink)

yksdksfDr gS fd dky dh xfr dks foèkkrk Hkh ugha le> ldrkfiQj Hkyk bl euq"; dh rks ckr gh D;k\ ijekRek vO;Dr gS] vuUrgSA le; (dky) Hkh vO;Dr gS] vuUr gSA bZ'oj lw{ekfrlw{e gS]egku (fojkV) Hkh gS vkSj O;kid Hkh gS&v.kksj.kh;ku~ egrks egh;ku~Ale; Hkh vfr lw{e gS vkSj vfr foLrh.kZ gSA bZ'oj loZ=k O;kIr gS]le; Hkh loZO;kid gSA bZ'oj cyoku gS] le; Hkh cyoku gSAmllsdHkh dksbZ thr ugha ldrkA

fdUrq gekjs f=kdkyn'khZ ½f"k;ksa us vius fnO; vUr'p{kqvksa lsml fnO;] fpjUru 'kfDr ds lw{e jgL;ksa dks tkuus vkSj Hksnus dhvn~Hkqr ps"Vk,¡ dh gaSA mu Hkkjrh; oSfnd euhf"k;ksa us dky dh xfr]çxfr] vofèk ,oa O;kidrk dks ukius dh fojkV {kerk vfr çkphudky esa gh fodflr djus esa liQyrk çkIr dh FkhA vk;ZHkV~V]HkkLdjkpk;Z] ojkgfefgj vkfn egku xf.krKksa us tks fl¼kUrçfrikfnr fd, Fks] mu ij ik'pkR; oSKkfud viuh osn'kkykvksa(observatories) esa vjcksa #i;ksa ds ;a=kksa ls vuqlaèkku djus esa tqVs gSaAçkphu fgUnw fl¼kUrksa dks çekf.kr o fl¼ ekuus okys ç;ksx cM+hla[;k esa liQy gks pqds gaSA lkSHkkX; ls vHkh rd oSfnd xf.kr dkspqukSrh nsus okys bZ";kZtU; ç;Ru fdafpr Hkh liQyrk çkIr ugha djldsA

igys ik'pkR; oSKkfudksa }kjk f}vk;keh fo'o (Two DimensionalWorld) dh dYiuk dh xbZA fdUrq foKku f;kjksef.k egku oSKkfudvkbUlVhu (Einstien) us tks pkSFkk vk;ke tksM+k og gS le; (Time)Ablh ds vk;ku gSa vUrfj{k (Space)A dguk u gksxk fd gekjs çkphu½f"k;ksa us fnd~ vkSj dky (Space and Time) dk vkèkkj ysdj gh

68

vius xf.krh; Kku dk fijkfeM (egy) fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA

vfr çkphu Hkkjrh; dky x.kukl`f"V ds çkjEHk ls gh gekjh dky x.kuk dk Hkh çkjEHk gqvkA

i`Foh dYi lEor~ 1972949100 bl o"kZ 18 ekpZ 1999 ls çkjEHKgks jgk gSA ykSfdd ç;ksx ds fy, Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us le; dks o"kZ]ekl] fnu vkfn esa lefUor djds le; ds rhuksa dkyksa&orZeku] Hkwr]Hkfo"; dks Hksèkus dk ljkguh; ,oa vdkV~; ç;Ru fd;k gSA muesa lsdqN ç;Ruksa dh ,d >k¡dh bl ys[k esa ikBdksa ds le{k çLrqr dhtk jgh gSA

Hkkjrh; dky x.kuk esa lkSj o"kZ rFkk pUæ o"kZ i¼fr dkegÙo

ge ftl i`Foh ij fuokl djrs gSa] og lw;Z vkSj pUæek lsfo'ks"kr;k çHkkfor gksrh gSA lw;Z vkSj pUæek dks vkèkkj ekudjeuhf"k;ksa us dky dh x.kuk dk fuèkkZj.k djus esa vn~Hkqr liQyrkçkIr dhA fo'o dh ;g çphure dky&x.kuk vkt ds çxfr'khyoSKkfud ;qx esa Hkh lc dlkSfV;ksa ij [kjh mrjh gSA Hkkjrh;dkyx.kuk vfr çkphu Hkh gS vkSj vfr uohu HkhA ;g fpjUru gS]dky&fujis{k gSA

lkSj o"kZ^^lw;Z vkRek txrLrLFkq"k'p** lw;Z bl txr dh vkRek gS]

dsUæ fcUnq gSA osn ds bl ea=k ds vfrfjDr vU; Hkh çek.k gaS ftldsvuqlkj lw;Z dks vkèkkj ekudj euq"; us l`f"V ds vn~Hkqr jgL;ksa dkstkuus dh ps"Vk dh gSA gekjh çkphu ekU;rk gS&lw;Z fLFkj gS i`Fohmlds pkjksa vksj ?kwerh gSA lw;Z dh ,d ifjØek djus esa i`Foh ftrukle; yxkrh gS og ,d lkSj o"kZ dgykrk gSA lkSj o"kZ çk;% oS'kk[kh(çfr o"kZ 13 vçSy) ds fnu ls çkjEHk ekuk tkrk gSA dqN fo}ku blsedj laØkfUr (çfr o"kZ 14 tuojh) ls çkjEHk ekurs gSaA nksuksaekU;rkvksa dk viuk&viuk [kxksyh; vkèkkj gSA

vkèkqfud foKku ds vuqlkj lw;Z dh ifjØek i`Foh 365 fnu

69

vkSj 6 ?kaVs esa iw.kZ djrh gSA 6 ?akVs pkj o"kZ esa 24 ?kaVs vFkkZr~ 1 fnuds cjkcj gh vkrs gSaA iQjojh çfr pkSFks o"kZ 29 fnu dh djds ^^yhibZ;j** cukdj bu 6 ?kaVksa dh x.kuk Bhd ls dj yh tkrh gSA

fdUrq vkèkqfud bySDVªkWfud ?kfM+;ksa ls i`Foh dh ,d ifjØek365 fnu 6 ?kaVs 9 feuV 11-4 lsds.M esa iw.kZ ekuh xbZ gSA vr%xzxksfj;u dsys.Mj okys fo}ku bl 9 feuV ls Hkh vfèkd okf"kZdle; dk dksbZ fglkc nsus esa vleFkZ gSaA ,d o"kZ ds 9 feuV] 100o"kZ esa 900 feuV cu tkrs gSa] vFkkZr~ 15 ?kaVkA dqN 'krkfCn;ksa esa ghdbZ fnu dk vUrj vaxzsth i¼fr dh dky&x.kuk esa gks tkrk gSA blfolaxfr dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d ckj fczfV'k ikfyZ;kesaV esa foèks;dykdj 10 fnu dk fglkc dkypØ ls fudky (Deleted) fn;k x;kvkSj 10 flrEcj ds ckn lhèks 21 flrEcj fy[kuk Lohdkj dj fy;kx;k FkkA ;g ?kVuk 18oha 'krkCnh esa 6osa n'kd esa ?kfVr gqbZA dkydh xfr dks foèkkrk Hkh ugha jksd ldrk fdUrq fons'kh fo}ku ?kM+h dhlqbZ dks idM+dj [kM+s gks tkrs gSa vkSj 10 fnu dky[k.M fuxy tkrsgSaA ;g voSKkfud ,oa fujkèkkj dkyx.kuk ds nq"ifj.kke gSaA

Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa çfriy] çfr{k.k dh x.kuk gksrh gSAblhfy, le; lgh vkus ij gh eqgwrZ ekuk tkrk gS] viuh lqfoèkk lsLuku] iwtk vkfn ds eqgwrZ ugha ekus tkrsA çR;sd iy dk fglkc iapkaxesa gksrk gSA

Hkkjrh; lkSj o"kZ dh dkyx.kuk esa vaxzsth o"kZ ds yxHkx cjkcjgh lkSj o"kZ gksrk gSA blhfy, fgUnw lekt ds nks egku ioZ edjlaØkfUr rFkk cSlk[kh çfro"kZ 14 tuojh o 13 vçSy dks gh vkrsgSa D;ksafd ;g nksuksa ioZ lkSjo"kZ ij vkèkkfjr gSA 'ks"k lHkh ioZfot;kn'keh] nhikoyh] gksyh] j{kkcUèku vkfn çfro"kZ vyx&vyxvaxzsth frfFk;ksa dks vkrs gSa D;ksafd mudh x.kuk pUæo"kZ ds vkèkkj ijdh xbZ gSA

jkf'k;k¡ D;k gSa\orZeku esa rFkkdfFkr fo}kuksa ds lEeq[k ehu] es"k vkfn jkf'k;ksa

70

dh ppkZ djuk fdafpr migkl dk fo"k; cu x;k gSaA fdUrq vkèkqfudosèk'kkykvksa (observatories) esa fd;s x;s vUos"k.k esa nwjchu }kjk lkSjo"kZ dh 12 jkf'k;ksa dk vè;;u djus ij ;s v{kj'k% ;FkkFkZ vkSjoSKkfud vkèkkj ij lR; ikbZ xbZ gSA

jkf'k 'kCnHkkjr ds fdlku vçSy&ebZ ekg esa tc vius [ksr&[kfygkuksa ls

xsg¡w rFkk vU; [kk|kUu dh iQly dkVdj xgkbZ vkfn djds vUu dkfo'kky <sj yxk nsrs gSa] çk;% loZ=k gh bl <sj dks xsgw¡ dh jkl(vFkkZr~ jkf'k) dgk tkrk gSA ;g jkl gh jkf'k gSA blh çdkj vkdk'ke.My esa rkjksa ds lewg dks rkjksa dh jkf'k dgk tkrk gSA

vkèkqfud osèk'kkykvksa esa ;g jkspd vè;;u fd;k tk pqdk gS fdlw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gq, i`Foh ,d ,sls (rkjk {ks=k&rkjk jkf'k) lsifjØe.k djrh gS ftldh vkÑfr nwjchu ls ns[kus ij eseus tSlhfn[kk;h nsrh gS&bls es"k jkf'k dgk tkrk gSA cSlk[kh ds fnu i`Foh es"kjkf'k esa ços'k (laØe.k) djrh gSA

eNyh tSlh vkÑfr ds rkjk lewg dks ehu jkf'k] fcPNw tSlhvkÑfr ds lewg dks o`f'pd jkf'k] 'ksj tSlh vkÑfr dks flag jkf'kdgrs gSaA vkfn&vkfn blh çdkj lHkh 12 jkf'k;k¡ gSaA

lkSjekl,d jkf'k ls nwljh jkf'k ds {ks=k rd ifjØe.k djus esa i`Foh dks

ftruk le; yxrk gS] mls ,d ekl (lkSj ekl) dgrs gaSA lkSj eklds ckjg ekl gSa&es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd]èkuq] edj] dqEHk] ehuA blh ls 12 laØkfUr;k¡ cuh gSaA buesa edjlaØkfUr (i`Foh dk tUe fnol) rFkk es"k laØkfUr (oSlk[kh) vfrifo=k ekuh tkrh gSA

;s 12 ekl çÑfr dh nsu gaS] [kxksy foKku (,sLVªksukWeh) dsvuqlkj ;s i`Foh dh xfr esa ehy ds iRFkj gSaA ;s 12 IysViQkWeZ gSa tksi`Foh dks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gq, jkLrs esa feyrs gSaA

71

pUæ o"kZftrus le; esa pUæek i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj viuh ,d ifjØek

iw.kZ djrk gS og le;kofèk pUæ ekl dgykrh gS vkSj ,sls ckjgpUæekl feydj ,d pUæ o"kZ dh le;kofèk cukrs gSaA [kxksy'kkL=kh;vè;;u ds vuqlkj pUæek }kjk i`Foh dh ,d ifjØek 29 fnu lsdqN vfèkd le; esa iw.kZ gksrh gS] ;g pUæekl yxHkx 29&1@3fnu dk gksrk gSA LokHkkfod gS fd pUæ o"kZ lkSj o"kZ ls çk;% 21 fnuNksVk gksrk gSA mlls rhu o"kZ esa yxHkx 1 ekl dk vUrj iM+ tkrkgSA le; dh bl folaxfr dks eaftr vkSj lefUor djus ds fy,pUæ o"kZ dh x.kuk esa çR;sd 3 o"kZ esa ,d vfèkd ekl (iq#"kksÙkeekl) tksM+dj lkSj o"kZ dh x.kuk ds lerqY; cuk;k tkrk gSA foKkuesa bls ladyu (Synchronisation of Times) dgrs gSaA eqlyekuksa dkfgtjh lEor~ Hkh pUæ o"kZ ds vuqlkj pyrk gSA fdUrq mlesa lkSj o"kZls lerqY;rk ,oa leUo; dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fdeqfLye R;ksgkj vaxzsth o"kZ ds fdlh Hkh ekg esa pØh; :i ls vkrsjgrs gSa tcfd fgUnw R;ksgkj vaxzsth o"kZ ds fuf'pr eghuksa esa gh vkrsgSaA ;Fkk&fot;kn'keh flrEcj&vDVwcj esa rFkk gksyh ekpZ&vçSy dsvfrfjDr fdlh vU; ekl esa ugha vk ldrhA eksgjZe rFkk jetkuvaxzsth o"kZ ds fdlh Hkh ekl esa vkrs jgrs gSaA

pUæekleghuksa ds uke (pUæekl) pUæ o"kZ ds ckjg ekg pS=k] oS'kk[k]

T;s"B] vk"kk<+] Jko.k] Hkkæin] Dokj (vkf'ou)] dkfrZd] vxzgk;.k(ekxZ'kh"kZ)] ikS"k] ek?k] iQkYxqu gSaA i`Foh dh ifjØek djrs gq, ftlu{k=k esa pUæek xfr djrk gS mlh u{k=k ds uke ls bu eghuksa ds ukej[ks x;s gaSA ;g ;q¼ [kxksy'kkL=kh; ?kVukØe gS] dksbZ diksy dYiukugha gSA vkèkqfudre [kkstksa vkSj ;a=kksa ls bu u{k=kksa dk vè;;uHkkjrh; dky x.kuk dks lgh çekf.kr djrk gSA

bZlkbZ o"kZ&bZLoh lu~1999 o"kZ ls bZLoh lu~ py jgk gSA 1999 o"kZ igys lalkj ds

bfrgkl esa dkSu lh ?kVuk ?fVr gqbZ Fkh\ ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd]

72

çkÑfrd] [kxksy'kkL=kh; vkfn dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk dk mYys[k ughafeyrkA fiQj bl dky x.kuk dk D;k vkèkkj gS\ 1999 o"kZ igysbZlk elhg dk u rks tUe gqvk vkSj u nsgkolkuA bZlkbZ èkeZ dsvuqlkj&Jesus Chirist was born in the times of Hedos the Great andHedos died in 4 B.C. bZlk dk tUe ghMksl egku ds le; esa gqvkvkSj ghMksl 1999$4=2003 o"kZ iwoZ ej x;kA bldk vFkZ gS fd bZlkdk tUe 2003 o"kZ ls igys dk gSA vius >si feVkus ds fy,;wjksfi;u fo}ku fy[kus yxs&Rome was built (founded) 1999 yearsago vFkkZr~ jkse uxj ds fuekZ.k dh Le`fr esa ;g bZLoh lu~ pyk;kx;k gSA ;g dgkor Hkh Lej.kh; gS fd Rome was not built in a dayvFkkZr~ jkse dks cukus esa cgqr o"kZ yxsA bZlk dk tUe 25 fnlEcjekuk tkrk gSA fiQj 1 tuojh ls o"kZ dk çkjEHk D;ksa ekuk x;k\ vFkkZr~u rks fnu ds çkjEHk dk dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k gS vkSj u gh o"kZ dsçkjEHk dk\ lc dqN diksy dYiukvksa ij vkèkkfjr tc tSlk mfprle>k oSlk fd;k x;k] ,slk çrhr gksrk gSA bZlk ds thou dk dqNo"kZ dk bfrgkl Hkh lqIr gS] blh çdkj bZlkbZ dkyx.kuk esa cgqr lsfnu vkSj o"kZ Hkh yqIr gSaa igys rks yEcs le; rd 2 eghus Hkh yqIrgh pyrs jgs&10 eghuksa esa gh o"kZ dk dke pyk;k tkrk jgkA

bZLoh o"kZ x.kuk ds ukegesa ;g tkudj vk'p;Z ugha djuk pkfg, fd foKku vkSj xf.kr

ds peRdkjksa ls fo'o dks peRÑr dj nsus okys ik'pkR; fo}kuksa usçkjEHk esa o"kZ dh x.kuk nl eghus esa gh lhfer dj j[kh FkhA o"kZdk çFke ekg Fkk&ekpZ vkSj vfUre Fkk fnlEcjA oSls Hkh fnlEcj^^n'kEcj** (December) dk vFkZ nlok¡ eghuk gksrk gSA Dec esa cuusokyk Decimal-n'keyo dgykrk gSA uoEcj dk vFkZ uok¡ eghukgksrk gS tks laLÑr ds uoe~ ls cuk gSA vDVwcj (October) Oct dkvFkZ gS vkB tks Octagon v"VHkqt ls Li"V gSA laLÑr esa vkB dsfy, v"VkS&v"V 'kCn gSaA caxky esa ^v** dks ^vks** cqykus dh i¼frgS vkSj l&"k ds fy, vaxzsth esa vusd LFkkuksa ij S vkSj C nksuksa dkç;ksx gksrk gSA bl çdkj v"VkS dk vkS"VkS] vksDVks cuk yas rks dksbZ

73

vk'p;Z ughaA

Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk dk vuqlj.k djds if'peh fo}kuksa us nks u;seghus vius ml o"kZ esa tksM+s tks dsoy nl eghus dk ekuk tkrk FkkALokHkkfod gh ;g nks ekg 11osa 12osa eghus ds LFkku ij vkus pkfg,FksA fdUrq ekbV bt jkbV ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal ds fl¼kar dsvuqlkj tuojh (January) vkSj iQjojh (February) uke ds nks u;sekg çFke vkSj f}rh; LFkku ij j[k fn;s x;s vkSj iwoZ ls pys vk;snl eghuksa dks ihNs <dsy fn;kA vc cspkjk fnlEcj eghuk dbZ'krkfCn;ksa ls fojksèk çdV djrs gq, dg jgk gS fd esjk vFkZ 10 gksrkgS] eq>s 12 ds LFkku ij D;ksa èkdsyk x;k\ mldh O;Fkk lquus okykdksbZ ughaA lIrkEcj (September) dks lkrosa ls uosa ij] vDVwcj(October) dks vkBosa ls nlosa ij uoEcj (November) dks uosa lsX;kjgosa ij jgus ds fy, foo'k dj fn;k x;kA Accuracy (lR;rk)vkSj Transparency (ikjnf'kZrk) ij vkèkkfjr vkèkqfud foKku dhn`f"V ls Hkk"kk foKku (Linguisties) dk dksbZ egÙo ugha gSA dsoy'kCnksa ds vFkks± ds vuFkZ rd gh ;s if'peh fo}ku lhfer ugha jgsAvius jktkvksa ds uke ij eghuksa vkSj fnuksa dh la[;k ds fy, ;g Hkhdj fn[kk;k fd vDy ugha HkSal gh cM+h gksrh gSA

twfy;l lhtj ds uke ij tqykbZ eghuk 31 fnu dk j[kk x;kAml le; lUr vkxLVkbu ds uke ij vxLr eghuk 30 fnu dk ghpyrk FkkA flrEcj 31 fnu dk gksrk Fkk] fdUrq vkxLVkbu ds f'k";ksaus ek¡x mBkbZ fd ;fn twfy;l lhtj ds uke dk tqykbZ dk eghuk31 fnu dk gksxk rks gekjk eghuk Hkh 31 fnu dk gh jgsxkA

vUrr% ekbV bt jkbV (ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal) dk iQkewZykthr x;k vkSj flrEcj dks 31 esa ls 30 fnu nsdj mldk ,d fnuvxLr esa tksM+ fn;k x;kA ,slh vkikèkkih Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa dksbZfo}ku vkt rd ugha dj ldkA

jkr esa fnu fudyrk gSHkkjrh; dkyx.kuk ds vuqlkj lw;Z dh çFke fdj.k tc i`Foh dks

74

Li'kZ djrh gS ml {k.k ls fnu dk çkjEHk ekurs gSaA bZlkbZ dky x.kukesa fnu] jkr esa 12 cts çkjEHk gksrk gSA Sunday going Mondaycoming jfookj tkrk gS lkseokj vkrk gS] ;g ?kVuk jkf=k ds 12 cts?kVrh gSA 12 cts jkr esa fnu dkSu fudky ldrk gS\ os tks lalkjds ekxZn'kZd cus cSBs gSaA

foKku lEer Hkkjrh; dkyx.kukfuf'pr gh ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd o"kZ o eghuksa ds ukedj.k

esa Hkkjrh; T;ksfrfoZnksa us okLrfod [kxksy'kkL=kh; ?kVukØe dks vkèkkjekuk gS tcfd ik'pkR; dkyx.kuk dk vkèkkj LoSfPNd (arbitrary)o jkt iksf"kr (Ruler or Government Oriented) gSA blds ihNs dksbZxf.krh; x.kuk vFkok fpUru ijEijk ugha gSA

tc if'pe ds ns'k lH;rk dk Li'kZ Hkh ugha dj ik;s Fks] tcmuds iwoZt isM+ksa ds iÙkksa vkSj Nkyksa ls viuk ru <d dj dkepyk;k djrs Fks] tc os Nhads ij Vaxs gq, ekal esa iM+s gq, dhM+ksa dkspwlk djrs Fks] ml ik'pkR; taxyh ;qx ds le; ls cgqr iwoZ ghHkkjrh; dkyx.kuk ds jpukdkj iw.kZ fodflr lH;rk dk l`tu djpqds FksA if'pe ds vkèkqfud foKku dh vk;q ek=k 500 o"kZ dh gSAtcfd 1600 o"kZ iwoZ egku xf.krK HkkLdjkpk;Z }kjk fyf[krlw;Z fl¼kar o fl¼kar f'kjksef.k uked xzUFk vkt Hkh miyCèk gSaA

dkyx.kuk ij HkkLdjkpk;Z dk fuEfyf[kr 'yksd m¼r djuklehphu gksxk&

yadk ux;k± mn;kPp Hkkuks%rL;So okjs çFkea cHkwo

eèkks% flrkns% fnu ekl o"kZ;qxkfndkuka ;qxir% ço`fÙkAA

yadk uxjh esa ftl fnu lw;Z dh çFke fdj.k dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk]ml fnu ls (mlh ds okj&jfookj ls) dky dh x.kuk çkjEHk gqbZAml fnu eèkq (pS=k) ekl ds flr ('kqDy) i{k dk vkfn (çFkefnu&çfrink) Fkk&ml fnu ls fnu] ekl] o"kZ] ;qx bR;kfn dh x.kuk

75

dk ,d lkFk çkjEHk gqvkA

vijkts; Hkkjrh; dky ijEijkHkkjr esa dHkh Hkh] fdlh Hkh ns'kh ;k fons'kh ljdkj dk ;g

lkgl ugha gks ik;k fd og ;g ?kks"k.kk dj lds fd fot;kn'kehvFkok nhikoyh fdlh fuf'pr vaxzsth frfFk (;Fkk 23 vDVwcj vkSj5 uoEcj) dks gh çfro"kZ euk;h tk;sxhA çfro"kZ Hkkjr ljdj dksiapkax ns[kdj fgUnw ioks± dh frfFk;k¡ ?kksf"kr djuh iM+rh gaSA Hkkjrh;iapkax vaxzsth dSys.Mj dk nkl dHkh ugha jgkA vaxzsth dSys.MjHkkjrh; iapkax ds fcuk fgUnw ioks± dh frfFk;k¡ dHkh Hkh ?kksf"kr ughadj ldrk vkSj u dj ldsxkA dsUæ vFkok çkUr ljdkjksa dhjktif=kr vodk'k dh lwph fcuk iapkax ds rkyesy fd;s çdkf'krugha gks ldrhA ;g gS Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa euh"kk dh vijkts;]dkyfujis{k ,oa jkT; fujis{k dkyx.kukA

gekjs ½f"k;ksa us çÑfr ds vn~Hkqr ?kVukØe dks ml fnO;fpjUru O;fDr dk ekSu lans'k ekudj mu ladsrksa dks lw=k :i lsloZtu fgrk; çLrqr djus dh ps"Vk dhA blhfy, Hkkjrh; dkyx.kukfdlh O;fDr] fo}ku] usrk] 'kkld vFkok fdlh çdkj dh eq[kkis{kh(eksgrkt) ugha gSA tSls dky (le;) lcdh idM+ ls ckgj gSoSls gh Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk Hkh vkus&tkus pkyh jkT; O;oLFkkvksadh idM+ vkSj lhek ls ijs gSA

foØeh lEor~vusd vkØe.kksa dh vk¡èkh esa nqnkZUr gw.kksa us Hkh Hkkjr ij Hkh"k.k

çgkj fd;k FkkA fgUnw lezkV pØpwM+kef.k egkjkt foØekfnR; us viuslqxfBr lSU; cy] ijkØe ,oa j.kdkS'ky ls fons'kh vkØkUrkvksa dsdqfVy LoIuksa dks lnSo ds fy, pdukpwj dj fn[kk;kA ,slk fd vcml ccZj gw.k tkfr dk uke fo'o ds ekufp=k ij dgha Hkh ns[kus dksugha feyrkA

'k=kqvksa ij vk;ks± dh ml egku fot; ds miy{; esa egkçrkihlezkV foØekfnR; ds uke ij 2056 o"kZ iwoZ foØeh lEor~ dk

76

'kqHkkjEHk gqvkA bl o"kZ 2056 dk vkjEHk 18 ekpZ 1999 dks çkr%6 ctdj 44 feuV rd gksxkA

fu%lansg ;g ioZ vk;Z tkfr ds xkSjo dk ifo=k fnol gSA jk"Vªh;vfLerk dh j{kk ds fy, 'kL=k vkSj 'kkL=k ds cy ij ccZj tkfr;ksadks Hkkjr Hkwfe ls fuchZt djus ds egkç;Ru dk Le`fr fnol gS ;gA

;g ioZ ^^'kL=ks.k jf{krs jk"Vªs 'kkL=k fpUrk çorZrs** ds egkea=k dkiqu% mn~?kks"k djkus okyk vkàku fnol gSA

'kkfyokgu lEor~gw.k ijkftr gq, vkSj lnSo ds fy, lekIr HkhA ,d 'krkCnh ls

vfèkd 'kkfUr jghA fdUrq gw.kksa ds 135 o"kZ i'pkr~ fiQj ogh nq%lkgl'kdksa us fd;kA ,d ckj fiQj HkkjrHkwfe ccZj vkØe.k ls dk¡i mBhAegkçrkih rstLoh lezkV 'kkfyokgu us bl vkØe.k dk eq¡g rksM+ mÙkjfn;kA 'kd ijkHkwr gq,A fu%'ks"k dj fn;s x;s muds fnokLoIuA blfot; ioZ dk Hkh vk;ks± us Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa ,d uohu dhfrZLrEHk dh LFkkiuk djds ;'kksxku fd;k vkSj ,d u;s lEor~lj dkstUe fn;k tks vkt 'kkfyokgu ('kd) lEor~ ds uke ls çfl¼ gSA18 ekpZ dks 'kkfyokgu ('kd) lEor~ 1929 çkjEHk gks jgk gSa bllEor~ dks 'kd lEor~ dguk mfpr ugha gSA 'kd uke 'k=kq dk gS'kdkfj foØekfnR; egkjkt 'kkfyokgu ds uke ij gh bldk mYys[kfd;k tkuk pkfg,A

vk;Z lekt LFkkiuk fnol rFkk MkW- gsMxsokj t;UrhpS=k 'kqDy çfrink ds fnu gh foØeh la- 1932 (7 vçSy lu~

1875) dks Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us cEcbZ esa vk;Z lekt dhLFkkiuk djds] ^^Ñ.oUrks fo'oek;Ze~** dk fnfXot;h mn~?kks"k fd;kFkkA blh ifo=k fnu pS=k 'kqDy çfrink foØeh lEor~ 1946 (1vçSy lu~ 1889 bZ0) dks egku fgUnw laxBd MkW- ds'ko cfyjkegsMxsokj dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk Fkk] ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k dhLFkkiuk dh FkhA

77

uojk=k ijEijkçfrink ls uoeh rd pS=k uojk=k dh ijEijk Hkh fgUnw lekt esa

loZ=k çpfyr gSA ;s 9 fnu 'kfDr mikluk ds fy, Js"B gSaA uoe~fnol Hkxoku jke ds tUefnu ds uke ls loZ fo[;kr gS (bl o"kZ5 vçSy 1998)A leLr fgUnw txr ds fy, o"kZ çfrink vuUrçsj.kk o ladYi dk ioZ gSA 'k=kqvksa ij fot; çkIr dj vklsrqfgekpy v[k.M fgUnw jk"Vª dh fnfXot;h irkdk iQgjkus ds dkyt;hvfHk;ku dk ;g fnO; ioZ gSA uo o"kZ lcds fy, 'kqHk gksA

78

èkkj fLFkr Hkkst'kkyk esa Kku dh nsohljLorh dk ,sfrgkfld efUnj jktk Hkkst us

cuok;k Fkk

vfXudqy 'kk[kk ds jktiwrksa esa ijekj jktkvksa dk eè; çns'k dsekyok {ks=k ij 10oha 'krkCnh esa vfèkdkj jgk] ftudh çFke jktèkkuhmTtSu Fkh] ckn esa jktèkkuh èkkjk uxj cu xbZA blh ls ckn esa ^èkkj*'kCn dk çpyu gqvkA ijekjksa esa ,d çfl¼ jktk gq, ^jktk Hkkst* tkslkfgR; rFkk U;k; ds {ks=k esa cgqr [;kfr çkIr FksA jktk Hkkst us 60xzUFkksa dh jpuk dh rFkk mudh lHkk esa 500 Js"B fo}ku jgrs FksAbUgha jktk Hkkst ds le; dkfynkl gq,A jktk Hkkst ds uke ij^Hkkst'kkyk uxj* clk;k x;kA èkkj uxj bUnkSj ls 30 fd-eh- nwj gSAfo}kuksa dh lHkk ds fy, jktk Hkkst us èkkjuxjh esa ,d laLÑrfo|kihB cuok;k (ljLorh d.BkHkj.k) ftlesa ljLorh çfrek dhçk.k çfr"Bk dh xbZA ;g çfrek fo'o dh Js"Bre ewfrZ;ksa esa fxuhtkrh gSA

jktk Hkkst (1010&1055 bZ-),d laU;klh us jktk Hkkst ds vlkè; peZjksx ds mipkj ds fy,

mik; crk;k fd ,slh >hy esa çfrfnu Luku djsa ftlesa 365 lzksrksads ty dk laxe gks] rc jksx u"V gks ldrk gSA [kkst djus ij Kkrgqvk fd ,d LFkku ij csrok unh esa 359 lzksrksa dk ikuh fey jgkgS tks fufnZ"V la[;k ls 6 de FkkA jktk Hkkst ds lq;ksX; ea=kh dY;k.kflag us fiQj ,d ,slk LFky [kkst fudkyk tgk¡ igkfM+;ksa ds vUrjkyesa 6 lzksrksa dk ty çokfgr FkkA bl LFky ij ,d ck¡èk cuok;k x;kftlls fo'kky tyk'k; cu x;kA bl ty jkf'k ds çokg dks csrokunh ds 359 lzksrksa ds ty laxe ls tksM+ fn;k x;kA bl >hy dkfoLrkj 250 oxZehy ds yxHkx FkkA jktk Hkkst us tc 359 lzksrksa dh

79

>hy esa Luku çkjEHk fd;k rks dkykUrj esa og Hk;adj peZjksx lsiw.kZr% eqDr gks x,A bl rky ds fdukjs jktk Hkkst dk cuok;k gqvkfdyk vkt Hkh [k.Mgjksa esa fo|eku gSAA bl fdys ds fudV ghHkkstiky uked uxjh clkbZ xbZ ftls Hkkstiqj Hkh dgk x;kA

jktk mn;kfnR;egkjkt Hkkst ds ikS=k jktk mn;kfnR; dh jkuh lkreyh

(1151&1184) us ogk¡ ,d efUnj cuok;k ftls ^lHkk eaMy* ukefn;k x;kA ogk¡ 'kkL=k] iqjk.k] osn ,oa laLÑr Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk nh tkrhFkhA 1236 bZ- esa lqYrku 'kelqíhu vYre'k us lHkk egy dks u"Vdj fn;kA vYre'k ds lkFk gh ekyok esa eqlyekuksa dk ços'k gqvkAfnykoj [kku ?kksjh (1401&1405) us ekyok ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kvkSj 'kga'kkg fiQjkst'kkg ds çfrfufèk ds :i esa 'kklu djus yxkAfnykoj [kku us Hkkst'kkyk ds efUnj ds ,d Hkkx dks èoLr djdsogk¡ efLtn cuok nhA ckn esa 1405 ls 1414 rd gks'kax'kkg] 1436ls 1475 rd egewn f[kyth dk 'kklu jgkA f[kyth }kjk efUnj ds,d Hkkx esa dey'kkg dh njxkg cuokbZ xbZA dkykUrj esa ekyokdbZ jkT;ksa esa foHkDr gks x;kA

èkkj dh Hkkst'kkykHkkstiqj esa jktk Hkkst us ,d f'ko efUnj dh LFkkiuk dh ftlds

vo'ks"k vkt Hkh fo|eku gSaA bl efUnj ds f'kofyax dk vkdkj 16iQqV vkSj Å¡pkbZ 8 iQqV gSA ,d lglz o"kZ chr tkus ij Hkh cknkehjax ls çnhIr og f'kofyax vn~Hkqr rst ds lkFk lq'kkssfHkr gSA ,d ghiRFkj ls fufeZr 4 [kEHks gSa tks 50 iQqV Å¡ps gSaA efUnj vusd lqUnjewfrZ;ksa ls ltk;k x;k gSA gks'kax'kkg }kjk ;g efUnj rFkk Hkkst dscuok;s ck¡èk rqM+ok fn;s x, FksA èkkj esa ,d nqxZ cuk gqvk gSA uxjhds nf{k.k esa ,d Hkkst'kkyk gS tgk¡ jktk Hkkst us ljLorh dh çfrekLFkkfir dh FkhA vaxzsth 'kklu dky esa eqlyekuksa o fgUnqvksa esaoSeuL; c<+kus ds fy, 1804 esa ;g ljLorh çfrek yUnu ys tkbZxbZ vkSj efUnj LFky dks lajf{kr LFky ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA 1830

80

esa èkkj esa fj;klr ds eqlyeku nhoku us blesa eqlyekuksa dks uekti<+us dh vuqefr çnku dj nhA 1995 esa ,d le>kSrk ftlesaeqlyekuksa dks uekt i<+us og fgUnqvksa dks o"kZ esa dsoy olar i×peh(ljLorh ds tUefnu) ij iwtk djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;kA

Hkkst'kkyk dk çcUèk dsUæ ljdkj ds gkFk esa gS ;k çns'kds\

Lora=k Hkkjr esa 1952 ls Hkkjr ds iqjkrRo foHkkx dh ns[kjs[k esa;g Hkkst'kkyk lapkfyr gSA iqjkrRo foHkkx dks i;ZVu ea=kky; ls dsUæljdkj us gj le; tksM+k gS] ftlds ea=kh MkW- txeksgu jgsA txeksguth us 20 iQjojh 2003 dks ,d Hkk"k.k esa dgk fd çphu LFkyksa dhj{kk fd;s fcuk laLÑfr dh j{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA Hkkst'kkyk esafgUnqvksa us fczfV'k dky ls gh iwtk djus dk vfèkdkj ek¡xk Fkk vkSj1952 esa vkSj mlds ckn Hkh fgUnw egkjktk us blds fy, tu tkxj.ko vkUnksyu Hkh fd;kA vktdy vU; fgUnw laxBu Hkh lfØ; gq, gSaAeè; çns'k dk fgUnw tkxj.k eap vkUnksyu dj jgk gS fd Hkkst'kkyk[kkyh djkbZ tk; vkSj iwtk dk vfèkdkj fgUnqvksa dks fn;k tk;sA eè;çns'k ds fgUnw egklHkk ds dk;Zdkjh vè;{k MkW- t;ohj Hkkj}kt us23 iQjojh dks eq[;ea=kh fnfXot; dks bl lEcUèk esa ek¡xi=k fn;kvkSj dsUæ ljdkj dks Hkh Lej.k i=k Hkstk x;kA

jktuhfrd nk¡oisap [ksy jgs gSa Hkktik o dkaxzslfgUnw tukØks'k dks c<+rk ns[kdj Jh fnfXot; flag us ?kks"k.k dh

fd eaxyokj dks Hkst'kkyk fgUnqvksa ds fy, iwtk gsrq [kksyh tk;sxhrFkk 'kqØokj dks eqlyekuksa dks uekt dh lqfoèkk nh tk;sxhA nwljhvksj eq[;ea=kh us dgk fd vU; fnuksa esa i;ZVu ds fy, vke turkdks Hkkst'kkyk ds n'kZu lqyHk gksaxsA jktk fnfXot; flag bl çdkjdkaxzsl dh >ksyh esa fgUnw eqlyeku nksuksa oksVksa dk çlkn pkgrs FksAfofp=k ckr ;g gS fd dsUæ ljdkj ds iqjkrRo foHkkx }kjk Mkyk x;krkyk Hkkst'kkyk esa yxk gSA la?k ifjokj dk vax fgUnw tkxj.k eapfnfXot; flag ls rks ek¡x dj jgk gS fd rkyk [kksyks ijUrq dsUæh;

81

i;ZVu ea=kh txeksgu th (Hkktik lkaln] ubZ fnYyh) ls rkys dhpkHkh D;ksa ugha ek¡xh tk jgh] ;g jgL; la?k ifjokj gh le> ldrkgSA

jk"Vªfgr dh lkspsa Hkktik o dkaxzsldsUæ o çns'k nksuksa ljdkjksa dks pkfg, fd yUnu ls og ljLorh

çfrek vfoyEc e¡xk;h tk;s vkSj jktk Hkkst }kjk cuk;s x;s ljLorhefUnj esa mls çfrf"Br fd;k tk;sA blesa {kqæ jktuhfrd LokFkZ opqukoh jktuhfr dh ckthxjh fn[kkuk dksbZ cgqr cM+k jktuhfrddkS'ky ugha gSA ;g fofp=k ckr gS fd Lokèkhurk çkfIr ds 56osa o"kZesa Hkh ge vaxzstksa dh dwVuhfr ds f'kdkj cus gq, gSa vkSj ijLijjktuhfrd prqjkbZ fn[kk jgs gSa tcfd gesa pkfg, fd 1947 ls iwoZesa jk"Vªh; xkSjo dks u"V djus okys vaxzsth dqÑR;ksa dks eq¡grksM+ mÙkjnsdj nklrk ds lHkh vof'k"V fpÉksa dks lekIr djus esa ge viukcqf¼dkS'ky fn[kk;saA Hkktik esa jktuhfrd dkS'ky gS rHkh rks og dsUæesa lÙkk:<+ gS fdUrq Hkktik esa uSfrd dkS'ky Hkh gksrk rks èkkj dhHkkst'kkyk vkSj v;ksè;k ds jke efUnj ij jktuhfrd jksfV;k¡ u lsadhtkrhaA ykyk yxkus okyk igyk vkns'k e-ç- ;kklu dk Fkk tc 12ebZ 1997 dks ftykfèkdkjh us dkuwu O;oLFkk ds uke ij Hkkst'kkykcan dj nhA 5 iQjojh 1998 dks dsUæh; iqjkrRo foHkkx us Hkh bldkvuqeksnu dj fn;kA vr% Hkktik o dkaxzsl nksuksa gh blds fy,mÙkjknk;h gSaA

vkp';Z bl ckr dk gS fd Jh vVy th dkaxzsl ls ek¡x dj jgsgSa fd ge rks v;ksè;k esa efUnj cuokus ds fy, rS;kj gSa] xksgR;k candks rS;kj gSa&dkaxzsl viuh uhfr ?kksf"kr djsA Jheku th] vki laln esabu fo"k;ksa ij foèks;d ykb,] dkaxzsl dks viuh uhfr Lor% Li"V djuhiM+sxhA ljal?kpkyd Jh lqn'kZu th us Hkh dkaxzsl ls ek¡x dh fd xksoèkij çfrcUèk ds fy, dkaxzsl igy djsaA jktuhfr esa lc nwljksa dks èkkjij p<k+uk pkgrs gSa vkSj Lo;a rVLFk cus jguk pkgrs gSaA

laln dk la;qDr vfèkos'ku cqykb, vkSj jktk fnfXot; ij HkhfnfXot; dj Mkfy;s] gekjh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡A

82

'kqæ xq# dk¡phiw.kZ ds f'k"; txn~xq#jkekuqtkpk;Z us fgUnw lekt esa tkrh;

leUo; dh uo Økafr dk 'ka[kukn fd;k

cS'kk[k 'kqDy i×peh dks vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z t;Urh] "k"Bhdks txn`xq: jkekuUnkpk;Z t;Urh rFkk lIreh dks xaxk t;Urh gS (blo"kZ Øe'k% 2] 3 o 4 ebZ 2006 bZ-)A fgUnw lekt dks fojkV laxBulw=k esa ck¡èkus dk tks vn~Hkqr ç;Ru bu rhuksa ds ekè;e ls liQycuk;k x;k] og vfHkuUnuh; o vuqdj.kh; gSA vktdy fgUnqvksa dksijLij ck¡Vus] rksM+us o vkil esa yM+kus dk cktkj xeZ gSA dqNbfrgkldkj] cqf¼thoh rFkk èkeZfujis{krk dh Mhax gk¡dus okys dqfVyjktuhfrd ny blh ç;Ru esa yxs jgrs gaS fd fgUnw lekt esa fo?kVudSls fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A gekjk çpaM o v[k.M fo'okl gS fd ,slsdqfVy "kM~;a=kksa ij gekjs èkeZxq# lnSo gh fot; çkIr djrs jgs gSa vkSjtxn~xq# Hkkjro"kZ ds vè;kRe dh fnfXfot; bfrgkl ds çR;sd eksM+ij gksrh jgh gSA jktuhfrd :i ls ijra=krk ds dky[k.M esa Hkh fgUnwèkekZpk;ks± us egku ijEijk,¡ LFkkfir dh Fkha tks çR;sd fodV ifjfLFkfresa fgUnw lekt ds vfLrRo dks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kus esa liQy jghaA

txn~xq# jkekuqtkpk;Ztkfr cèaku yk¡?kdj fgUnw ek=k dks ea=knh{kk nsus okys ,d egku

lar Hkkjr dh èkjrh ij vorfjr gq, txn~xq# jkekuqtkpk;ZA Lokeh Jhjkekuqtkpk;Z dk tUe lu~ 1017 (lEor~ 1074 foØeh) esa eæklls yxHkx 25 ehy nwj Hkwriqjh (orZeku iSjEcqiqje~) uked xzke esagqvk FkkA firkJh dk uke ds'ko ;kfKd rFkk ekrk dk uke FkkdkfUre;hA 16 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa gh jkekuqt fookg caèku esa ck¡èkfn;s x;sA blh ds ckn firk ijyksd xeu dj x;sA jkekuqt rstLohfo|kFkhZ FksA iafMr xq# ;kno çdk'k dks buds ç[kj Kku ls bZ";kZ gks

83

xbZA mUgksaus mUgsa dk'kh Hkstdj ;k=kk esa ejok Mkyus dk "kM~;a=k fd;kfdUrq irk py tkus ij os cp fudysA

mu fnuksa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa oS".ko lEçnk; dk çHkko loZ=k iQSykFkkA bl iaFk ds ç[kj vxz.kh iafMr Fks Jh ;kequkpk;Z tks Jh jaxe eBds egar Hkh FksA egar th dk ,d f'k"; dk¡phiw.kZ Fkk tks dkathoje~efUnj esa lsok djrk FkkA dk¡phiw.kZ tkfr ds 'kwæ Fks rFkk turk esavR;fèkd lEekfur FksA fgUnw lekt ds tkfr leUo; ds bfrgkl esa;g çsj.kknk;d çlax gSA tc dqN eBkèkh'kksa }kjk 'kwæksa ds fy, efUnjesa ços'k fuf"k¼ Fkk rc ,slk euksgkjh çlax lqudj fgUnw ,drk dsiqtkfj;ksa ds eu esa vikj vkuUn gksuk LokHkkfod gSA ia- ;kequkpk;Z usckã.k èkeZxq# gksrs gq, Hkh 'kwæ dqyksRiUu dk¡phiw.kZ dks viuk f'k";rks cuk;k gh lkFk gh mlds xq.kksa dks ns[krs gq, mls dk¡thoje~ efUnjdk iqtkjh Hkh cuk fn;kA og Hkh ,d gtkj o"kZ igys ftl le; dsbfrgkl ds fo"k; esa vkèkqfud cqf¼thoh ;g crkuk ugha Hkwyrs fdfgUnqvksa esa tkfr çFkk dk çcy çpkj Fkk vkSj 'kwæksa dks dsoy efUnjds f'k[kj n'kZu dk gh vfèkdkj FkkA tks èkekZpk;Z vkt Hkh 'kkL=kksa dsuke ij bl nq"çpkj dk vL=k cukdj dke djrs gS] muds fy,jkekuqtkpk;Z dk thou pfj=k egku pqukSrh ds :i esa f'k{kk nsus dsfy, txn~xq# ds ukrs lk{kkr~ mins'k ns jgk gSA

'kwæxq# dks Hkkstu dk vkea=k.k fn;k;qod jkekuqt us ,d fnu dkaphiw.kZ egkjkt dks vius ?kj ij

Hkkstu ds fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA la;ksxo'k ftl fnu dkaphiw.kZ Hkkstuds fy, jkekuqt ds ?kj igq¡ps ml fnu jkekuqt ?kj ij ugha FksAjkekuqt th dh èkeZiRuh us dkaphiw.kZ dks Hkkstu djk;kA dqN nsj cknjkekuqt okfil ?kj igq¡ps rks ns[kk mudh iRuh Hkkstukyk; dh liQkbZdjds Luku djus esa yxh Fkh D;ksafd mlus 'kwæ dks Hkkstu djk;k FkkA;g ns[kdj jkekuqt dks cM+h Xykfu gqbZA brus ifo=k èkekZRek gksus ijHkh dkaphiw.kZ dks 'kwæ gksus ds dj.k esjh iRuh J¼k ugha djrh vkSjçk;f'pr Lo:i Luku dj jgh gSA ;gh ?kVuk jkekuqt ds thou esa;qxkUrjdkjh ifjorZu ykus dk dkj.k cu xbZ vkSj mUgksaus viuh

84

ifrozrk iRuh dks R;kxdj ?kj NksM+ fn;k rFkk laU;kl xzg.k dj fy;kA

blh vofèk esa çHkq us nwljh yhyk jp MkyhA çfl¼ egarjkequkpk;Z egkjkt us o`¼ gks tkus ds dkj.k vius mÙkjkfèkdkjh :iesa Jh jaxe ds eBkèkh'k in ij fdlh lq;ksX; ik=k dh [kkst çkjaHk dhAjkekuqt dh [;kfr lc vksj iQSy pqdh FkhA ;kequkpk;Z ds ladsr ijmuds f'k"; jkekuqtkpk;Z dks [kkstdj cqykus ds fy, çLFkku dj x;sAjkekuqtkpk;Z ds vkus ds le; rd ;kequkpk;Z çk.k x¡ok pqds FksA vr%f'k";ksa dh çkFkZUkk ij jkekuqtkpk;Z us Jh jaxe ds eBkèkh'k dk inLohdkj dj fy;k D;ksafd ,slk ladsr Lo;a ;kequkpk;Z th ns x;s FksA

lkewfgd ea=k nh{kk nsdj u;k ra=k [kM+k fd;kjkekuqtkpk;Z us xks"Bhiw.kZ uked Lokeh th ls ea=k nh{kk çkIr dh

FkhA xq# us mUgsa ^¬ ueks ukjk;.kk;* ea=k dh nh{kk çnku djdsvkns'k fn;k fd bl ea=k dks rqe xqIr j[kuk] ;g cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh ea=kgS tks bls tisxk og eqDr gks tk;sxkA jkekuqt us xq# dk ea=k rks rcçkIr fd;k ijUrq xq# dk ra=k Lohdkj ugha fd;kA jkekuqtkpk;Z usefUnj ds çkax.k esa fdlh Hkh tkfr Hksn ds fcuk tu lkekU; dks,df=kr gksus dk vkàku fd;k rFkk Lo;a efUnj ds f'k[kj ij p<+djlHkh dks mPp Loj esa ea=k?kks"k lquk;kA

xq# Hkh ureLrd gq,;g lekpkj xq# xks"Bhiw.kZ th dks fofnr gqvk rks os cM+s #"V gq,

vkSj xq# vkns'k dk mYya?ku djus ij dgk fd rw lnk ujd HkksxsxkAjkekuqt us dgk fd esjs ea=k ls yk[kksa O;fDr;ksa dk m¼kj gksxk rks eq>sujd Hkksxus dh dksbZ fpark ugha gSA eSa nwljksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, Lo;aujd ds d"V lgus dks rS;kj gw¡A jkekuqt ds bu mn~xkjksa dks lqudjxq# us mUgs ân; ls yxk fy;k vkSj 'kqHkk'khokZn fn;k vkSj dgk fdvkpk;Z rks okLro esa rqe gh gksA jkekuqt loZ=k iwts tkus yxsA mUgksausviuh ,dkRe fopkjèkkjk ds çpkj&çlkj ds fy, lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dkHkze.k fd;kA vkt dy Hkkjr Hkj esa oS".ko er ds jkekuqt lEçnk;ds fo'kky efUnj loZ=k fojkteku gSa rFkk fr#ifr ckykth (vkUèkz)

85

uked efUnj lokZfèkd çfr"Bk çkIr efUnj gSA

fof'k"Vk}Sr n'kZu ds ç.ksrkJh jkekuqt us ,d èkksch dks Hkh nh{kk çnku djds vU; lEçnk;

ds vkpk;ks± dks ;g lUns'k igq¡pk;k fd bZ'oj HkfDr dk lHkh dksleku vfèkdkj gS rFkk v}Sr fl¼kUrks dh Å¡ph ?kks"k.kk djus okys;fn 'kwæksa ls viuk v}Sr (,dkRe) Hkko LFkkfir ugha dj ldrs rksdksjh lS¼kfUrdrk] tho vkSj czã dk rknkRE; rFkk loZHkwr fgrsjr%(lc çkf.k;ksa ds fgr dh dkeuk esa jr gksus dk Hkko&xhrk) vkfnlqUnj dkO;ksa dh jpuk fdlfy, dh xbZA vkpk;ZJh us vius fopkjdks ^fof'k"V v}Sr* (fof'k"Vk}Sr) uke ls çpkfjr fd;kA

vR;kpkjksa dk lkeukJh jaxiqj esa mu fnuksa pksyjkt dqyksÙkqax dk jkT; Fkk tks nqjkxzgh 'kSo

Fks rFkk oS".oksa ds 'k=kq FksA jktk us vkpk;Z dks njckj esa cqykdj oèk djusdh Bku yhA vkpk;Z ds LFkku ij muds f'k"; dwjÙkkyokj (dwjs'k) usxq# ds fy, cfynku djus dk fu'p; dj fy;kA dwjs'k jkekuqt dsLFkku ij Lo;a njckj esa igq¡psA jktk us dwjs'k dh vk¡[ksa fudyok yhaAegkiq#"k dwjs'k us bl ;kruk dks èkS;ZiwoZd lgu fd;kA vkpk;Z jkekuqtml le; eSlwj jkT; esa 'kkyxzke uked LFkku esa fojkteku Fks tgk¡ osckjg o"kZ jgsA ogk¡ ds ujs'k fHkíhnso ije oS".ko FksA

}kij;qx ls tqM+k fof'k"Vk}Srjkekuqt ds fof'k"Vk}Sr dk bfrgkl }kij ;qx ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

ftlesa vkyokj HkDrksa dh efgek of.kZr gSA dk'kh esa ljks;ksxh]egkcyhiqj esa Hkwrr vkSj eSyklqj esa is; uke ds vkyokj vkpk;ks± dkmYys[k gSA dsjy çkar ds dqy'ks[kj çfl¼ vkykokj gq,A rfeyukMqesa fo".kqfpÙk isfjvkykokj vkSj mudh iq=kh xknk (vk.Mky) çfl¼ gSaA

txn~xq# efgekckS¼èkeZ ds çpkj vfHk;ku esa tc lukru èkeZ dks èkwy èkwlfjr

fd;k tk jgk Fkk] rks ml le; vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z us lukruèkeZ dh çfr"Bk dks mPp f'k[kj ij efgekef.Mr fd;k rFkk 'kkL=kksa

86

ds çfr vuqjkx fuekZ.k fd;kA muds i'pkr~ fgUnw èkeZ ds iqu#¼kjdds :i esa txn~xq# jkekuqtkpk;Z dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA

ftUgksaus fgUnw ek=k dks f'k{kk o nh{kk nsdj ,sls ;qxkUrdkjhlEçnk; dk l`tu fd;k ftlds dkj.k fgUnw lekt esa tkfr Hksn oNqvkNwr dh nhokjsa [kM+h djus okyksa ds LoIu pdukpwj gks x;sAjkekuqt lEçnk; ijEijk esa egku nk'kZfud o çdk.M fo}kuksa dk ØefujUrj cuk jgkA fgUnw lekt dks v[k.M] ,dkRe o tkrh; leUo;ds lkFk çfrf"Br djus esa jkekuqtkpk;Z dk ;ksxnku vfoLej.kh; gSAmUgksaus lekt dks tksM+us dk ea=k vkSj ra=k ,d lkFk çnku fd;kftlds fy, fgUnw lekt mudk fpj ½.kh jgsxkA vkpk;ZJh us 120o"kZ dh nh?kkZ;q çkIr dh vkSj thou Hkj d"Vksa daVdksa ls tw>rs gq,os v[k.M o lejl fgUnw lekt ds fuekZ.k esa tqVs jgsA

'kkL=k vkSj lkfgR; l`tu dk vn~Hkqr dk;Zvkpk;Z jkekuqt us vius er dh iqf"V vkSj çpkj ds fy, JhHkk";

ds vfrfjDr osnkUrlaxzg] osnkUrnhi] osnkUrlkj] osnkUrrRolkj] xhrkHkk";]x|=k; vkSj HkxonkjkèkuØe dh Hkh jpuk dhA blds vfrfjDrv"Vkn'k jgL;] d.Vdks}kj] dwVlUnhg] bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~&Hkk";]xq.kjRudks"k] pØksYykl] fnO;lwfjeçHkkonhfidk] nsorkikjkE;]U;k;jRuekyk] ukjk;.keU=kkFkZ] fuR;i¼fr] fuR;kjkèkufofèk] U;k;ifj'kqf¼]U;k;fl¼katu]i×piVy] i×jk=kj{kk] ç'uksifu"kn~O;k[;k] ;ksxlw=kHkk";]jRuçnhi] jkeiVy] jkei¼fr]jkeiwtki¼fr] jkeeU=ki¼fr] jkejgL;]jkek;.kO;k[;k] jkekpkiZ¼fr] okÙkKZekyk] fof'k"Vk}SrHkk";]fo".kqfoxzg'kluLrks=k] fo".kqlglzukeHkk";] osnkFkZlaxzg] oSdq.Bx|] 'krnw"k.kh]'kj.kkxfrx|] 'osrk'oÙkjksifu"kn~ O;k[;k] ladYilw;ksZn; Vhdk] lPpfjrj{kk]lokZFkZflf¼ bR;kfn dh Hkh jpuk dhA ;}fi mUgksaus vius xzUFkksa esa'kadj er dk tksjnkj 'kCnksa esa [k.Mu djus dh ps"Vk dh gS ijUrqrRo&fparu ds y{; vkSj 'kSyh nksuksa dh çk;% leku gSA vkpk;Z 'kadjdk er v}Srokn gS vkSj budk fof'k"Vk}SrA vkpk;Z 'kadj lalkj dksfeF;k ekurs gS vkSj ;s lalkj dks lR; dgrs gaSA

87

lkojdj vkSj fgUnw egklHkk

fgUnw egklHkk ds vf[ky Hkkjr laxBu dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1915 esagfj}kj esa gqbZA ml le; ohj lkojdj vkSj HkkbZ ijekuUn nksuksa ghv.Meku dh tsy esa can FksA 1920 esa HkkbZ ijekuUn dks v.Mekuls eqfDr feyhA dqN gh le; ckn HkkbZ th vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnwegklHkk ls tqM+ x;sA 1921 esa Lokra=;ohj lkojdj th dks Hkhv.Meku dh tsy ls eqDr dj fn;k x;k fdUrq bèkj ykdj HkhjRukfxjh tsy esa mUgsa 1924 rd j[kk x;kA 1924 esa tsy ls rks ckgjvk x;s fdUrq jRukfxjh ftys ls dgha ckgj tkus vkSj lkFk ghjktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa ij ljdkj us çfrcUèk yxk fn;k FkkA lkojdjth ij 1924 ls 1937 rd ;g LFkkuc¼rk cuh jghA 1937 esa os iw.kZLora=k gks ldsA lkojdj th dks viuk ekxZ fuf'pr djuk FkkA dkaxzsldh vksj ls mUgsa vkxzg fd;k x;k fd os dkaxzsl dk usr`Ro lEHkkydj ns'k dks fn'kk nsaA fdUrq lkojdj fdlh vkSj gh feV~Vh ds cus Fks]og fdlh jktuhfrd egÙokdka{kk dh iwfrZ ds fy, ;su dsu çdkjs.kvius O;fDrRo dh ped&ned LFkkfir djus okys usrk ugha Fksvfirq fdlh egku è;s; dh iwfrZ ds fy, mudk O;fDrRo <yk FkkAHkkbZ ijekuun 1920 esa v.Meku dkjkokl ls eqfDr ds ckn fujUrjfgUnw egklHkk ls tqM+s jgsA HkkbZ th 1924 ls 1937 ds eè; lkojdjth dh LFkkuc¼rk ds fnuksa esa Hkh muls HksaV dj pqds FksA fgUnqRo&iFkds ;s nksuksa vuFkd ;k=kh fiQj Hkyk i`Fkd ekxZ dSls viuk ldrs FksA

vr% lkojdjth us fu.kZ; fy;k fd fgUnw egklHkk dk dk;ZvaxzhÑr djuk gh Js;Ldj gSSA xk¡èkh th vkSj usg# ds fuea=k.k dkslkojdj th us vekU; fd;k vkSj HkkbZ ijekuUn ds fueU=k.k dksLohdkj dj mUgksaus fgUnw egklHkk dks gh viuk thou dk;Z ekufy;kA

fnlEcj 1937 esa vk;ksftr fd;s x;s vgenkckn vfèkos'ku esa

88

fgUnw egklHkk ds jk"Vªh; vè;{k in ij Lokra=;ohj fouk;d nkeksnjlkojdj th çfrf"Br fd;s x;sA rnuUrj 1942 rd 6 o"kZ i;ZUr osvè;{k in dks lq'kksfHkr djrs jgsA

1965 esa ,d i=kdkj ds }kjk ;g iwNs tkus ij fd vkius dkaxzslesa tkus dk ekxZ D;ksa ugha pquk Fkk\ lkojdjth dk mÙkj Fkk] ^êSa ;fndkaxzsl esa pyk tkrk rks ty fcuk rM+irh eNyh tSlh esjh fLFkfr gkstkrhA ogk¡ pj[kk vkSj vfgalk ds ukjs yxkrs gq, vktknh çkIr djusds fy, fcy&fcykus okys eseuksa ds dkfiQyksa esa eq>s jg tkuk iM+rkAftl rjg lqHkk"k puæ cksl dks dkaxzsl NksM+uh iM+h] mlh rjg eSa Hkhdkaxzsl ls vyx gks tkrkA eq>s vius foosd dks fxjoh j[kuk iM+rkAfgUnqRo rFkk fgUnw jk"Vª ladYiuk ds lkFk xíkjh djuh iM+rhA vkteq>s de ls de bruk rks larks"k gS fd eSa ns'k ds c¡Vokjs dk lk>hnkjugha gw¡ lEHkor% vkxkeh ihf<+;ksa dks fo'okl gks tk;sxk fd eSaus ns'kvkSj ns'kokfl;ksa dh lsok J¼kiwoZd dhA**

Hkkjrh; tula?k vkSj fgUnw egklHkk1952 esa tc MkW- ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ us fgUnw egklHkk NksM+dj

jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds lg;ksx ls Hkkjrh; tula?k dh LFkkiuk dhrks os lkojdj th dk vk'khokZn ysus cEcbZ igq¡psA mUgksaus MkW- eq[kthZls dgk fd Hkkjrh; tula?k rks dkaxzsl dk gh nwljk laLdj.kgS&Hkkjrh; vFkkZr~ bfUM;u] tu vFkkZr~ us'ku] la?k vFkkZr~ dkaxzslAbl çdkj Hkkjrh; tula?k dk nwljk 'kkfCnd laLdj.k cusxk&Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl (Indian National Congress) ;fn vkidks eqfLyeksa obZlkb;ksa ds fy, viuh ikVhZ ds }kj [kksyus gSa rks fiQj dkaxzsl esa dkedjuk D;k cqjk gS vkSj ;fn dsoy fgUnqvksa ds fy, dke djuk gS rksfiQj fgUnw egklHkk gh D;ksa ugha\ vkt vkius uke cnyk gS rks dyrks dke Hkh cny nsaxsA

,slk Fkk lkojdj th dk fgUnw egklHkk ds çfr n`<+ vkxzgA

jktf"kZ iq#"kksÙke nkl VaMu rFkk lkojdj thia- usg# ds bZ";kZtU; O;ogkj vkSj xk¡èkhth }kjk mls T;ksa dk R;ksa

Lohdkj djrs jgus ds dkj.k ,d fnu ,slk Hkh vk;k tc VaMu th

89

dks dkaxzsl ds vf[ky Hkkjrh; vè;{k in ls R;kxi=k nsuk iM+k vkSjmUgsa dkaxzsl esa iw.kZr% fuf"Ø; cuk fn;k x;kA V.Mu th dh bPNk gqbZfd dkaxzsl R;kxdj fgUnw egklHkk dk oj.k djsaA Jh fc'kupUæ lsB(ckn esa fgUnw egklHkk ds fVfdV ls 2 ckj lkaln cus) ds ekè;els VaMu th us cEcbZ tkdj lkojdj th ls muds fuokl ij HksaV dhArhu ?kaVs yach okrkZ pyhA VaMu th dk dguk Fkk fd eSa ugs# ds lkFkdkaxzsl esa dk;Z ugha dj ldrk] vkids lkFk çlUurk ls jk"Vªh; Lrjij dk;Z d:¡xk] ijUrq egkRek xk¡èkh dh gR;k ds dkj.k fgUnw egklHkkdk uke&Nfo èkwfey gks x;h gS&vr% vki laLFkk dk uohu uke j[knsaA bl ij lkojdj th dk Li"V mÙkj Fkk fd bl jktuSfrd laLFkkdk uke gh rks mldh lPph igpku gSA vr% uke&ifjoZru dk ç'ufdlh çdkj Hkh laHko ugha curkA bl ekSfyd fojksèk ij okrkZ lekIrgks x;hA

fgUnw egklHkk esa eqfLyeksa o bZlkb;ksa ds ços'k ij lkojdjth ds fopkj

MkW- ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ ds eu esa ;g ladYi mBk fd ;fn fgUnwegklHkk ds }kj vfgUnqvksa ds fy, Hkh [kksy fn;s tk;sa rks dkaxzsl dkfodYi fgUnw egklHkk dks cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ml le; jk"Vªh;Lo;alsod la?k us iwjk lg;ksx MkW- eq[kthZ dks çnku fd;kA MkW- eq[kthZus vius fopkj egklHkk ds ofj"B usrkvksa ds lkeus j[ksA yEchea=k.kk,¡ gqbZ] dbZ cSBdsa pyha] fdUrq fgUnw egklHkk us MkW- eq[kthZ dsfopkj dks vekU; dj fn;kA blds ckn MkW- eq[kthZ us fgUnw egklHkkls R;kxi=k nsdj la?k ds lg;ksx ls uohu jktuSfrd laLFkk cukus dkfu'p; fd;kA

fgUnw egklHkk ,d efUnj gS&lkojdjfgUnw egklHkk dks lkojdj th us efUnj dh laKk nh gS tgk¡

dsoy vius ^jk"Vªh; f'ko* dh iwtk djus ds fy, fgUnw gh ços'k djldrs gSaA bl efUnj dks gesa efLtn ;k cktkj esa ifjofrZr ugha gksusnsuk pkfg,&Hindu must have an organisation of their own where

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they can think, plan, consolidate and act as Hindus without checkfrom any non-Hindu who enters by right. Otherwise one day aMuslim may come to preside over the Hindu Mahasabha too. Aslong as there are purely Muslim., Christien and Parsce bodies inIndia, so long as at least, the Hindus must have an exclusiveorgranisationof their own. On this spirit the Hindu Mahasabha wasfounded and rose to be the centre of Hindus' solidarity and power.Let us not undo this monumental work for the vicious temptation ofa few seats of officers. Let us leave to the next generetion theambition of rendering the Hindu Mahasabha itself, the NationalParliment of Hindusthan vFkkZr~&fgUnqvksa dks viuk ,d laxBu gksukgh pkfg,] tgk¡ os fdlh vfèkdkj iwoZd ços'k djus okys vfgUnw dhjksd&Vksd ds fcuk eU=k.kk dj ldsa] ;kstuk cuk ldsa] fgUnqvksa ds :iesa viuh fLFkfr lqn~<+ djrs gq, dk;Z dj ldsaA vU;Fkk fdlh fnudksbZ eqlyeku vkdj fgUnw egklHkk dh Hkh vè;{krk dj cSBsxkA tcrd Hkkjr esa fo'kq¼ eqfLye] bZlkbZ vkSj ikjlh laLFkk,¡ gSa] de ls dercrd fgUnqvksa dk dsoy mudk fo'kq¼ laxBu gksuk gh pkfg,A blhHkkouk ls fgUnw egklHkk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh tks fgUnqvksa dhlqn`<+rk vkSj 'kfDr dk dsUæ cu x;hA ml egr~ vkSj HkO; dk;Z dksge lÙkk dh dqN lhVksa ds nq"çyksHku esa O;FkZ u dj nsaA gesa fgUnwegklHkk dks gh fgUqnLFkku dh jk"Vªh; laln cukus dh egÙokdka{kh;kstuk vxyh ih<+h ds fy, NksM+ nsuh pkfg,A

lkojdj ds uke ij fgUnw egklHkk dks Hkqykus o ihNsèkdsyus ds u;s ç;ksx

vktdy lkjs ns'k esa LFkku&LFkku ij dqN fgUnqRooknh laxBulkojdj t;Urh rFkk iq.;frfFk eukrs gSaA ;g cM+s g"kZ dk fo"k; gSALokxr ;ksX; gSa ;s lkjs ç;RuA fdUrq lkojdj dk Lej.k djrs le;bl ckr dh lkoèkkuh cjrh tkrh gS fd mlesa dgha fgUnw egklHkk dkuke mYys[k u gks tk;sA ;g ,slk gh gS ekuks MkW- gsMxsokj th dkthou pfj=k fy[kk tk;s vkSj mlesa dgha jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k dkmYys[k u gks] cky Bkdjs dk egÙo crk;k tk; vkSj f'ko lsuk dksHkqyk fn;k tk;A ,suh cslsUV us dgk fd fcuk fgUnqRo ds Hkkjr ,slk

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gS tSls fcuk vkRek ds 'kjhjA oSlk gh gksxh lkojdj fcuk fgUnwegklHkkA D;k lkojdj ds fopkj&n'kZu dks fu"çk.k djus dh ;glksph le>h jktuhfrd ;kstuk ugha gS\ lkojdj ds tUe LFkku Hkxwj(ukfld) esa egkjk"Vª ljdkj 20 yk[k #- dh ykxr ls lkojdj dkjk"Vªh; Lekj d cuk jgh gS mldk tks i=kd ogk¡ Nkik x;k gS mliwjs i=kd (folder) esa lkojdj ds thou ds lHkh igyqvksa dk foLr`ro.kZu gS fdUrq dgha Hkh fgUnw egklHkk dk uke ugha gS ftlesa lkojdjus 1924 ls 1966 rd dk thou O;rhr fd;kA ,sls vk;kstdksa dkslej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd 'ksjuh dk nwèk dsoy Lo.kZik=k esa gh fVdrkgS] nwljs ik=kksa esa og iQV tkrk gS] xaxkty peM+s ds ik=k esa ugha j[kktkrk] blh çdkj lkojdj ds ç[kj fgUnqRo dk loksZÙke ik=k dsoyfgUnw egklHkk gh gS] eqfLye&bZlkbZ dk rq"Vhdj.k djus okys usrklkojdj dks tgk¡ ek=k 'kkfCnd J¼katfy nsrs gSa] ogha nwljh vksjmuds ifo=k fgUnwiks"kd fopkjksa dh vUR;sf"V dj nsrs gSaA lkojdj dsuke ij iSlk cVksjuk vkSj Lekjd cukuk cgqr ljy gS fdUrqq mudsvUr%dj.k dh çnhIr fgUnqRo&Tokyk dks v[k.M T;ksfr cuk, j[kusds fy, fgUnw egklHkk gh ,dek=k mik; gSA

ukU; iaFkk%---A

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v[k.M Hkkjro"kZ dk xkSjo gS egkjk"Vªfujhg fuèkZuksa o Jfedksa dks ihVdj ohj ejkBk cuus dkvkRe?kkrh LoIu èoLr djsaxs fojkV egkjk"Vªh; ns'kHkDr

jkt Bkdjs gksa ;k m¼o Bkdjs vFkok muds fuekZrk cky Bkdjslcdk O;ogkj f'kolsuk ds tUedky ls egkjk"Vª uo fuekZ.k lsuk dsmn~Hko rd ;gh jgk gS fd egkjk"Vª esa nf{k.k Hkkjrh; vkSj mÙkjHkkjrh; yksx ços'k djds O;kikj vkfn u djsaA bl lEcUèk esa vcrd lSdM+ksa ckj çn'kZu vkSj la?k"kZ fd;s tk pqds gSaA tc egkjk"Vª uofuekZ.k lsuk ugha cuh Fkh rc Hkh mÙkj Hkkjrh; ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks dqNo"kZ igys LVs'kuksa ij ihVk x;k Fkk vkSj u tkus fdrus ;qod ijh{kkvksaesa oafpr dj fn;s x;s FkA fèkDdkj gS bl f?kukSuh {ks=kh; jktuhfr dksA

ijUrq blds foijhr gS okLrfod egkjk"Vªh; fpUrj ijEijkfgUnw egklHkk usrk egku ØkfUrdkjh Lokra=;ohj fouk;d nkeksnj

lkojdj Hkh egkjk"Vª esa tUes Fks ftUgksaus jk"Vªfparu dh fn'kk fdlçdkj fuèkkZfjr dh Fkh Ñi;k Lej.k djsaA os fy[krs gSa fd gs flaèkqunh rsjs fcuk Hkkjr vèkwjk gSA rq>s çkIr fd;s fcuk ge 'kkar ujgsaxsA gs flaèkq! ;fn lkjk Hkkjr Hkh rq>s Hkwyk cSBk vkSj rq>s çkIr udj ldk rks vdsyk egkjk"Vª gh rq>s çkIr djds jgsxkA èkU; gSegkjk"Vª dh og ikou Hkwfe tks Hkkjr dks v[k.M cukus dk ladYilatks, gq, gSA

N=kifr f'kokth dh vkxjk tsy ls eqfDrtc vkSjaxtsc us N=kifr f'kokth dks vkxjk tsy esa Mky fn;k rks

muds lkFk muds iq=k 'kEHkk th Hkh FksA lc tkurs gsa fd f'kokth ,dfeBkbZ ds Vksdjs esa cSBdj Nn~e :i ls fdys ls ckgj fudyus esaliQy jgsA muds lkFk leL;k Fkh fd iq=k 'kEHkk th dks ysdj xqIr:i ls egkjk"Vª rd ;k=kk dSls djsaA f'kokth eFkqjk igq¡ps vkSj ogk¡

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mUgksaus 'kEHkk th dks ds'ko iafMr dks lkSai fn;k vkSj Lo;a Nn~eos'kèkkj.kdj xqIr ;k=kk ij egkjk"Vª ds fy, fudy iM+sA ds'ko iafMr Hkh'kEHkk th ds lkFk rhFkZ ;k=kk ds uke ij ç;kx] dk'kh vkfn gksrs gq,egkjk"Vª igq¡p x;s vkSj firk&iq=k nksuksa dk lekxe ,d fnu jk;x<+nqxZ esa lEHo gks ldkA ds'ko iafMr mÙkj Hkkjr eFkqjk ds gh rksFksA mÙkj Hkkjrh; us tku gFksyh ij j[kdj bls egkjk"Vª lsokle>rs gq, 'kEHkk th dks lqjf{kr egkjk"Vª igq¡pkus ds [krjs ls[ksyus dk dke vius gkFk esa fy;k vkSj mls iwjk Hkh dj fn;kA

'kEHkkth lfgr jk;x<+ fdys esa igq¡pus ds ckn ds'ko iafMr dksf'kokth egkjkt us okfil mÙkj Hkkjr ugha vkus fn;k vkSj jkt njckjesa gh mUgsa dk;Z lkSai fn;k x;kA

eFkqjkoklh ds'ko iafMr dk cfynku gqvk egkjk"Vª dhèkjrh ij

lu~ 1689 esa ds'ko iafMr vkSj 'kEHkkth nksuksa gh vkSjaxtsc dhidM+ esa vk x,A blls igys 1682 ls çkjEHk gq, rhu ;q¼ 'kEHkkth us vkSjaxtsc ls thr fy;s Fks fdUrq nqnsZo ls 1689 esa os caèkdcuk fy;s x,A vkSjaxtsc us 'kEHkk th dks eqlyeku cuus dks dgkijUrq èkeZohj 'kEHkkth vius èkeZ ij vVy jgsA rc 'kEHkk th dks 22fnu tsy esa j[kdj çfrfnu mudk ,d&,d vax dkVk x;k vkSj varesa mudk dRy dj fn;k x;kA Lej.k jf[k;s fd mÙkj Hkkjrh; ds'koiafMr dks Hkh 'kEHkk th ds lkFk ekSr dh ltk nh xbZ D;ksafd mUgksausHkh bLyke Lohdkj ugha fd;k FkkA

dk'kh ds mÙkj Hkkjrh; czkã.k ia- xkxHkV~V us gh djk;kFkk f'kokth dk jkT;kfHk"ksd

tc N=kifr f'kokth vkxjk tsy ls fudyus esa liQy jgs rks xqIrekxZ ls ;k=kk dj jk;x<+ igq¡p x;sA dqN o"kks± esa gh mUgksaus vkSjaxtscds LoIuksa dks èoLr dj fgUnw jkT; LFkkfir djus esa liQyrk çkIrdhA 6 twu 1674 bZ- dks T;s"B 'kqDy =k;ksn'kh ij f'kokth dks fgUnwin ikn'kkgh dk N=kifr lezkV gksus ij jkT;kfHk"ksd djk;k tkuk FkkA

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ijUrq egkjk"Vª ds czkã.kksa us foæksg dj fn;k vkSj pqukSrh nh dhf'kokth mPp tkfr ds {k=kh; ugha gSa vr% budks N=kifr cuus dkvfèkdkj ugha gSA rc rd vfèkdkj Hkjs fopkjksa vkSj 'kkL=kksa dh raxxyh esa ,d çfrHkkoku u{k=k çnhIr gqvk] dk'kh dk iafMr xkxHkV~Vftlus mu vKkuh czkã.kksa dks pqukSrh nsrs gq, dgk fd f'kokth dhdqy ijEijk dk bfrgkl esjs ikl gS vkSj os ea=k Hkh esjs Kku dks"k esalajf{kr gSa ftuds vkèkkj ij jkT;kfHk"ksd djk;k tkrk gSA vUrr%'kkL=kkFkZ o ifj.kkeksa ds lkeus egkjk"Vªh; czkã.k fu#Ùkj gks x;s vkSjegku iafMr dk'kh ds xkxHkV~V us f'kokth egkjkt dk jkT;kfHk"ksd djmUgsa N=kifr f'kokth cuk;kA 1674 ls 1680 rd f'kokth egkjkt dkjkT; 'kklu lapkfyr jgkA bu 6 o"kks± esa f'kokth us egkjk"Vª ls çkjEHkfd;k fgUnoh LojkT; dukZVd o rfeyukMq rd foLrh.kZ djus esaliQyrk çkIr dhA egkjk"Vª esa ml le; vkèkqfud f'kolsuk dhfopkjèkkjk çHkkfor ugha FkhA blfy, egkjk"Vª ds czkã.k mÙkj Hkkjrh;xkx HkV~V ds rdks± ds lkeus ur eLrd gks x;s vkSj vUrr% N=kifrdk jkT;kfHk"ksd fd;k tk ldkA rc ;fn dgha jkt Bkdjs vkSj m¼oBkdjs iSnk gks x;s gksrs rks xkxHkV~V dks iklZy ls dk'kh Hkst fn;k tkrkvkSj f'kokth dks dgk tkrk fd rqEgkjh tkfr N=kifr cuus ;ksX; ughagSA ijUrq èkU; gS og ia- ukxHkV~V ftlus dk'kh dh fo}rk ds cy ijegkjk"Vª dks lEiw.kZ fgUnw jk"Vª dk ea=kn`"Vk cukus dk xkSjo çnkufd;kA

mÙkj Hkkjr ds egkjktk N=klky o egkjk"Vª ds N=kifrf'kokth dk feyu

mÙkj Hkkjr dk cqansy[kaM jkT;A egkjktk pEirjk; vkSj jkuhlkjUèkk vkSjaxtsc ds lkeus ureLrd ugha gq,A dbZ ;q¼ yM+s vKSjthrsA ,d ;q¼ esa pEirjk; vkSj lkjUèkk ohjxfr dks çkIr gq,A mudkiq=k fd'kksj voLFkk esa Fkk N=klky tks cp x;kA ,d fnu jkr dsvUèksjs esa ;qod N=klky f'kokth ls feyus fdys esa igq¡psA çkFkZuk dhfd eq>s viuh lsuk esa HkrhZ dj yhft,A f'kokth us N=klky ds iwoZtksadk bfrgkl lquk rks nax jg x;s vkSj dgk fd rqe esjh lsuk esa HkrhZ

95

u gksdj Lo;a viuh lsuk cukvks vkSj tSlk egkjk"Vª esa eSa vkSjaxtscls la?k"kZ dj jgk gw¡ oSlk >k¡lh] jhok] iUuk vkfn cqUnsy[kaM {ks=k esarqe Hkh la?k"kZ djks] eSa rqEgkjk lFk nw¡xkA N=klky us 5 ?kqM+lokj vkSj25 iSny lSfudksa ls çkjEHk dh viuh lsuk vkSj ,d fnu vk;k tc;q¼ djrs&djrs vkSjaxtsc dh Nkrh ij N=klky us Hkh 24000oxZehy dk fgUnw jkT; cukus esa liQyrk çkIr dhA

>k¡lh] dkuiqj] jhok vkfn {ks=k ds vfèkifr N=klky jkT; dhjktèkkuh Fkh iUuk vkSj mudk jkT;kfHk"ksd gqvk Fkk fot;kn'keh lu~1685 bZ- dks (f'kokth jkT;kfHk"ksd% 6 twu] 1674 bZ-) f'kokth dsxq# Jh jkenkl] N=klky ds xq# Fks egkefr çk.kukFkA mÙkj Hkkjrh;N=klky vkSj egkjk"Vªh; N=kifr f'kokth nksuksa dk egkfeyu gqvk rksvkSjaxtsc dk 'kklu dkydofyr gqvkA vUr esa vkSjaxtsc egkjk"Vª dsvkSjaxkckn esa gh dcz esa lks x;kA

iq.ks (egkjk"Vª) ds ckthjko is'kok vkSj mÙkj Hkkjrh;N=klky dk vn~Hkqr laxe

vkt eqEcbZ vkSj iq.ks esa vkx cjlkbZ tk jgh gS fd mÙkj Hkkjrh;;gk¡ ls Hkkx tk;sa ugha rks iklZy dj fn;s tk;saxsA ijUrq ,d le; Fkktc 1685 bZ- esa cuk N=klky dk fgUnw lkezkT; lu~ 1728 esa ladVksals f?kj x;kA dkj.k ;g Fkk fd thou Hkj 80 ;q¼ yM+us vkSj muesavfèkdrj esa liQyrk ikus okys ohj cqUnsyk N=klky 1728 esa 80 o"kZds gks x;s FksA ,sls esa iQ:Z[kkckn ls ,d cax'k uke dk iBku ,dyk[k dh efqLye lsuk ysdj N=klky ds jkT; ij p<+kbZ djus pyiM+kA N=klky us ,d lans'k iq.ks ujs'k ckthjko is'kok ds ikl?kqM+lokjksa ds }kjk Hkstk ftlesa fy[kk Fkk&^^ckth tkr N=klky dhjk[kks ckth ykt** vFkkZr~ 80 ;q¼ yM+dj tks fgUnw jkT; eSaus cuk;kgS mls eSa vc 80 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa ladV ls f?kjk ns[k jgk gw¡AÑi;k esjh ykt cpkvksA i=k i<+dj ckth jko is'kok dks mu 'kCnksaesa mÙkj Hkkjr dgha fn[kkbZ ugha fn;k vfirq is'kok us ns[kk fd fgUnwjk"Vª ij eqxy lsuk vkØe.k djus py iM+h gSA vr% mlus rRdky

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fu.kZ; fy;k vkSj 1 yk[k dh ejkBk lsuk py iM+h mÙkj Hkkjrdh vksjA le; vk;k ;q¼ dk uxkM+k ct mBk vkSj N=klky vkSjis'kok dh lsukvksa us feydj cax'k* iBku ds 1 yk[k eqfLye lSfudksadks dcz esa lqyk fn;kA

N=klky us ckthjko is'kok dks viuk rhljk iq=k ?kksf"krfd;k

24000 oxZehy dk viuk cqUnsy[k.M lkezkT; is'kok dh lsukds lg;ksx ls cpkus esa liQy jgs N=klky dqN gkFkh&?kksM+s iqjLdkjesa nsdj ckthjko dks okfil iwuk Hkst ldrs Fks fdUrq mUgksaus ,slk ughafd;k vkSj dgk fd vc rd esjs nks iq=k Fks vc ckthjko rhljs iq=kds :i esa jgsaxs vkSj rhuksa iq=kksa dks 8@8 gtkj oxZehu dk jkT; lkSaifn;k x;kA og {ks=k tks ckthjko is'kok dks feyk og Fkk dkuiqj] >k¡lhvkfn dk og {ks=k tks ckn esa mÙkjkfèkdkj ds :i esa 1858 rd >k¡lhjkuh y{ehckbZ ds ikl jgkA bls dgrs gSa jk"Vªh; ,drk] fgUnqRo dh,drk] xaxk ;equk ds laxe tSlk] rkIrh] xksnkojh vkSj pEcy dklaxe] ftls cuk;k ohj ejkBk ckthjko is'kok us egkjk"Vª dh ikouèkjrh ls vkdj N=klky ds lkFk cqUnsy[k.M dh èkjrh ijA BkdjsHkkb;ksa ls gekjk fuosnu gS fd Bkdjs th bl egku egkjk"Vª dsbfrgkl ij Bksdjsa er ekfj, vfirq bl bfrgkl dks if<+, vkSj mÙkjo nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ,dkRek dk lk{kkRdkj dhft,A

lu~ 1761 bZ- esa ikuhir ds rhljs ;q¼ esa mÙkj Hkkjr vkSjis'kokvksa dk vuqdj.kh; ijLijk lg;ksx

,d le; vk;k tc ckthjko is'kok us fnYyh dh xíh Hkh1728 bZ- esa eqxyksa ls Nhu yhA 1740 bZ- esa ckthjko fnoaxr gq,A1757 esa is'kokvksa dks vVd ds fdys ij flaèkq unh ds ml ikj(orZeku ikfdLrku) Hkxokèot iQgjkus esa Hkh liQyrk feyhA lu~1761 esa is'kok lnkf'ko HkkÅ dks vgen'kkg vCnkyh lsikuhir esa ;q¼ djuk iM+kA ;q¼ fot; dh vksj c<+ jgk Fkk rcis'kok lsuk esa ,d eqfLye VqdM+h Fkh] mlus foæksg dj vCnkyh dh

97

lsuk dk lkFk fn;k vkSj is'kok lsuk dk lkFk NksM+ fn;kA

ikuhir ds ;q¼ esa egkjk"Vª ls vkbZ gtkjksa efgykvksa dkscpk;k mÙkj Hkkjrh;ksa us

ikuhir ;q¼ esa vkf[kjh fnu is'kok gkj x;s vkSj vCnkyh thrx;kA ;q¼ ds vfUre fnuksa esa ejkBksa ds lkFk egkjk"Vª ls vkbZ gtkjksaefgykvksa ds vfLrRo dk ç'u FkkA bUgsa cpk;k eqtÝiQjuxj (mÙkjçns'k) ls vk;h fgUnw lsukvksa us ftlesa cM+h la[;k esa tkV] czkã.kvkSj jktiwr vkfn lfEefyr FksA eqxy lSfudksa dks cM+h la[;k esagrkgr djds bl mÙkj Hkkjrh; lsuk us lHkh egkjk"Vªh; efgykvksa dksvCnkyh ds paxqy esa tkus ls cpk;k vkSj lcdks ykdj ckxir dsikl f'kfoj esa lqjf{kr j[kkA fiQj ,d fnu bu lHkh efgykvksa dksHkjriqj ds jktk lwjtey dh iRuh ds lkFk egkjk"Vª (iwuk) okfil ystk;k x;kA vius çk.kksa dks ladV esa Mkydj ;q¼ ds eSnku ls buefgykvksa dks lqjf{kr cpk;k o fiQj mUgsa egkjk"Vª dh èkjrh ijlqjf{kr igq¡pk;k] ;gh gS Hkkjr dh vn~Hkqr jk"Vªh; ,drk] ftlds cyij vkt Hkkjr esa 100 djksM+ fgUnw fuokl djrs gSaA lSadM+ksa vk¡fèk;k¡vkbZ] rwiQku cudj cgqr dqN mtkM+us dk bjknk Hkjk Fkk bu vk¡fèk;ksaesaA fdUrq fgUnw ,drk dh pV~Vku dks ;s vk¡fèk;k¡ fgyk ugha ldhaA D;kbl ,sfrgkfld lR; dks le> ldsaxs orZeku ds ;s {ks=kh;rk oçkarh;rk ls lus Nn~e jktusrkA

Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk laxzke esa lfØ; lEiw.kZ Hkkjr^yky cky iky* dk 'kCn ç;ksx gekjs Lokèkhurk laxzke bfrgkl

dh èkjksgj gSaA lu~ 1905 ls 1911 rd pys cax Hkax vkUnksyu dsle; lkjs Hkkjr ds fy, çsj.kklzksr cu x, Fks ;s yhu egkiq#"k iatkcds ykyk yktir jk; (yky)] egkjk"Vª ds cky xaxkèkj fryd(cky) o caxky ds fofiupUæ iky (iky)A rc fdlh us ugha dgkFkk fd cky (egkjk"Vª) ls yky (mÙkj Hkkjr iatkc) dks er tskM+ksAvfirq bl xBtksM+ dk Lokxr fd;k x;k D;ksafd og Lokèkhurk dklaxzke FkkA orZeku esa mRiUu dh tk jgh ?k`.kk ijkèkhurk dh vksj

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èkdsyus okyh fo"kHkjh ekU;rk gS ftls ns'kHkfDr ls vksr&çksr Hkkjrdh orZeku ih<+h fuf'pr gh ,d fnu bfrgkl ds dwM+snku esa iQsadnssxhA

MkW- gsMxsokj dk la?k mÙkj Hkkjr esa yk;s ekyoh; th,d le; vk;k tc MkW- gsMxsokj us 1925 esa jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod

la?k dh ukxiqj esa LFkkiuk dhA 'kk[kk;sa yxus yxha&egkjk"Vª esa ;=k&r=kc<+us yxk la?k dk;ZA rc 1928 esa gsMxsokj th ls feyus igq¡ps mÙkjHkkjrh; egkeuk ekyoh; vkSj MkW- th ls dgk fd vkidk la?k jk"Vªh;gS ;k egkjk"Vªh;\ MkW- th us dgk jk"Vªh;A tc ekyoh; th us dgkfd ;g la?k ;fn egkjk"Vªh; ugha jk"Vªh; gS rks bls egkjk"Vª ds ckgjHkh lapkfyr dhft, vkSj bls okLro esa jk"Vªh; cukus ds fy, eq>s,d dk;ZdrkZ nhft,] tks esjs lkFk dk'kh tkdj jgs vkSj ogk¡ la?k'kk[kk dk foLrkj djsA rc çHkkdj cyoUr jko nk.kh (HkS;k thnk.kh) dks lkFk ysdj vk;s ekyoh; thA mÙkj Hkkjr esa ;g çFkela?k 'kk[kk Fkh tks dk'kh esa LFkkfir dh xbZA HkS;k th nk.kh dks dk'khfgUnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ch-,- esa ços'k fnyk;k ekyoh; th us vkSjla?k ds fy, ,d dk;kZy; Hkou Hkh fo-fo- ifjlj esa cuk;k x;kAblh le; Jh ekèkojko lnkf'kojko xksyoGdj dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;esa çkè;kid (tUrq foKku) Fks tks HkS;k th ds lEidZ esa vk;s vkSjla?k ls tksM+s x;sA ;gh og mÙkj Hkkjr Fkk tgk¡ MkW- gsMxsokj dh çFkeHksaV xksyoGdj th ls dk'kh esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj mUgsa dk'kh dk la?kpkydHkh cuk;k x;k FkkA mÙkj Hkkjr dh dk'kh o mlds iM+kslh fcgkjh cUèkqvc egkjk"Vª ls Hkh vk'kk djrs gSa fd lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dks jk"Vªh;rk dkç[kj lans'k nsus esa vxz.kh egkjk"Vª D;k ogk¡ ds f'ko lSfudksa dks Hkhjk"Vªh;rk dk laLdkj ns ldsxk\ D;k egkjk"Vª uo fuekZ.k lsuk dks dksbZlans'k ns ldsxk&lkoèkku! LrCèk] mifo'kA #d tkvks vc vkSj 'kkarcSB tkvks] cgqr gks pqdkA

vkSjaxtsc dks i=k fy[kk xq# xksfoUn flag th usmÙkj Hkkjr ds iatkc esa xq# xksfoUn flag ds pkjksa iq=kksa dk cfynku

99

gqvk (1704 bZ-)A rc xq# xksfoUn flag iatkc ls egkjk"Vª igq¡p x;stgk¡ 1682 ls gh fujarj ogha jgdj vkSjaxtsc lfØ; FkkA mÙkjHkkjrh; xq# xksfoUn flag th us vkSjaxtsc dks ,d i=k fy[kk fd eSarq>ls ;q¼ djus egkjk"Vª vk;k gw¡A ukUnsM+ esa g¡A vc rS;kj gks tkvksesjs ?kksM+s ds lkeus viuh gkfFk;ksa dh lsuk ysdj vk tkvksA ;g i=kvkSjaxtsc us i<+k rks fiQj og pkjikbZ ls ugha mB ldk vkSj 1707 esavkSjaxkckn (ukUnsM+ ds fudV) esa gh dcz esa niQuk fn;k x;kA bldsckn 1708 esa xq# xksfoUn flag dk nsgkolku gqvkA

mÙkj Hkkjr ds gh gSa Jhjke o JhÑ".kvkSj ;fn okLro esa mÙkj Hkkjr o nf{k.k Hkkjr dk ç'u bl

jk"Vª?kkrh f'kolsuk 'kSyh ij [kM+k fd;k tkrk jgk rks] lEHko gS fdnksuksa ds nsorkvksa esa Hkh c¡Vokjk dj fn;k tk;sA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr o fo'oesa iwftr Jhjke o JhÑ".k ls Hkh D;k Bkdjs th ç'u djsaxs fdv;ksè;k ds jke o eFkqjk ds Ñ".k mÙkj Hkkjrh; gSa] vki ;gk¡ D;ksavk,A Hkkjr ds 'kh"kZ ij lq'kksfHkr dSyk'k ekuljksoj ij fojktekuHkxoku f'ko ds nks iq=k dkfrZds; o x.ks'k th dks Hkh dgk tk;sxk fdvki viuh ewfrZ;k¡ dk'kh fo'oukFk esa ys tkvksA fiQj yksdekU;fryd ds x.ks'k foltZu lekjksgksa dk egkjk"Vª dh èkjrh ij D;kHkfo"; gksxk\

ijUrq lR; rks ;g gS fd Bkdjsokn dks x.ks'k th rks pkfg,¡] jkeHkh pkfg,¡] Ñ".k o foBksck pkfg,¡] ia<jiqj dh ewfrZ;k¡ pkfg,¡ fdUrqjke&Ñ".k dh èkjrh m-ç- o mlds iM+kslh fcgkj ds èkjrh iq=k ughapkfg,¡A D;k ;gh gS ejkBk lans'kA th ugha] dnkfi ughaA ejkBk lans'krks iwuk ls pyk Fkk ftlus 1728 bZ- esa fotsrk is'kok ds :i esa fnYyhdh eqxy lYrur dks èkwy èkwlfjr dj lexz fgUnqRo ds jk"VªO;kihHkkjr n'kZu dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k FkkA ogh gekjk vkn'kZ Fkk] gS vkSjHkfo"; esa Hkh jgsxkA\

leFkZ jkenkl egkjkt vk;s Fks mÙkj Hkkjr,d fnu og Hkh Fkk tc N=kifr f'kokth ds çsj.kklzksr leFkZ xq#

100

jkenkl mÙkj Hkkjr ds x<+ eqDrs'oj (orZeku xkft;kckn ftyk) vk;sFksAogk¡ ls os vius lkFk rhu igyoku ys x;s Fks ftUgksaus egkjk"Vª dhèkjrh ij viuk thou yxkdj guqeku th ds efUnjksa esa leFkZ xq# dsfunsZ'k ij v[kkM+ksa esa ;qodksa dks çf'k{k.k fn;k FkkA bUgha dq'rh dsf[kykfM+;ksa ls rS;kj gqbZ Fkh f'kokth dh lsuk ftlus ,d fnu vkSjaxtscdh Nkrh ij fgUnoh LojkT; dh LFkkiuk djus esa liQyrk ikbZ FkhA

vaxzsth 'kklu ds fo#¼ Lokèkhurk laxzkelu~ 1923 esa xk¡èkh th ds funsZ'ku esa ukxiqj >.Mk lR;kxzg ds

lapkyd Fks egkjk"Vª ls mÙkj dh vksj fLFkr eè; çns'k esa tUes ia-ek[ku yky prqosZnhA bl lR;kxzg esa jk"Vªh; èot dh j{kk ds fy;sukxiqj tsy esa fcgkj ls Hkh ,d lR;kxzgh vk, Fks Jh gjnso ukjk;.kflag] ftUgksaus vius çk.kksa dh vkgqfr Hkh ukxiqj esa gh nh FkhA 'kksdlHkk esa J¼katfy vfiZr djrs gq, ml Lokèkhurk laxzke lsukuh dsçfr ia- ek[ku yky prqosZnh us tks mn~xkj O;Dr fd;s os bl çdkjgSa&

tufu fcgkj ç.kke rq>s] rsjs xkSjo dk Kku jgsAekr`Hkwfe] rsjs èot dh] esjs çk.kksa esa 'kku jgsAA

jk"Vªxku tu&x.k&eucaxky fuoklh xq#nso jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj us Hkkjr HkfDr dk tks

n'kZu jk"Vªxku esa O;Dr fd;k gS mlesa lHkh Hkkjrh; xkrs gSa&îatkc]flaèk] xqtjkr] ejkBk] æfoM+] mRdy] caxA* bl xhr esa mÙkj çns'ko fcgkj dk uke ugha gSA tc ;g xhr jpk x;k Fkk rc fcgkj caxkyçns'k dk gh vax Fkk] vyx ls çns'k rc ugha cuk FkkA ijUrq 'kCngSa&^foUè;] fgekpy] ;equk] xaxk] mPNy tyfèk rjax*A ;s mÙkjHkkjr dh efgek dk xku djrs gSa] ftUgsa lHkh nf{k.k Hkkjroklh HkhJ¼kiwoZd xkrs gSaA ;gh gS gekjh thouh'kfDr tks gesa fgekpy lsfgUnw egklkxj rd ,d lw=k esa fijksrh gS] tks gesa fc[kjus ugha nsrhAdU;kdqekjh esa lkèkukjr nsoh ikoZrh dSyk'k ioZr ij fojkftr f'kodh vkjkèkuk dj jgh gSaA ;g f'ko ikoZrh dh HkfDr gh rks gS

101

okLrfod Hkkjr ekrk dh HkfDrA

ns'kHkDr ohj ejkBk gks rks egkjk"Vª ls mÙkj Hkkjrh;ksa dks ughafudkyuk] fudkyks yk[kksa ck¡Xykns'kh eqfLye ?kqliSfB;ksa dks] bLykehtsgknh vkarfd;ksa dks] phu ds ,tsaV ekvksoknh uDlfy;ksa dksA 1993dk Hk;kog eqacbZ foLiQksV djus okys] ukfld] vkSjaxkckn] tyxk¡o]ukxiqj vkfn dks vkrad dh èkjrh cukus okys vkSj fnu ngkM+s iqfylFkkuksa ij vkØe.k dj flikfg;ksa dks gyky djds gfFk;kj ywVus okysekvksoknh Hkh egkjk"Vª dh èkjrh ij Nk;s gq, gSA vr% vkxs c<+sa]egkjk"Vªh' f'kolSfud o egkjk"Vª uofuekZ.k lsuk ds lsukuh vkSj blokLrfod pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus dk lkgl fn[kk;sa rc mÙkj HkkjrHkh daèks ls daèkk feykdj vkidk lkFk nsxk vkSj dsoy mÙkj Hkkjrgh ugha lEiw.kZ Hkkjr vkidk gkfnZd vfHkuUnu djsxkA

Hkkjr oans ekrje~A t;rq egkjk"Vª jkT;e~A t;rq fcgkj jkT;e~t;rq v[k.M Hkkjre~A

102

ns'k èkeZ dh j{kk esa tks vkxs c<+rs gSa] lhukrku! mu LokfHkekuh jk"VªHkDrksa ds çsjd gSa

egkjk.kkçrki egku

foxr ,d n'kd esa dbZ ckj geus egkjk.kk çrki ds egkuijkØeh thou fo'ks"kdj gYnh?kkVh ;q¼ dh frfFk ij rFkk ikout;arh T;s"B 'kqDy r`rh;k ds volj ij dbZ ys[k çdkf'kr fd, gSaAbl ckj egkjk.kk çrki dh iq.;frfFk 19 tuojh (1597 bZ-) ij ;gys[k ml egkekuo dh Le`fr esa J¼katfy :i esa çLrqr fd;k tk jgkgSA

egkjk.kk çrki us 15 tuojh 1597 bZ- dks pkoaM ds jktegy esa57 o"kZ dh vk;q esa cSdqaB yksd dks çLFkku fd;kA taxy esa ck?k dkf'kdkj djrs gq, èkuq"k dh çR;apk p<+krs le; çrki dh 'kjhj dhvk¡rs ruko ls çHkkfor gks xbZA bl ihM+k ds dkj.k gh çrki dk'kjhjkUr gks x;kA pkoaM ls 2 ehy nwj caMksyh xzke ds ukys ds rVij çrki dk nkg laLdkj fd;k x;kA blh LFky ij ,d Lekjd N=kHkh fo|eku gSA

jk.kk çrki ds thou dh vfUre vkdka{kkçrki tc e`R;q 'kÕ;k ij ysVs gq, Fks rc mUgksaus vius çeq[k

ljnkjksa ds lkeus ;g bPNk çdV dh fd esjk mÙkjkfèkdkjh vej flagesjs 'ks"k dk;ks± dks iwjk djus dh çfrKk djsA çrki ds firk egkjk.kkmn; flag ls vdcj us 34 fdys Nhudj mu ij eqxy lsuk dk'kklu LFkfir dj fn;k FkkA çrki ds thou esa cpiu ls gh ;gçcyre pqukSrh lkeus Fkh fd firk ds le; [kks;k gqvk lkezkT;vdcj ds gkFkksa ls okfil dSls fy;k tk;sA lu~ 1576 bZ- esagYnh?kkVh ;q¼ ls ysdj 1585 rd çrki us vius ;q¼dkS'ky oj.kuhfr ls 32 fdys okfil ysus esa vçfre j.kdkS'ky fn[kkrs gq,

103

liQyrk çkIr dhA 1585 ls 1597 rd ds vfUre o"kks± nks egÙoiw.kZfdys fpÙkkSM+ o esokM+ çrki dks okfil ugha fey lds vkSj mu ijvdcj dk gh vfèkdkj cuk jgkA ;gh Fkh og eekZUrd ihM+k tks e`R;qls tw> jgs çrki dks çk.k ugha NksM+us ns jgh FkhA vUr esa tc ljnkjksadh mifLFkfr esa vej flag us çfrKk dh fd eSa bu fdyksa dks vdcjls okfil ysdj fllksfn;k oa"k dk uke mTToy d#¡xk rFkk vdcjls dksbZ lafèk ugha d#¡xk] rc çrki us bl lalkj ls fuf'pr gksdjijyksd dks çLFkku fd;k vkSj okLro esa dq¡oj vej flag us viusthou esa ;g egku dhfrZeku LFkkfir dj fn[kk;kA

egkjk.kk ds thou ij çdkf'kr iqLrdsa;|fi lSadM+ksa fo}kuksa o bfrgkldkjksa }kjk egkjk.kk çrki ij

egÙoiw.kZ iqLrdsa fy[kh tk pqdh gSa rFkk fgUnh dkO;lkfgR; esa ia-';keukjk;.k ik.Ms dh ^gYnh?kkVh* Hkh vf}rh; jpuk ds :i esaçflf¼ ik pqdh gS ijUrq 1928 esa çdkf'kr Jh xkSjh'kadj ghjkuanvks>k fyf[kr ^mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl* rFkk 1994 esaçdkf'kr nsohyky ikyhoky }kjk fyf[kr egkjk.kk çrki egku*mYys[kuh; iqLrdsa gSA laLÑr esa Hkh ik¡p egÙoiw.kZ lanHkZ xzUFkmiyCèk gSaA MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky us vius xzUFk esa 19 jktLFkkuhHkk"kk dh iqLrdksa dk lUnHkZ çLrqr djus ds lkFk 20 vkèkqfud xzUFkksadk lanHkZ Hkh latks;k gSA ledkyhu iQkjlh bfrgkl Hkh egÙoiw.kZtkudkjh çnku djrk gSA

Nn~e rFkk foÑr bfrgkl ys[kubfrgkldkj MkW- j?kqohj flag dks egkjk.kk çrki esa jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k

vdcj dh rqyuk esa de fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bfrgkldlj MkW- vk'khokZnhykyk JhokLro fy[krs gSa fd vdcj dh rqyuk esa çrki esajpukRed ;ksX;rk] n`f"V dh O;kidrk vkSj jktuSfrd vUrn`f"V dkvHkko FkkA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd çrki us vdcj ds njckj esaekuflag tSlk tksèkkckbZ dk Mksyk ugha Hkstk Fkk] blhfy, vdcj dsfy, çrki 'k=kq cu x, FksA mu bfrgkldkjksa dks yTtk vkuh pkfg,

104

tks vdcj dks egku fy[krs gSa vkSj çrki dks ladh.kZ cqf¼ dkjktusrk crkrs gSaA usg#th us Hkh çrki o f'kokth dks iFkHkz"V(misguided) ns'kHkDr fy[kk gSA 5000 efgykvksa dks vius gje esaj[kus okys vdcj dks vdcj egku (Akbar thre Great) fy[kukrFkk çrki dks iFkHkz"V fy[kuk okLro esa ns'kæksg ls de vijkèk ughagSA lR; og gS tks flj ij p<+dj cksyrk gSA vkb, bl lR; dsn'kZu djus ds fy, dqN çlaxksa dk Lej.k djsaA

Hkkjr ds nks çèkkueaf=k;ksa }kjk dh xbZ lR; dh vkjkèkukJherh bfUnjk xk¡èkh ds çèkkuea=kh dky esa gYnh?kkVh ;q¼ dh

prq''krkCnh eukbZ xbZA fo}kuksa esa bl ;q¼ dh frfFk esa FkksM+k erHksngSA dqN fo}ku 18 twu 1576 bZ- rFkk nwljs dbZ fo}ku 21 twu1576 dks gYnh?kkVh ;q¼ dh frfFk ekurs gSaA dsoy rhu fnu dkvUrj gS nksuksa ekUrkvksa esaA 21 twu 1976 dks 400 o"kZ iw.kZ gksus ijgYnh?kkVh ds eSnku esa ,d fojkV dk;ZØe dk jk"Vªh; Lrj ijvk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa eq[; vfrfFk ds ukrs mifLFkr jgha Hkkjrdh rRdkyhu çèkkuea=kh Jherh bafnjk xk¡èkhA bl prq''kfr lekjksg dh,s ,sfrgkfld Lekfjdk Hkh çdkf'kr dh xbZ tks vkt Hkh miyCèk gSA

fiQj vk;k lu~ 1997 tc 19 tuojh dks egkjk.kk çrki dsLOkxkZjksg.k ds 400 o"kZ iw.kZ gq,A bl prq''kfr J¼katfy lekjksg dkvk;kstu mn;iqj esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fd;k x;k ftlesa eq[; vfrfFkds ukrs mifLFkr jgs Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu çèkkuea=kh Jh baæ dqekjxqtjkyA

vdcj dks egku crkus okys bfrgkldkjksa] usrkvksa] vfHkusrkvks us,d=k gksdj vdcj dh e`R;q ds 400osa o"kZ ij dksbZ dk;ZØe ughaeuk;k&;g o"kZ Fkk 2004 bZ-A dkaxzslh bfUnjk xk¡èkh o okeiaFkhbUædqekj xqtjky dk egkjk.kk çrki ds Le`fr lekjksg esa mifLFkrgksuk turk tuknZu dh mnkÙk Hkkoukvksa dk lEeku gSA jk.kk çrkins'kHkDr turk ds ân; ds flagklu ij lnSo fojkteku jgsaxsA dkxthbfrgkl ds iUuksa ij vdcj egku okys v{kj fy[ks feyrs gS ijUrq

105

Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds iUuksa ij êgkjk.kk çrki egku* dk pfj=kLo.kkZ{kjksa esa efgekeafMr feyrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh feyrk jgsxkA

blh çdkj vkSjaxtsc dks egku 'kkld crkus okyk bfrgklorZeku ih<+h dks i<+k;k tk jgk gSA vkSj f'kokth dks igkM+h pwgkcrkdj iFkHkz"V ns'kHkDr fy[kk x;k xk¡èkh o usg# dh ys[kuh lsAijUrq xk¡èkh&usg# ds vuq;k;h egkjk"Vª foèkkulHkk esa f'kokth dhçfrek N=kifr f'kokth ds :i esa yxkrs gSaA egkjk"Vª ds lHkh cM+suxjksa esa rks f'kokth dh fo'kky çfrek,¡ çfrf"Br gaS gha ijUrq jktèkkuhfnYyh esa Hkh N=kifr f'kokth o egkjk.kk çrki dh fo'kky çfrek,¡fo|eku gSaA

egkjk.kk çrki egku ds thou dh laf{kIr thou >k¡dhije oUnuh; bfrgkldkj MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky }kjk fyf[kr

iqLrd êgkjk.kk çrki egku thou&o`Ùk vkSj ÑfrRo* esa i`"B134&135 ij [kkstiw.kZ vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij fy[kk çeq[k ?kVukØe;gk¡ çLrqr gS&

1- çrki dk tUe 8 ebZ] 1540 bZ- (T;s"B 'kqDy r`rh;k] la- 1597foØeh)

2- vdcj rFkk ukxksj] esokr o tSrkj.k vkØe.k o fot;&1556&57 bZ-A

3- vej flag dk tUe 16 ekpZ 1557 bZ-A

4- çrki }kjk ckxM+] NIiu ,oa xkSM+okM+ {ks=kksa ij fot;&1555 ls1565 bZ-A

5- ekyok ds cktcgknqj dk esokM+ esa 'kj.k ysuk&1562 bZ-A

6- vdcj dh vkesj ls lfUèk&1562 bZ-A

7- vdcj }kjk esM+rk fot; vkSj txeky dk esokM+ vkuk&1562 bZ-A

8- vdcj }kjk tksèkqij ij vfèkdkj&1563 bZ-A

9- egkjk.kk mn; flag }kjk fpÙkkSM+ R;kx&1567 bZ-A

10- vdcj }kjk fpÙkkSM+ fot;&25 iQjojh 1568 bZ-A

106

11- vdcj }kjk j.kFkEHkksj fot;&24 ekpZ 1569 bZ-A

12- vdcj dk ukxksj njckj rFkk tksèkiqj] chdkusj ,oa tSlyesj dsjktkvksa }kjk eqxy vèkhurk Lohdkj djuk&uoEcj fnlEcj1570 bZ-A

13- çrki dk xksxwank esa jktfryd&28 iQjojh 1572 bZ-A

14- eqxynwr tyky[kk¡ dksphZ dk esokM+ vkuk&flrEcj 1572 bZ-A

15- eqxynwr dq¡oj ekuflag dh çrki ls HksaV&vçSy 1573 bZ-A

16- rhljs eqxynwr Hkxoarnkl dk çrki ls feyuk&flrEcj&vDVwcj1573 bZ-A

17- pkSFks eqxynwr VksMjey dh çrki ls HksaV&fnlEcj 1573 bZ-A

18- gYnh?kkVh dk ;q¼&18 twu 1576 bZ-A

19- bZMj ds jko ukjk;.knkl] fljksgh ds jko lqjrk.k] tkyksj ds rkt[kk¡] tksèkiqj ds jko pUælsu ,oa cw¡nh ds jko nwnk jko }kjk eqxyfojksèkh dk;Zokfg;k¡&twu&vDVwcj 1576 bZ-A

20- ekuflag dk xksxw¡nk ls eqxy njckj ykSVuk vkSj çrki }kjk xksxw¡nkdk iqu% vfèkdkj&flrEcj 1576 bZ-A

21- eqxy lsukvksa }kjk tkyksj] fljksgh vkSj bZMj fot; djuk&vDVwcj1576 bZ-A

22- vdcj dk esokM+ ij vkØe.k&vDVwcj 1576 bZ-A

23- bZMj ds jko ukjk;.knkl ,oa fljksgh ds jko lqjrk.k }kjk iqu%eqxy fojksèkh dk;Zokfg;k¡&tuojh&iQjojh 1577 bZ-A

24- eqxy lsuk dh bZMj ij iqu% fot;&23 iQjojh 1577 bZ-A

25- eqxy lsuk dh cw¡nh ij fot;&ekpZ 1577 bZ-A

26- çrki }kjk vkojx<+ (deyukFk) esa jktèkkuh cukuk&1577 bZ-A

27- çrki }kjk eksgh rFkk vU; eqxy Fkkuksa ij vkØe.k&vDVwcj1577 bZ-

107

28- 'kkgckt [kk¡ dk esokM+ ij çFke vkØe.k&vDVwcj 1577 bZ-A

29- 'kkgckt [kk¡ }kjk dqEHkyx<+ ij vfèkdkj&3 vçSy 1578 bZ-A

30- çrki }kjk NIiu çns'k ij fot;&1578&79 bZ-A

31- Hkkek'kkg dks ekyos ls èku ykuk vkSj mldks çèkku cuk;ktkuk&1578 bZ-A

32- 'kkgckt [kk¡ dk nwljk vkØe.k&fnlEcj 1578 bZ-A

33- çrki }kjk pkoaM dks LFkk;h jktèkkuh cukuk&1579 bZ-A

34- çrki }kjk fnosj dh fot;&tqykbZ 1579 bZ-A

35- çrki dk Mw¡xjiqj] ck¡lokM+k dks vkèkhu djuk&1579 bZ-A

36- 'kkgckt [kk¡ dk rhljk vkØe.k&uoEcj 1579 bZ-A

37- vCnqjZghe [kku[kkuk dks esokM+ dh vksj vkuk vkSj Hkkek'kkg dkseqxy i{k esa ykus dk ç;kl djuk&1580 bZ-A

38- çrki dks esokM+ ds eSnkuh Hkkx ls eqxy Fkkus mBkuk vkSj ekyok]xqtjkr vkfn {ks=kksa ij èkkos&1580&1582 bZ-A

39- txUukFk dNokgk dk esokM+ ij vkØe.k&fnlEcj 1584 bZ-A

40- çrki }kjk fpÙkkSM+ ,oa ekaxyx<+ ds vfrfjDr leLr esokM+ ijvfèkdkj&1583&1585 bZ-A

41- pkoaM esa çrki dk fuèku&19 tuojh 1597 bZ-A

çrki dk thou y{;çrki dk jktfryd 28 iQjojh 1572 bZ- dks xksxw¡nk esa gqvkA

,d vksj Fkk fo'kky eqxy 'kfDr dk èku] tu vkSj Hkwfe] nwljh vksjFkk NksVk lk esokM+ dk ioZrh; {ks=kA yxHkx lEiw.kZ jktLFkku vdcjds vèkhu gks pqdk FkkA HkkbZ txeky Hkh vdcj ds lkFk pyk x;kFkkA dbZ jktiwr jkt?kjkus vkesj ds ekuflag rFkk tksèkqij] chdkusj otSlyesj ds jktiwr jktkvksa }kjk vdcj dh vèkhurk 1570 bZ- rdLohdkj dj yh xbZ FkhA bl fodV ifjfLFkfr esa çrki ds le{k nksy{; Fkk&(1) eqxy nklrk ls esokM+ dh LorU=krk ,oa vkRexkSjo dh

108

j{kk djuk] (2) esokM+ dh Hkwfe] tu] èku vkSj lkèkuksa dh lqj{kkdjuk rFkk mls vfèkd foèoal ls cpk;kA

;s nksuksa nqlkè; dk;Z okLro esa çrki us dj fn[kk;sA çrki useqxy fojksèkh bl la?k"kZ dks fons'kh nlrk ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ dk Lo:içnku fd;kA eqxy fojksèkh iBkuksa dks Hkh çrki us vius lkFk HkstkAgdhr [kk¡ lwj ,oa tkyksj ds rktk [kk¡ çrki ds lkFk jgsA fgUnw jktkvksaesa cw¡nh] fljksgh] bZMj] tksèkiqj] Mwaxjiqj] ck¡lokM+k vkfn dks Hkhfoi{k ls rksM+dj vius lkFk ykus esa çrki liy jgsA

çrki us dwVuhfr ls dke fy;kA vdcj ds lkFk lEekutudlafèk ds fy, Hkh }kj [kqyk j[kk ijUrq esokM+ dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjusds vdcj ds lHkh ç;kl çrki us èoLr dj fn;sA

yxHkx 20 o"kZ rd eqxy lsukvksa ds vuojr vkØe.k gksrs jgsijUrq çrki ds vèkhu esokM+ dk 200 ehy dh ifjfèk okyk ioZrh;HkwHkkx lqjf{kr cpk, j[kk tk ldkA ;g vjkoyh dk nqxZe {ks=k Fkk tksçrki dk veks?k vL=k cuk jgkA

çrki us viuh lsuk dk uohu i¼fr ls xBu fd;k vkSj lapkyufd;kA Nkikekj lSfud çf'k{k.k dk liQyre ç;ksx djds çrki useqxyksa ds NDds NqM+k fn;sA çrki dh ;g Nkikekj ;q¼ ç.kkyheqxy lsuk ds fy, vkrad cu pqdh FkhA blhfy, 25 o"kZ rdvdcj dh lsuk,¡ çrki ls la?k"kZ djrh jgha ijUrq bl vofèk esa 34esa ls 32 fdys okfil ysus esa çrki liQy jgs vkSj vdcj dksfujk'kk ghs feyrh jghA

dkSu Fkk egku&vdcj ;k çrki\1 - vdcj us gsepUæ foØekfnR; (gsew) dk ikuhir ds ;q¼ esa

(1556 bZ-) oèk djds xkth cuuk çkjEHk fd;kA

2- vdoj us tkuh eqckjd uke ds eqlyeku dk Hkh oèk fd;kAf'k;k eqlyekuksa ds usrk ehj gC'kh] f[ktz [k¡] fetkZ eqdhe vkSj;kdwc dks Hkh vdcj us ekj MkykA

3- dkth dh f'kdk;r ij vdcj ds le; vCnqy uch }kjk ,d

109

czkã.k dks blfy, ekj Mkyk x;k D;ksafd mlus bLyke dh fuankdh FkhA

4- fgUnqvksa ij viuh ck¡gksa ij dksbZ iScan yxkus] ?kksMs+ ij lokjh djustSls çfrcaèk ykgkSj jkT; esa yxk;s x;sA fgUnqvksa dks cykr~eqlyeku duk;s tkus dk o.kZu vcqy iQty o cnk;w¡uh us Hkhfy[kk gSA

5- lÙkk:<+ gksrs le; vdcj fd'kksj voLFkk esa FkkA rc cSje [kk¡us çèkkuea=kh ds :i esa 'kklu dh ckxMksj laHkkyhA vdcj tc;qokoLFkk esa igq¡pk rks mls cSje [kk¡ dh csxe ilan vk xbZAvdcj us csxe gM+i yh vkSj cSje [kk¡ dks nwj Hkstdj ,dj.kuhfr ls ejok MkykA

6- fgUnw jktkvksa dks lafèk dk lans'k Hkstdj vdcj ,d 'krZ j[krkFkk fd mèkj ls ,d Mksyk Hkstk tk, ftlesa jktifjokj dh ,d;qorh gksxh tks vdcj ds gje esa jgsxhA ekuflag us viuh cqvktksèkkckbZ dks Hkstk FkkA 5000 vkSjrsa vdcj dh gje esa Fkha] fiQjHkh og fnYyh esa ehuk cktkj yxkrk Fkk tgk¡ vius ilan dh;qorh Nk¡Vdj og vius gje esa ys tkrk FkkA ,d fgUnw ;qorh usblh dkj.k ehuk cktkj esa vdcj ds isV esa Nqjk Hkksad fn;k FkkA

7- 1572&73 esa vdcj us dk¡xM+k fot; fd;k rks uxjdksV dsefUnj dh nsoh dk N=k rhjksa ls Nyuh dj fn;k rFkk 200 xk;ksadk oèk djds mudk jDr efUnj dh nhokjksa ij fNM+dkx;kA

8- 1568 bZ- esa vdcj us fpÙkkSM+ esa 3000 O;fDr;ksa dk lagkjfd;kA

9- vdcj us ftUgsa eulcnkj cuk;k muesa vfèkdrj eqlyekutkxhjnkj gh FksA fgunw jktkvksa dh la[;k 20 çfr"kr Hkh ugha FkhA

Hkkjr dh èkjrh dk tks djrs jgrs gSa Hkwnku] jktuhfr ds ;s Nn~efonw"kd bfrgkl esa crkrs gSa vdcj dks egkuA

110

egkjk.kk çrki egkuHkxoku jke us v;ksè;k dk flagklu Nksm+dj ftl çdkj ouokl

Hkksxdj jko.k tSls 'kfDr'kkyh jk{klksa ls ;q¼ esa fot; çkIr dh] oSlkgh çlax çrki ds thou esa ?kfVr gqvkA çrki dk thou Jhjke ls Hkhnqxus le; rd ioZrh; {ks=k esa O;rhr gqvkA

vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk ds lkFk ;q¼ esa jk.kkçrki dks [kku[kkukdh csxe çkIr gqbZ ijUrq jk.kk us csxe dks lifjokj lqjf{kr fnYyhHkst fn;kA ;g Fkk jk.kk dk egku fgUnw pfj=kA

çrki Hkkjr dh rkfRod Hkkouk ds çrhd FksA MkW- ikyhoky ds'kCnksa esa çrki ds fopkjksa dh mnkjrk] fl¼karksa vkSj vkn'kks± dhegkurk] pfj=k dh ifo=krk] uSfrdrkiw.kZ O;ogkj rFkk LorU=krk dsfy, muds vVy fu'p;] vçfre R;kx vkSj cfynku us lnk ds fy,mUgsa egkjk.kkçrki egku cuk fn;kA ftUgsa Nn~e èkeZfujis{krk ds ukeij Hkkjr dh èkjrh dks uhyke djus dk vH;kl gS os fy[krs gSavdcj egkuA tks [kksbZ gqbZ èkjrh dks okfil ysdj fgUnw èkeZ] fgUnwijEijkvksa o Hkkjr Hkwfe ds xkSjo dh iqu%LFkkiuk esa fo'okl j[krs gSaos fy[krs egkjk.kk çrki egkuA

tks fot; çkIr djds Hkh 'k=kq (ikfdLrku) dks thrh gqbZ HkwfelkSai nsrs gSa os fy[krs gS vdcj egkuA tks ijkt; ds ckn Hkh iqu%fot; çkIr djus ds u;s dhfrZeku LFkkfir djus esa fo'okl j[krs gSaos fy[krs gSa egkjk.kk çrki egkuA

'kr~&'kr~ ueu nsnhI;eku egkjk.kk çrki dks! 'kr ckj ueu mudhegku ijEijk ds vuqxkeh egkekuoksa dks!!

111

vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z dh efgek dksBhd ls le>uk gksxk fo}kuksa dks

vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z dk loZJs"B miyCèk thou pfj=k Lokehekèkokpk;Z }kjk fojfpr gSA ekèkokpk;Z (fo|kj.; Lokeh) ls vfèkd'kadjkpk;Z ds thou dks dkSu le>sxkA dqN fo}kuksa dks 'kkL=kksa dsdsoy os gh 'yksd çsj.kknk;d yxrs gSa] tks êr Nqvksokn* dkçpkj djrs gSa rFkk dqN leqnk;ksa dks fpeVs ls Nwus dk c[kkudjrs gaSA dqN èkekZpk;Z mins'k djrs gSa foèkfeZ;ksa (eqlyeku o bZlkbZvkfn) dks fgUnw èkeZ esa okfil ykus dh 'kkL=k vuqefr ugha nsrsA ;fnos fgUnw lekt esa ços'k dj Hkh ysa rks muds fy, vyx efUnjksa dhO;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A ijUrq vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z dh ijEijkesa Jaxsjh eB ds txn~xq# in ij çfrf"Br txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z Jhfo|kj.; Lokeh (ekèkokpk;Z) dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk blfy,vko';d gS fd mUgksaus 'kkL=k dks ftl #i ls le>k vkSj mls tksO;kogkfjdrk çnku dhA mldk ikyu ;fn fd;k tk;s rks fo'o esavts; fgUnw lekt ds }kjk Hkkjro"kZ dks fuf'pr gh txn~xq# in ijçfrf"Br djus dk xkSjo çkIr gksxkA

Lokeh fo|kj.; txn~xq# Hkkjro"kZ ds fgUnw bfrgkl dsxkSjo'kkyh vè;k; ds fuekZrk

lu~ 1333&34 esa fnYyh ds ckn'kkg eksgEen rqxyd dh lsukusnf{k.kkR; vkuxq.Mh (fot;uxj) ds fgUnw jkT; ij vkØe.k fd;kAbl ;q¼ esa fgUnw jktk tEcqds'oj ekjs x;sA jktk fu%larku FksAfot;uxj jkT; u"V gks x;kA

;g Hk;adj lekpkj Jaxsjh eB esa jg jgs laU;klh fo|kj.; uslquk rks os fcuk #ds viuh tUeHkwfe (fot;uxj jkT;) dh vksj nkSM+pysA vius {ks=k ds Hkqous'ojh nsoh ds efUnj esa vkdj mUgksaus riL;k

112

dhA ek¡ ds vk'khokZn ls mUgsa çsj.kk feyh fd fot;uxj ds u"V jkT;dk m¼kj dj lukru fgUnw èkeZ dk m¼kj djksA gEih (fo|kuxj) ds,d efUnj ds f'kykys[k esa fy[kk gS fd tEcqds'oj dh e`R;q dsi'pkr~ lu~ 1335 bZ- esa fo|klkxj dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj Lokehfo|kj.; us vius çfrfufèk }kjk 16 o"kZ rd jkt fd;kA ml le;Lokeh th dh vk;q 69 o"kZ FkhA Lokeh th 1331 ls 1380 rdlaU;kl vkJe esa rFkk 1380 ls 1386 bZ- rd txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z(Jzxsjh eB) ds ukrs çfl¼ gq,A ;g fot;uxj lkezkT; ckn esa nkslkS o"kZ ls Hkh vfèkd le; rd vfots; cuk jgkA

blh jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds le; fo|kj.; Lokeh us gfjgj vkSjcqDdk uke ds nks lsukifr;ksa dks tks eqlyeku lsuk }kjk iwoZ esa fgUnwls eqlyeku cuk fy;s x;s Fks vkSj iqu% fnYyh ls tc fot;uxj ijeqlyekuksa dh lsuk us p<+kbZ dh rks bu nksuksa dks lsuk dk lapkyulkSaik x;k Fkk rks Lokeh th us ri cy ls bu nksuksa dks iqu% fgUnw èkeZesa nhf{kr dj fy;k vkSj lkjh eqfLye lsuk dks foæksgh cukus esa gfjgjvkSj cqDdk liQy jgs ftl dkj.k iqu% fot;uxj lkezkT; dh LFkkiuklEHko gks ldhA

'kkL=kksa dk eeZ le>sa'kkL=kksa ds eeZK os gSa tks VwVrs lekt dks tksM+dj fn[kkrs gSA

'kkL=kK os gSa tks fgUnw èkeZ ls Nhu fy;s x;s ekuoksa vFkok gekjs HkwHkkxdks iqu% okfil ykdj efgek ef.Mr o çfrf"Br djus dk ra=k tkursgSaA tks fgUnqvksa dh la[;k c<+kdj fn[kk;s] ijra=krk dh csfM+;ksa dksrksM+dj iQsadus dk tks 'kkL=k cuk;s] ogh gS Js"Bre 'kkL=kKA ,sls egku'kkL=kK egkjFkh gq, vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z ftUgksaus bZ'oj vkSj osndh çfr"Bk èkwfey djus okys ckS¼ er dks ijkHkwr fd;k rFkk lEiw.kZHkkjr ds fgUnw èkekZoyfEc;ksa dks ,dkRerk ds lw=k esa fijksus ds fy,pkj èkkeksa dh LFkkiuk dhA os Fks fnfXot;h txn~xq#A muds yxHkx1200 o"kZ ds ckn mudh ijEijk ds 'kadjkpk;Z fo|kj.; LokehokLro esa vkfn txn~xq# 'kkL=kksa dk lgh vFkZ fgUnqvksa dks le>kus esaliQyre txn~xq# gq, ftuds ricy] ;kstdrk o j.kuhfr ls [kks;s

113

gq, ijkftr fot;uxj fgUnw jkT; dks iqu% iw.kZ oSHko ds lkFk nks'krkfCn;ksa ds fy, fgUnw jkT; ds #i esa çfrf"Br djus dk ;'k çkIrgqvkA

fgUnw laxBu ds fy, ojnku ek¡ xaxk dh ikou èkkjkfgUnqRo dk ;g ikou çokg] fgUnw èkeZ o laLÑfr dh ;g

vfojy cgrh fueZy èkkjk okLro esa equ";sÙkj :i esa dgha vU;=kfo|eku gS tks og gS ikou HkkxhjFkh (xaxk) dh ve`rèkkjkA lukrufgUnw èkeZ dh vtlz èkkjk vkSj xaxk dh fueZy èkkjk okLro esa nksuksai;kZ;okph 'kCn foU;kl gSaA blh xaxk ds ikou rV ij fojkV fgUnwlekt us Lo;a dks 'kq¼ djds laxfBr fd;k gSA dbZ djksM+ fgUnw HkDrtc xaxkty esa Luku djds Lo;a dks ru&eu ls ifo=k djrs gSa rksfgUnw jk"Vª dh t; èofu xw¡t mBrh gS fd tkfr] iaFk o leLrçdkj ds laçnk;ksa dks ,d eap ij ykus dh {kerk ;fn fdlhiw.kZ fopkj çokg esa gS rks og gS xaxk dh dy&dy fuukfnuhty èkkjk dk og mn~?kks"k tks lcdks eqfDr çnku djrk gS fdlhdh tkfr ugha iwNrk] tks lcdks ck¡èkrk gS fdlh dks NksM+rkugha] fdlh dk fu"ksèk mlds çokg esa ughaA

fgUnw laxBu dk ;g vn~Hkqr fnO; lksiku tc rd èkjrh ijfo|eku jgsxk] ge viuh 'kfDr dks iqu% iqu% uothou nsus esa liQygksaxsA oS'kk[k 'kqDy iapeh dks vkfn txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z] "k"Bh dkstxn~xq# jkekuqtkpk;Z o lIreh dks xaxk ekrk dk t;Urh lekjksggekjh jDr èkefu;ksa esa uo ÅtkZ] uo psruk o vfoPNUu xfr&çxfrdk lapkj djus esa leFkZ gks ;gh çHkq pj.kksa esa çkFkZuk gSA Hkkoh Hkkjrdk mRd"kZ fgUnw Hkkjr ds :i esa gks] txn~xq# Hkkjr fo'o dk fu;Urkgks] ;gh lUns'k gS txn~xq# ijEijk dkA

114

gfj}kj esa gj dh ikSM+h ij xaxk dh èkkjkds vfojy çokg dks vfofPNUu cuk;s

j[kus ds fy, v-Hkk- fgUnw egklHkk o xaxkegklHkk dk ,sfrgkfld vkanksyu

26 flrEcj 1997 dks ek- Jh vkj- cuZ eq[; lfpo la;qDr çkarljdkj }kjk ek- ykyk lq[kchj flag] lfpo vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnwlHkk dks Hksts x, i=k 2728@III&495 dh çfr

1- eq>s vkids i=k fnukad 05-12-1916 ds lacaèk esa lwfpe djus dkfunsZ'k gqvk gS] ftlesa xaxk ugj ifj;kstuk gfj}kj ds ckjs esavf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk dh ifj"kn~ }kjk fn;s x;s Kkiu ds}kjk ys- xouZj ls ek¡x dh x;h fd&

(v) fu;a=kd] }kj] fuekZ.k dk;Z o ugj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dsiDdk fuekZ.k dk;Z tks fd gj dh iSM+h ds Åij ubZ vkiwfrZèkkjk esa gks jgh gS mls can fd;k tk;sA

(c) ck¡èk esa de ls de 30 iQhV dk fudkl }kj gfj}kj esaNksM+k tk;s tks fd unh ds fupys çkÑfrd lrg rd tk;svkSj blh çdkj dk ,d fudkl }kj ujkSjk ds ck¡èk esa HkhgksA

2- ;g ç'u fd D;k gfj}kj esa gks jgs fuekZ.k dk;Z ls fgUnqvksa dhn`f"V esa xaxk unh vkSj ml LFkku dh ifo=krk de gks tk;sxh] ys-xoZuj }kjk 1914 esa bl fo"k; ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj fd;k x;kFkkA ml o"kZ 5 uoEcj dks ys- xoZuj gfj}kj vk;s Fks vkSj mUgksaus,d lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k FkkA ftlesa egkjkt t;iqj vkSj dbZegkuqHkko] tks fgUnw tuer dk okLrfod çfrfufèkRo djrs Fks]mUgksaus Hkkx fy;kA ml lEesyu esa fgUnw leqnk; dh vksj ls xaxk

115

dh ifo=krk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, rhu vkxzg fd;s x;s FksA

(v) gfj}kj ds ?kkVksa ij orZeku dh vkiwfrZ èkkjk Øekad&1 lsxaxk dk fuckZèk ty eqDr èkkjk }kjk feyrs jguk pkfg,A

(c) xaxk dh eq[; èkjk ds }kjk ikuh dk Lora=k cgko gksukpkfg, ftlls fd bykgkckn] cukjl o vU; ifo=k LFkkuksadks xaxk dk ty feyrk jgsA

(l) ;g fd ml èkkjk dks tks ikuh dks gfj}kj ds ?kkVksa rd ystkrh gS] fuekZ.k dk;Z }kjk bl çdkj dk Lo:i u fn;ktk;s ftlls fd og ugj çrhr gksA

3- bu fcanqvksa ij ifj;kstuk LFky rFkk lHkk esa fopkj fd;k x;kvkSj ugj ds vfèkdkfj;ksa ls fopkj djus ds ckn ys- xoZuj usfuEu fu.kZ; ?kksf"kr fd;s&

(v) vkiwfrZ Øekad&1 esa fudkl }kj dks tSlk fd og vkt gSBhd oSlk gh jgus fn;k tk;sxkA çLrkfor fu;a=kdksa dsfuekZ.k ds fcuk ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd ,slk djuk[krjukd gks ldrk gS] blfy;s vU; lkèkuksa dh vko';drkiM+ ldrh gS vkSj bl ckr dh xkjaVh nh x;h fd pkSM+kbZdh deh vFkok lrg esa fdlh ifjorZu ds lanHkZ esa dksbZfu.kZ; fgUnw leqnk; dh iwoZ lykg ds fcuk ugha fy;ktk;sxkA flapkbZ foHkkx gfj}kj ?kkV ij LukukfFkZ;ksa ds fy;si;kZIr ikuh dh vkiwfrZ ds fy;s mÙkjknk;h gksxk ijUrq ;gLi"V fd;k x;k fd bl èkkjk ls eqDr fudkl dks ;fn canfd;k x;k rks vkxs unh fNNyh gks tk;sxh vkSj ty }kjds dkj.k ls orZeku dh rqyuk esa ikuh dh deh jgsxhA

(c) eqDr fudkl }kj dHkh Hkh can ugha fd;k tk;s rFkk ck¡èk lsLukukfFkZ;ksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, i;kZIr ikuh NksM+k tk;sxkA

(l) ubZ vkiwfrZ èkkjk Ñf=ke (masonry) :i ls fufeZr u gksvfirq yktyhokyk }hi ds ekè;e ls çkÑfrd :i okyhgksA

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;g fu.kZ; lHkk esa mifLFkr egkuqHkkoksa }kjk fgUnw leqnk; dks ubZifj;kstuk ds }kjk gksus okyh dfBukbZ;ksa ds lanHkZ esa larks"ktudlekèkku ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

4- Åij of.kZr çFke fu"d"kZ ds ckjs esa fdlh çdkj dk ç'u iSnkugha gqvk] ijUrq vU; nks ds ckjs esa ,slk yxrk gS fd Hkze mRiUugqvk vkSj eq>s lHkk dks lwfpr djus ds fy;s ;g dguk gS fdys- xoZuj us mudk ,d U;k;kèkh'k dh Hkk¡fr ,d mfpr vFkZle>k vkSj ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa rFkk vU; fdlh mfpr bPNkokys O;fDr us fgUnw tuHkkoukvksa dh larqf"V ,oa ugj ds ÅijfuHkZj fo'kky tuleqnk;ksa ds fgr j{kk ds lanHkZ esa Hkh ckrksa dksle>kA tgk¡ rd nwljs fu.kZ; dh ckr gS tSlk fd ekSds (ck¡èkLFky) ij ys- xoZuj dks crk;k x;k Fkk fd ck¡èk ls cg jgs ikuhds fujUrj çokg dks LukukfFkZ;ksa ds gsrq i;kZIr ek=kk esa miyCèkdjk;k tk; rFkk mls ekuoh; vfHkdj.k }kjk u rks can fd;ktk; vkSj u gh fu;af=kr fd;k tk;sA bl mís'; dks ,d fudklds }kjk iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl çdkj ikuh dh vkiwfrZ Lora=kvkSj fu;a=k.k eqDr jgsxh vkSj fgUnqvksa dk ;g fo'okl iwjk gksxkfd gfj}kj ds uhps xaxk dk 'kq¼ ty çokfgr gksrk gSA bl fu.kZ;dk bl çdkj vuqikyu gqvk fd xaxk ds ck¡èk esa ,d fudkl }kj,slk gksxk ftldk ry xaxk dh lrg rd tk;sxkA

5- rhljs fu.kZ; dk vuqikyu iqujZpuk ds vuq:i gj dh iSM+h dsBhd Åij fu;a=kd ds lkeus yktyhokyk }hi ds :i esa gqvkAbl çdkj èkkjk dk Lo:i çkÑfrd fn[krk Fkk vkSj ,d lekury ij HkhexksM+k ls ek;kiqj rd iwjh èkkjk xqtjrh FkhA ;g ljçksoh Vh- dkSVys dh ;kstuk ds vuq:i FkhA

6- tcfd ,d u;k le>kSrk gks x;k ysfÝVusaV xouZj (fgt vkuj)us bl ç'u ij fdlh çdkj dh dksbZ iSjoh ugha dh vkSj Kkiuesa bl ckjs esa fn;s x;s mu mnkgj.kksa ij fdlh çdkj ds fooknesa ugha iM+uk pkgrs ftls og lgh ugha ekursA fnlEcj 18 o19] 1916 dks gfj}kj esa vk;s fgUnw çfrfufèk;ksa us esjs lq>koksa dks

117

ljdkj rFkk flapkbZ vfèkdkfj;ksa ds çfr vfo'okl ds dkj.kvLohdkj dj fn;kA ys- xoZuj egksn; us Lohdkj fd;k fd1914 ds le>kSrs dks dqN yksxksa us Bhd ls ugha le>k FkkA vr%,d vU; cgl dh vko';drk le>h x;h vkSj gfj}kj esafnlEcj var esa lHkk ds fy;s vkea=k.k Hkstk x;kA lHkk esa Hkkxysus okys çeq[kksa] vfèkdkfj;ksa o vU; lTtuksa dh lwph ls] tksgfj}kj esa mifLFkr Fks] Li"V gS fd ogk¡ fgUnw tuer dk i;kZIrçfrfufèkRo Fkk] blesa dbZ jktk] fgUnw leqnk; ds dbZ egkuqHkkorFkk vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk ds vè;{k vkSj egklfpolfEefyr Fks rFkk ifj;kstuk ls lacafèkr inkfèkdkfj;ksa ls jktkvksadks lykg nsus ds fy;s muds }kjk fu;ksftr ,d vfHk;ark JhbxVZu iwosZ rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj dh vksj ls yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx dslfpo Hkh lfEefyr FksA fopkj&foe'kZ esa unh dh èkkjk vkSjifj;kstuk dk ,d u;k ekWMy j[kk x;kA ekWMy ds vè;;u dsvfrfjDr mifLFkr vfHk;arkvksa ds lq>ko ds lkFk gh iwjh ifj;kstukdk fujh{k.k Hkh lnL;ksa ds lkFk fd;k x;kA ftlls fd fiQjfdlh çdkj dk Hkze u jgsA

7- eSa vkidh lwpuk ds fy, lHkk esa fy;s x;s fu"d"kks± dk o.kZudjrk gw¡A

(d) gfj}kj esa gj dh ikSM+h vkSj mlds ckn ?kkVksa ls xaxk dsfcuk jksd&Vksd ds çokg ds fy, ,d dPpk caèk (bund)pSuy ua-1 ds fljs ij tc vko';d gksxk cuk;k tk;sxk]mlesa pSuy ua- 1 dh liQkbZ dk;Z ds le; dks NksM+djU;wure 1000 D;wlsd ty ds çokg dh xkjaVh nh tkrh gSAflapkbZ foHkkx us vk'oklu fn;k fd ;g dk;Z ftruhtYnh gks lds mruh rsth ls fd;k tk;sxk ftls gj dhikSM+h ij ty dk çokg bl èkkjk }kjk cuk jgsxkA

([k) pSuy ua- 1 ds fy, [kqyk }kj tSls orZeku esa gS Bhd oSlkgh NksM+ fn;k tk;sxkA ysfdu ;fn ,slk dksbZ [krjukdvuqHko vkrk gS rc vko';d gqvk rks [kqys }kj dh

118

pkSM+kbZ ?kVkdj (ewy èkkjkvksa esa) tyLrj dks ?kVus ls jksdktk;sxkA fdUrq blds vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh dne fgUnw leqnk;ds iwoZ ijke'kZ ds fcuk ugha mBk;k tk;sxkA

(x) u, vkiwfrZ pSuy ds fljs ij xsV ugha yxk;k tk;sxkA dqNfNæ (bays) tks ,d nwljs ds vkl&ikl gksa dks iw.kZ :i lsnhokj rd dPps c¡èkksa }kjk can dj fn;k tk;sxkA lHkh fNæpkgs can gksa ;k [kqys gksa muds Åij yksxksa ds vkus&tkus dsfy, iqy gksxkA gfj}kj dh vksj ls rygVh vkiwfrZ tyekxZds ry ds rFkk jsrh ds cjkcj gksxhA ek;kiqj ls 'kq: gksusokyh ugj dks ikuh nsus ds fy, vko';d }kjksa dks [kksyus;k can djus dk vfèkdkj Lo;a flapkbZ foHkkx ds ikl ghjgsxk tSlk fd le;≤ ij vuqHko gksrk jgk gS rFkklkFk gh lkFk ;g gfj}kj 'kgj rFkk vU; orZeku ugj dk;ks±dh lqj{kk ds fgr esa Hkh gSA ysfdu os fNæ tks fd Åijcrk, x, gSa mlh çdkj [kqys jgsaxs vkSj tks fNæ can gSa osflapkbZ 'kk[kk }kjk dPps caèkksa }kjk iw.kZ :i ls can dj fn;stk;saxs tSlk fd Åij mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA vkiwfrZ èkkjk dseqgkus esa [ksyus okyk orZeku çokg (ukfy;k¡) mlh çdkjjgsxkA ;s ukfy;k¡ ml le; dks NksM+dj tcfd gfj}kj esa;k orZeku ds ugj dk;Z esa dksbZ vkink ;k nq?kZVuk u vktk;s ç;ksx esa ugha ykbZ tk;saxh] tc cgqr vko';d gksxkrHkh cgko ds fudkl dks ydM+h ds r[rksa ls vYi le;ds fy, iwjh rjg can fd;k tk;sxkA

(?k) ,d eqDr fudkl ml caèk esa NksM+ fn;k tk;sxk] tks uhpstehu rd gksxkA fudkl }kjksa dks bl rjg fufeZr fd;ktk;sxk fd flapkbZ 'kk[kk dh x.kuk ds vuqlkj tkM+s dsle; esa unh ds fuEu Lrj ij gksus ds fLFkfr esa Hkhvko';d 400 D;wlsd ikuh NksM+k tk ldsA bl mís'; dsfy, ([kkpksa dk) fooj.k flapkbZ 'kk[kk ds ikl j[kktk;sxkA

119

(M+) ek;kiqj fu;a=kd ij ,d eqDr fudkl mPp èkkjk dh vksjtkrs gq, cuk;k tk;sxk tks fd x.kuk }kjk fu;r 200D;wlsd ds cgko }kjk du[ky ?kkV dks vkiwfrZ djsxk tksfd du[ky dks NksM+us ds ckn xaxk esa iqu% fey tk;sxkA

8- eq>s ;g dguk gS fd mDr lHkh ckrsa 1914 ds ml le>kSrs dhiwjd gSa tks vHkh Hkh ml lhek rd çHkkoh gS ftl lhek ijmijksDr ckrksa ds vuqdwy gSaA eSa ;g Hkh Li"V djuk pkgrk gw¡ fdvfHk;kaf=kd n`f"V ls u;h fu;a=k.k O;oLFkk [krjukd gSA ;sfu;a=kd esa }kjksa dk mís'; gfj}kj dks ck<+ ds [krjs ls cpkuk FkkA}kjksa dk u gksuk ubZ vkiwfrZ èkkjk ds lrg ds [krjs ds lanHkZ esaHkh vlarks"ktud gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd ekulwu ds fnuksa esa tcunh esa ck<+ gksxh rc ydM+h ds njoktksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq,gfj}kj dks rFkk èkkjk ds ry dks vfèkd feV~Vh tek gksus lscpkuk vko';d gks tk;sxk] tSlk fd vuqPNsn 7] (x) esa Åijfn;k x;k gS ;k ubZ vkiwfrZ èkkjk ds [kqys fljs ij fu;a=kd yxkdj,d vyx ekxZ }kjk ty dks ek;kiqj ys tk;k tk;s rFkk gfj}kj?kkV ij cgus okyh èkkjk ds lkFk u feyk;k tk;sA vuqPNsn 7 esafn;s çkoèkkuksa ds vuq:i ljdkj bu fodYiksa dks ç;ksx esa ykusdk ekxZ [kqyk j[ksxhA iSjk&7 esa mfYyf[kr [kqys çokg dksvko';d ekuk x;kA fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa ljdkj }kjk LohÑr blmÙkjnkf;Ro ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd pSuy ua- 1 esa ,dgtkj D;wlsd ty dh vkiwfrZ ?kkVksa ij gksxhA

9- ujkSjk ds ç'u dks dkUÚsal esa NksM+ fn;k x;k gS rFkk bldklekèkku ckn esa fd;k tk;sxkA uksV&bl ç'u esa eq[;r% iSjk 8 esaè;ku dsfUær fd;k x;k gSA

lu~ 1914 ds le>kSrs dh çfrfyfi1- vkiwfrZ èkkjk Øekad 1 ds fy, fudkl }kj tSlk fd bl le;

gS Bhd oSlk gh jgus fn;k tk;sxkA vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij ;fn;g [krjukd gksrk gS rc ;g vko';d gks ldrk gS fd orZeku

120

fudkl }kj dh pkSM+kbZ dks NksVk fd;k tk;s ftlls fd ikuh dsry dks de gksus ls jksdk tk;sA fdUrq blds vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkhix fgUnw leqnk; ds iwoZ ijke'kZ ds fcuk ugha mBk;k tk;sxkAflapkbZ foHkkx dh ;g ftEesnkjh jgsxh fd gfj}kj ds ?kkVksa ijLukukfFkZ;ksa ds fy, i;kZIr ty dh vkiwfrZ gksrh jgsA ;g ckrè;ku esa jguh pkfg, fd vkiwfrZ èkkjk Øekad 1 ds eqDr çokgds fudkl dks de dj nsus ls rygVh esa i;kZIr feV~Vh vkfnorZeku esa teh gksxh ftldks lSY;wy (iQkVd) }kjk gh de fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;g ckr è;ku esa jgsxh gh fd ;fn okf"kZd liQkbZVkyh tkrh gS rks ikuh dh deh gks tk;sxh tSlk fd bl le; gSA

2- caèks esa ,d eqDr }kj NksM+k tk;sxk ftlls LukufFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIrikuh feyrk jgsxk vkSj bls dHkh can ugha fd;k tk;sxkA vfHk;arkx.k x.kuk djds ;g lqfuf'pr djsaxs fd LukukfFkZ;ksa dks o"kZ dslHkh ekSle esa fujurj vfofNUu (fuckZèk) ty çkIr gksrk jgsA

3- ubZ vkiwfrZ èkkjk esa iDdh nhokj ugha cuk;h tk;sxhA ykythokyk}hi ij gksrs gq, ,d çkÑfrd dVko jgsxkA ;g vk'kk ugha dhtkrh fd vkiwfrZ èkkjk Øekad 1 dh ykbfuax dks c<+k;k tk;sAè;ku esa j[kk tk;sxk fd gfj}kj ds ?kkVksa dks ty dh vkiwfrZ djusokyh èkkjk u rks ugj ds uke ls iqdkjh tk;sxh vkSj u gh ogugj tSlh fn[kykbZ gh nsxhA

121

Lokra=;ohj lkojdj }kjk çfrikfnr fgUnw'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk dks mPp U;k;ky; }kjk

;Fkkor~ Lohdkj fd;k x;k

Hkkjr ds fuokZpu vk;ksx us v-Hkk- fgUnw egklHkk dh jktuhfrdny ds :i esa ekU;rk dks 30 vçSy 1992 dks fn;s x;s vius ,dvkns'k esa jí dj fn;k Fkk ftlds fo#¼ egklHkk us mPp U;k;ky;fnYyh esa viuh ;kfpdk çLrqr dh FkhA yxHkx 4 o"kZ rd U;k;ky;dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha ns ldkA okn pyrk jgk rkjh[ksa iM+rh jghaA vUrr%30 ekpZ 1996 dks og ,sfrgkfld {k.k mifLFkr gqvk tc mPpU;k;ky; }kjk fuokZpu vk;ksx ds vkns'k dks jí djrs gq, v-Hkk-fgUnw egklHkk ds i{k esa fu.kZ; lquk;k x;kA fo}ku U;k;kèkh'k usfuokZpu vk;ksx dks funsZ'k fn;k fd og fgUnw egklHkk ds lafoèkku esaof.kZr (èkkjk 5) fgUnw 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk dks le>s rFkk mPpreU;k;ky; }kjk ^fgUnqRo* ij fn;s x;s fu.kZ; dk ifjikyu Hkh djsaA

v-Hkk- fgUnw egklHkk dk lafoèkku èkkjk 5 lnL;rk5 (d) çkFkfed lnL;&18 o"kZ ;k mlls vfèkd vk;q dk

çR;sd fgUnw tks fyf[kr :i ls fgUnw egklHkk ds mís'; rFkkè;s; dks Lohdkj djsA ,d #i;k (la'kksfèke nks #i;k) çfro"kZ nsnsus ij fgUnw egklHkk dk çkFkfed lnL; cuus dk vfèkdkjh gSA

ikBdksa dks ^çR;sd fgUnw* 'kCn ij è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gS&ftls mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ;Fkkor Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~ blfu.kZ; }kjk vfgUnqvksa ds fy, fgUnq egklHkk ds }kj [kksyus tSlk dksbZfo"k; ugha mBk;k x;k vkSj lHkk ds okLrfod lafoèkku dks gh LohÑrfd;k x;kA

fgUnw dh ifjHkk"kklHkk ds lafoèkku dh èkkjk 5 esa vkxs fgUnw* 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk bl

122

çdkj nh gS&^ôg O;fDr tks flUèkq unh ls lkxj rd foLr`r Hkkjro"kZds bl ifo=k Hkq[k.M dks fir`Hkwfe rFkk iq.; Hkwfe Lohdkj djrk gks^vkSj Hkkjr esa çknHkZwr fdlh èkeZ dk vuq;k;h gksA* og fgUnw gSA**

vk flUèkks% flUèkq i;ZUr% ;L; Hkkjr HkwfedkAfir`Hkw% iq.; Hkw'pSo l oS fgunqfjfr le`r%AA

ohj lkojdj th ç.khr bl ifjHkk"kk esa tc laLÑr 'yksd dhfgUnh djsaxs rks og vuqokn bl çdkj gksxk&

^ôg O;fDr tks flUèkq unh ls lkxj rd foLr`r Hkkjro"kZ ds blifo=k Hkw[k.M dks fir`Hkwfe rFkk ifo=k (iq.;) Hkwfe Lohdkj djrk gks]og fgUnw gSA** blh vuqokn dks U;k;ky; }kjk LohÑfr nh xbZ vkSjmijksDr of.kZr ifjHkk"kk esa js[kkafdr 'kCnksa vkSj Hkkjr esa çknqHkwZr fdlhèkeZ dk vuq;k;h gks* dks vfr O;kfIr ekudj ifjHkk"kk ls i`Fkd djfn;k x;kA bu 'kCnksa dks i`Fkd eku ysus ij Hkh fgUnw 'kCn dh ewyifjHkk"kk ;Fkkor lqjf{kr jgh vkSj mlds dkj.k lHkk ds mís';ksa ij Hkhfdlh çdkj dk ifjorZu djus dk funsZ'k ugha fn;k x;kA

okLro esa ohj lkojdj th }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd ^fgUnqRo* (i`"B100) esa Hkh laLÑr 'yksd dk ogh vuqokn fy[kk x;k gS tks lHkkds fo}ku vfèkoDrk Jh lqjsUæ ukFk esgrk us lHkk ds 'kiFk&i=k esaU;k;ky; esa çLrqr fd;k vkSj ftls U;k;ky; us Lohdkj Hkh fd;kA^fgUnqRo* uked iqLrd esa Hkh ^vkSj Hkkjr esa çknqHkwZr fdlh èkeZ dkvuq;k;h gks*& bu 'kCnksa dk lekos'k ugha gSA fgUnqRo iqLrd dhifjHkk"kk dks gh fo}ku U;k;kèkh'k us çekf.kd ekurs gq, lHkk dslafoèkku esa fn;s x;s vfrfjDr 'kCnksa dks ifjofèkZr ekudj i`Fkd djnsus dk funsZ'k fn;kA

y{;&fgUnw egklHkk dk y{; Hkkjr esa fgUnw jk"Vª dh laLÑfr,oa ijEijkvksa ij vkèkkfjr okLrfod turU=kkRed fgUnw jkT; dhLFkkiuk ,oa lHkh oSèkkfud ekè;eksa ls v[k.M Hkkjr dh iqu%LFkkiukdjuk gSA

mPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; esa fgUnw egklHkk ds lafoèkku dks

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vk|ksikUr lohdkj fd;k x;k gS ftlesa mijksDr y{; Hkh lfEefyrgSA 20 i`"B ds lafoèkku esa i`"B 3 ij fyf[kr 'yksd (vflUèkks%flUèkq i;ZUrk----) ds ewy vuqokn dks iw.kZr% lqjf{kr j[krs gq, dsoyvfrfjDr 'kCnksa dks (vkSj Hkkjr esa çknqHkwZr fdlh èkeZ dks ekurk gS)i`Fkd fd;k x;k gSA 'ks"k lEiw.kZ 20 i`"B ;Fkkor Lohdkj fd;s x;sgaSA ;g fgUnw egklHkk }kjk fd;s x;s 4 o"kZ ds vFkd ifjJe dklqifj.kke gS ftldk loZ=k Lokxr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

bl fu.kZ; dk jktuhfrd fojksèk D;ksa\1989 ds yksdlHkk pquko rd fgUnw egklHkk iathÑr jktuhfrd

ny ds :i esa dk;Zjr Fkh\ fuokZpu vk;ksx dh vkifÙk ds dkj.k1991 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa ls iwoZ 1990 esa iathdj.k jí dj fn;kx;k FkkA ik¡p o"kZ esa gq, lHkh pquko (LFkkuh;] çkarh;) fgUnw egklHkkdks funZyh; :i ls yM+us iM+sA cgqr ls dk;ZdrkZ fujk'k gksdj vU;nyksa esa pys x;sA rRdkyhu fgUnw egklHkk ds ,d ek=k lkaln fjVnk;j djus ds fy, dsUæh; usr`Ro ls vkxzg djrs jgs ijUrq ml le;irk ugha fdu dkj.kksa ls fjV nk;j ugha dh xbZA LVs vkWMZj fy;k tkldrk FkkA 1991 ds yksdlHkk pquko dks vklUu ns[kdj os lkalnegksn; fgUnw egklHkk dk pquko fpÉ fujLr gks tkus ds dkj.k nwljsny ds (Hkktik vkfn) i{k esa pys x;sA

vçSy 1992 esa ;kfpdk çLrrq dh xbZA 4 o"kZ rd U;k; u feyldkA rkjh[ksa iM+rh jghaA fofHkUu çkarksa o LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds pqukobl eè; fgUnw egklHkk ds lnL; funZyh; :i esa gh yM+us yxsA

vUrr% 30 ekpZ 1996 dks (yksd lHkk pqukoksa dh vfèklwpuk 27ekpZ dks tkjh gks tkus ds i'pkr~) mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fgUnw egklHkkds i{k esa fu.kZ; lquk;k x;kA

bl ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; ls v-Hkk- fgUnw egklHkk dks pquko vk;ksx}kjk 3 vçSy 1996 dks jktuhfrd ny ds :i esa iathdj.k çnkudj fn;k x;kA

bl çdj.k esa u rks fgUnw egklHkk dk dksbZ foèkku ifjofrZr fd;k

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x;k] u mldk ifo=k y{; gh ifjofrZr fd;k x;kA u gh fgUnw 'kCndh ewy ifjHkk"kk cnyh x;h vkSj u gh lnL;rk ds fy, fgUnw dsvfrfjDr fdlh vU; ds fy, }kj [kksys x;sA

bl lEcUèk esa dksbZ Hkh vkifÙk djuk Hkzeek=k gS ftldk fujkdj.kgksuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA fgUnw egklHkk ds dk;ZdrkZ fdlh Hkhèkkj.kk ij igq¡pus ls igys lEiw.kZ fo"k; dks le>us dh ps"Vk djsaAiw.kZ lafoèkku esa tks 'kCn NksM+s x;s gSa] os 'yksd ds vuqokn lsvfrfjDr (c<+k;s gq,&ifjofrZr) 'kCn gSaA

gekjk mís'; gS&fgUnw egklHkk dks fgUnqvksa dh çk.koku çfrfufèklaLFkk ds :i esa çfrf"Br djuk] vkxkeh pquko esa bls ,d thoUrlaxBu ds :i esa çLrqr djuk rFkk fgUnqvksa dh ,deso f'kjksef.klaLFkk ds :i esa fgunw egklHkk ds laxBu dks O;kid cukukA

dqN çfrLièkhZ jktuhfrd ny pkgrs gSa fd fgUnw egklHkk dsoyèkkfeZd] lkekftd laxBu cu tk; vkSj jktuhfr NksM+ nsA fofnr gksfd 1937 esa Lokra=; ohj lkojdj th us tc v-Hkk- fgUnw egklHkkdh vè;{krk Lohdkj dh Fkh rHkh ls bls ,d jktuhfrd ny dkLo:i çnku fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj lkojdj th us dgk Fkk fd fgUnwegklHkk ^fgUnw èkeZ lHkk* ugha gS vfirq ;g fgUnw jk"Vª lHkk gSA

1990&1991 esa ftl fgUnw egklHkk dks viathÑr dj fn;kx;k] mldh jktuhfrd ekU;rk Nhu yh xbZ tks jktuhfrd nyksa dhiafDr ls cfg"Ñr dj nh xbZ] ftlds 1989 esa fuokZfpr ,dek=klkaln o ,d foèkk;d dks Hkh nwljs rkdroj jktuhfrd ny usmnjLFk dj fy;k] iathdj.k jí gks tkus ds ,d o"kZ ckn rd ftldsusrk U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk rd nkf[ky djus dh lkef;d rRijrk ughafn[kk lds] fgUnqvksa dh ,dek=k çfrfufèk jktuhfrd laLFkk fgUnwegklHkk dks jktuhfr ds eSnku ls fdukjs djds nwljs nyksa] Hkktik]f'kolsuk vkfn ds fy, [kqyk eSnku NksM+ fn;k x;k vkSj ijns ds ihNsbUgha nyksa dh usrkvksa dh Nk;k esa viuh jktuhfrd egÙokdka{kkvksadh iwfrZ esa dqN yksx lefiZr gks x;s vkSj nwljksa dks Hkh ,slk djus dk

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vkàku djus yxs] mUgsa vkSj dsoy mUgsa fgUnw egklHkk dks mPpu;k;ky; esa feyh fot; lgu ugha gks ik jghA D;k os fgUnw egklHkkdks nwljs nyksa dh liQjeSuk cuk ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] D;k os pkgrs gSa fdfgUnw egklHkk funZyh; gh cuh jgdj pquko yM+rh jgs] D;k fgUnwegklHkk dks fgUnqvksa dh çfrfufèk laLFkk ds :i esa jktuhfr ds {ks=kls lnSo ds fy, dwM+snku esa iQsaduk pkgrs gSa\ ,slk dnkfi u gksldsxk] ,slk dnkfi u gksus fn;k tk;sxkA

gekjk y{; lqjf{kr gS] gekjk lafoèkku lqjf{kr gSA fgUnw jk"Vª ofgUnw jkT; dh LFkkiuk] v[k.M Hkkjr dh iqu% LFkkiuk] lkojdjth }kjkçfrikfnr fgUnw dh ifjHkk"kk iw.kZr% lqjf{kr gS] fgUnqvksa ds fy, ghlnL;rk ;Fkkor gSA vr% lHkh Hkzked çdkj ds çpkjksa ls lkoèkku jgrsgq, nwljs nyksa }kjk cuk;s x;s pØO;wg esa fgUnw egklHkk dks vfHkeU;qcukdj ?ksjdj ekj Mkyus ds "kM~;U=k ls fgUnw egklHkk dk;ZdrkZlkoèkku gksa] fojksfèk;ksa dh pkyksa dks le>sa] muds tky esa u iQ¡lsaA

ftu fojksfèk;ksa us igys jktuhfrd cktkj esa fgUnqRo dks uhykefd;k vkt os fgUnw egklHkk dks uhyke djuk pkgrs gSa] mls viathÑrdjkdj iqu% iSny djuk pkgrs gSa] os pkgrs gsa fd fgUnw egklHkk dk?kksM+k (?kqM+lokj pquko fpÉ) fNu x;k] vc oks fNuk gh jgs] lHkh iSnygh jgas vkSj nwljksa dks volj feys v'oes?k ;K dk ?kksM+k NksM+us dkAfdUrq Lej.k jf[k,! igys fgUnw egklHkk dk ?kksM+k bu èkeZfujis{kokfn;ksadh dqfVy pkyksa us idM+ fy;k FkkA yksxksa us le>k fd dksbZ ckr ugha,d ?kksM+k pyk x;k rks nwljk Hkktik dk v'oes?k ;K dk ?kksM+k vk jgkgSA fdUrq vc rks og ?kksM+k Hkh idM+ fy;k x;kA

vr% lkoèkku gksdj bu dqfVy pkyksa dks le>uk gksxkA pØO;wgrksM+uk gksxk] Hksnu djuk gksxk mudh lEiw.kZ O;wg jpukvksa dkA ladYiysuk gksxk v[k.M Hkkjr ds fy, v[k.M laxzke dk] v[k.Mfopkjèkkjk dk] v[k.M e.Mykdkj nl fnO; fpjUru czã dhv[k.M psruk dkA v[k.M ÅtZfLork vkSj v[k.M rstfLork dksv{kq..k ijEijk gekjh èkjksgj gSA ;gh gS gekjk fo'okl vkSj gekjklEcy!! t; Hkkjr! t; fgUnw jk"Vª!!

126

vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij laLÑr

Hkkjr dh jktèkkuh fnYyh esa vUrjjk"Vªh; lEesyu fudV Hkfo";esa lek;ksftr fd;k tk jgk gSA çlkj Hkkjrh }kjk bl egÙoiw.kZvk;kstu ls iwoZ dqN okrkZ,¡ vkdk'kok.kh ls çlkfjr dh tk jgh gaSftlesa ohjokj fnukad 29 uoEcj 2007 dh jkf=k 8-05 ls 8-15 rd 10 feuV dk ôkrkZ çlkj.k* djus dk volj eq>s Hkhçnku fd;k x;kA rRlacafèkr fo"k; lkexzh ikBdksa ds vè;;u gsrq;gk¡ çLrqr dh tk jgh gSA

jk"Vªh; çlkj.k lsok] vkdk'kok.kh (All India Radio)'kh"kZd % fofoèk HkkjrhokrkZdkj % fnus'k pUæ R;kxhfo"k; % vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij laLÑr

laLÑr fo'o dh çkphure Hkk"kk gSA lalkj ds çeq[k oSKkfudksa]iqjkrRofonksa] bfrgkldkjksa ,oa vU; vusd 'kksèkdrkZvksa ds vuqlkjfo'o esa çkphure xzaFk lEink ds :i esa ½Xosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn ovFkoZosn ekus x;s gSaA osn fdrus çkphu gSa] bl dkyx.kuk ij vHkherSD; ugha gS] ijUrq osn lokZfèkd çkphu gS] ;g vc fufoZokn rF;cu pqdk gSA

laLÑr esa ,d çfl¼ mfDr gS&^HkkjrL; çfr"Bs }s laLÑr%laLÑfrLrFkk*&vFkkZr~ Hkkjr dh çfr"Bk nks vkèkkj ij gh lajf{kr dhtk ldrh gS&,d laLÑr vkSj nwljk laLÑfrA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh ewy vkèkkj oSfnd lEink laLÑr esa miyCèkokÄ~e; ls gh iqf"ir] iYyfor jgh gSA osn ds lE;d Kku] vè;;uo ç;ksx ds fy, çkphu ½f"k;ksa us f'k{kk] dYi] O;kdj.k] fu#Dr]NUn vkSj T;ksfr"k&bu N% osnkÄ~xksa dks lEekfur fd;kA osnkFkZ&Kku dsfy, fu#Dr dks vkèkkj cuk;k x;k ijUrq fu#Dr dks Hkh fcuk

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O;kdj.k ugha le>k tk ldrkA

egf"kZ ir×tfy us O;kdj.k 'kkL=k dk vkfoHkkZo osn ls ekuk gSAbl le; O;kdj.k 'kkL=k ds ftrus xzaFk miyCèk gSa] mUgsa rhu foHkkxksaesa of.kZr ekuk x;k gS&

1& oSfnd 'kCn fo"k;d & çfr 'kk[; vkfn

2& ykSfdd 'kCk fo"k;d & dkrU=kkfn

3& mHk;foèk 'kCn fo"k;d & vfi'ky] ikf.kuh;

ikf.kuhO;kdj.korZeku esa miyCèk lokZfèkd çkphu ikf.kuh; O;kdj.k gS ftldh

jpuk foØe ls 2800 o"kZ iwoZ ekuh tkrh gS rFkk blls tqM+s ik¡p xzaFkçpfyr gSa& 'kCnkuq'kklu] èkkrqikB] x.kikB] m.kkfn lw=k vkSjfyÄ~xkuq'kkluA buesa 'kCnkuq'kklu v"Vkè;k;h esa miyCèk gS rFkk'kh"kZ pkj xzaFk mlh ds ifjf'k"V :i gSaA v"Vkè;k;h esa 8 vè;k; rFkkçR;sd vè;k; esa pkj pj.k gSaA dqy 4000 lw=k gSaA v"Vkè;k;h dhjpuk bruh lqlEc¼ gS fd blesa ,d ek=kk ds O;fDrØe ls vFkZ dkvuFkZ gks ldrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ik'pkR; fo}kuksa ds mn~xkj ;gk¡m¼`r gSa&

1& çks- eksfu;j fofy;El& ikf.kuh; O;kdj.k ekuo&efLr"d dhçfrHkk dk og vk'p;Zre çek.k gS] ftls fdlh ns'k us vc rdlkeus ugha j[kkA

2& lj fofy;El g.Vj& lalkj ds O;kdj.kksa esa ikf.kuh dkO;kdj.k loksZPp gSA mldh o.kZ 'kq¼rk] Hkk"kk dk ?kkRoUo;fl¼kUr vkSj ç;ksx fofèk;k¡ vf}rh; ,oa viwoZ gSaA ;g ekuoefLr"d dk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ vkfo"dkj gSA

3& çks- Vh- 'ksjokRldh& ikf.kuh; O;kdj.k ekuo efLr"d dhlcls çeq[k jpukvksa esa ,d gSA

fo'o ds lexz ekuoksa dk fgr fpUruegf"kZ euq us Hkkjr esa mRiUu fo'o ds vxztUek ekuoksa dks lcds

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lkeus vkn'kZ mifLFkr djus dk vkàku fd;k&

,rís'k çlwrL; ldk'kknxztUeu%ALoa Loa pfj=ka f'k{kjsu~ i`fFkO;ka loZekuok%AA

laLÑr Hkk"kk fo'o ds leLr ekuoksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gS] lcdsfgr dk fpUru laLÑr dkO; dh èkjksgj gS& ôlqèkSo dqVqEcde~*,oa ^Ñ.oUrks fo'oek;Ze~* çfl¼ mn~?kks"k gSa tks loZ dY;k.kdkjhHkko ls vksrçksr gSaA

fo'o ds fdlh ns'k esa tk;sa] ogk¡ laLÑr ls tqM+k 'kCn foU;kl;=k r=k vo'; feysxkA bl lacaèk esa ^Jh iq#"kksÙke ukxs'k vksd* usvusd ns'kksa esa çpfyr laLÑr ds rRle~ 'kCnksa dk fo'kn~ fooj.kçLrqr fd;k gSA mnkgj.k&

1& felzh Hkk"kk (felz ns'k) laLÑr 'kCnv[k v{k vk¡[kVa'k na'k (dkVuk)ur ur (>qduk)m"kk m"kkm# m#lkal 'ok¡liq"k iq"ijtr jtle le

2& bafXy'k Hkk"kk (fczVsu) laLÑr 'kCnvij Upper vijekml Mouse ew"kd,sxzslj Aggresar vxzljVªh Tree r#Fkzh Three f=klSUVj Centre dsUælj Sir Jh

129

gUV Hunt gUrlar Saint lar;w You ;w;e~use Name ukefeFk Myth feF;kfu;j Near fu;js

3& xzhd Hkk"kk (;wuku) laLÑr 'kCnokD; okd~,sjk- bjklSjh uxjh Jhuxjhljheq[k Jheq[kHkk"kk Hkk"kktqvkl miokllUtkdky lfUèkdkyflyksd 'yksdflDlk f'k{kklksnj lgksnj,sfl ½f"kjr jFklqvkeh Lokeh

4& phuh Hkk"kk laLÑr 'kCnrku LFkkuf'kjZ Jhftu tuek vEckfturku tuLFkku?kkse gkseykS |kS

5& Jhyadk esa çpfyr 'kCn&vuqjkèkkiqj] jksg.k] fot;jktiqj] jRuiqj] jkti{ks] fot;rqx vkfnA

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6& cekZ esa çpfyr laLÑr 'kCn&vofUr] xkUèkkj] dEcqt] ekS;Z] vklsrk×tu] okjk.klh] bjkorh

(unh)] pEikuxjh] dqlqeiqj] fefFkyk] oS'kkyh] }kjkorh] galkorh]vfjenZuiqj] jkeiqj vkfnA

7& eaxksfy;k esa eaxksy Hkk"kk esa laLÑrjk"Vªifr ds fy, 'kEHkq] çrhd ds fy, lks;Ecq (Lo;aHkw)] dUn]

dqcsj] dhfrZpØ] t;] Kku] otqzikf.k vkfnA

eqxydky&fnYyh (Hkkjr) esa tgk¡xhj ds 'kklu esa gkfFk;ksa ls [khaph tkus

okyh rksi dk uke Fkk ^xtuy* rFkk euq";ksa ls [khaph tkus okyh rksiFkh ûjuy*A tgk¡xhj ds gkFkh Fks&iapdqatj] iQrgxt (iQkSttaxj)A

loksZPp U;k;ky; Hkkjr dk fu.kZ;Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds ekuuh; U;k;kèkh'k ts- galkfj;k

}kjk 4 vDVwcj 1994 dks fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd laLÑr dks f'k{kkifj"kn ds ikB~;Øe esa vfuok;Z :i ls i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A ek-U;k;kèkh'k us ;g Hkh dgk fd laLÑr vè;kiu ds ekè;e ls ghviuh laLÑfr dks thfor j[kk tk ldrk gSA U;k;ky; ds foLr`rfu.kZ; esa fuEufyf[kr o.kZu fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA

lu~ 1783 esa lj fofy;El tksUl fczVsu ls Hkkjr vk, rFkkrRdkyhu dydÙkk fLFkr loksZPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;kèkh'k cuk, x,AtksUl us 6 o"kZ dfBu ifjJe djds laLÑr dk vè;;u fd;k rFkkdkfynkl ds vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ dk laLÑr ls vaxzsth Hkk"kk esavuqokn Hkh fd;kA vius nh?kZ vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij lj fofy;EltksUl us fy[kk& "Sanskrit is the mother of all Indo-Aryan languages"vFkkZr~ laLÑr lHkh Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gSA

ia- usg# ds 'kkludky esa 1957 esa dsUæ ljdkj }kjk ^laLÑrvk;ksx* cuk;k x;k viuh vk[;k çLrqfr esa (i`"B 71 ij) fy[kk gSfd ^laLÑr fo'o dh çkphure Hkk"kk gSA* i`"B 73 ij mYys[k fd;kfd ^Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ijEijk dk mn~xe laLÑr dh xksn ls gqvkA*

131

i`"B 74 ij fy[kk gS fd ^laLÑr ekufld vkSj vkè;kfRed 'kfDrds vn~Hkqr leUo; dk vkèkkj gSA* Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dh vkBohavuqlwph esa tks Hkk"kk,¡ lE;d egÙo j[krh gSa] mlesa laLÑr dk HkhmYys[k gSA

ifjf'k"VeSDlewyj ds vuqlkj laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr osn (½Xosn)

ekuo tkfr ds iqLrdky; dk çFke xzUFk gSA ikjfl;ksa ds èkeZxzUFk^vosLrk* ds vuqoknd Lihty us fy[kk gS fd&laLÑr Hkkjr o;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa ds ifjokj dh ekr`Hkk"kk gSA osn] mifu"kn~] iqjk.k]jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] xhrk] dkfynkl] fo'kk[knÙk] HkoHkwfr] Hkkjfo]ek>k] ck.kHkV~V vkfn dk lkfgR; laLÑr dh èkjksgj gSaA xf.kr]T;ksfr"k] èkuqosZn] vk;qosZn vkfn fo"k;ksa dh lkexzh Hkh laLÑr esaçkphudky ls miyCèk gSA

vlfe;k] ck¡Xyk] mfM+;k] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] iatkch] rfey] rsyqxq]ey;kye] dUuM+ vkfn Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks tksm+us okyh dM+h dsoylaLÑr gh gSA gekjs leLr fgUnw laLdkj o fgUnw jhfr ijEijk,¡ lclaLÑr Hkk"kk ls lEi`Dr gSaA ;=k r=k loZ=k laLÑr dk çHkko n`f"Vxkspjgksrk gSA blfy, ^laLÑra fcuk u xfr%*&laLÑr fcuk gekjh xfr(çxfr) ugha gks ldrhA

fo'o èkjkry ij ,oa fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr esa vusd mFky iqFky gq,]Hkk"kkvksa ds Hkh vusd :ikUrj gq,A vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds 80 çfr'kr 'kCnvU; Hkk"kkvksa (xzhd] Úsap] teZu vkfn) ls fy;s x;s gSaA vusdifjorZu ds ;qxksa esa Hkh fgUnw laLÑfr v{k; :i esa fo|eku jgh vkSjblds ewy Lo:i dh lukru èkkjk fujUrj lqjf{kr jg ldhA bldkJs; ;fn fdlh dks gS rks og Js; bl vej Hkk"kk nsook.kh laLÑr dksgh çkIr gSA tc Hkkjr ij laLÑr dk lkezkT; Fkk rc Hkkjro"kZ lEiw.kZfo'o esa txn~xq# Hkkjro"kZ ds uke ls fo[;kr ,oa leknj.kh; FkkA

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çkphu Hkkjr esa xksekal Hk{k.k ds vlR;çpkj dk vkèkqfud "kM~;a=k

laLÑr esa ^xks* vkSj ^xkS* 'kCn ds 24 i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSa&xk;]eos'kh] xkS ls çkIr nwèk] vkdk'k] çdk'k] fdj.k] bUæ dk otz] ghjk]LoxZ] ck.k] i`Foh ekrk] okXnsoh ljLorh] 'kCn] fn'kk] ty] vk¡[k]cSy] 'kjhj ds jkse] bfUæ;] o`"k jkf'k] lw;Z] pUæek] ?kksM+k rFkk xf.kresa ukS dh la[;kA

fu#Dr ds vuqlkj xks ds uke bl çdkj gS&xks] m{kk] o'kk] egh]vfnfr] bdk] txrh] 'kDojh] vkfnR;A

fdl 'kCn dk mi;ksx dgk¡ fd;k tk; mldk HkkokFkZ D;k fy[kktk;] ;g le>us ds fy, Kku ds lkFk foosd dh Hkh vko';drkgksrh gSA fons'kh fo}kuksa ds ikl Kku gS] dHkh&dHkh foosd muds iklde iM+ tkrk gSA Kku esa 'kfDr gS] nEHk gSA foosd esa lkeF;Z gS]le> gS] leUo; gSA çkphu Hkkjr esa xksekal Hk{k.k ij ys[k fy[kusokys bZ";kZyq tu Kku dk neu dj nqèkkjh ryokj pykdj vKku dhv¡èksjh xyh esa xk; dks èkdsyuk pkgrs gSaA 'kCnksa ds ihNs fNih vkRek(Spirit behind words) dks mUgsa le>uk gksxkA Kku ds {ks=k dks MaMs lsgk¡ddj eqxyksa o vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa 'kklu fd;kA eqlyekuksa us rksiqLrdky; gh tykdj jk[k dj fn;sA vaxzst ewY;oku iqLrdsa pqjkdjyUnu ys x;s vkSj blh dkj.k vkt yUnu fLFkr bfUM;k vkWfiQlykbcszjh esa 80]000 iqLrdsa laLÑr dh ikaMqfyfi;ksa ds :i esa gaSAisfjl (Úkal) esa Hkh 50]000 gtkj laLÑr iqLrdsa ,d iqLrdky; esagSaA osnksa dks xM+fj;ksa ds xhr crkus okys vaxzstksa dks ;g lkfgR; brukilan vk;k fd ps dksgsuwj okfil djus dh rks ppkZ djrs gSa ij buiqLrdksa dh okilh ij dHkh okrkZ ugha djrsA

,slh fLFkfr esa çLrqr ys[k esa ;g Li"V djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk

133

jgk gS fd fdl çdkj 'kCnksa ds vFkZ f[kyokM+ djds Hkzkartuksa us viusvkidks lEHkzkUr crkus dh ps"Vk dh gSA lkoèkkuh ds lkFk Kku dkvUos"k.k fd;k tk;sxk rks leL;k dk lekèkku ljyrk ls le> esa vkldrk gSA

xksekal Hk{k.k ds leFkZd jktsUæ yky fe=k dh iqLrd ^çkphuHkkjr esa xksekal* (Best in Ancient India) esa o.kZu gS fd jktk jfUrnsods ;gk¡ vfrfFk lsok esa çfrfnu nks gtkj xk;as ekjh tkrh FkhaA çek.kesa egkHkkjr dk 'yksd fn;k x;k gS&

jkKks egkuls iwoZ jfUrnsoL; oS f}tA}s lglsz rq oè;srs i'kwukeuoga rnkA

vgU;gfu vè;srs }s lglzs xoka rFkkAA &egkHkkjr ouioZ

blesa ôè;rs* 'kCn ij lkjk fookn [kM+k fd;k x;k gSA fgUnw èkeZfojksfèk;ksa us ;gk¡ ôè;srs* 'kCn ds vkèkkj ij fy[k Mkyk gS fdjfUrnso dh jlksbZ esa nks gtkj i'kq vkSj nks gtkj xk;sa çfrfnu ekjhtkrh FkhaA (oè;rs&oèk dh tkrh Fkha)A 'kCnkFkZ ds bl vuFkZ dk cks>k<ksus okyksa esa jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u (ôksYxk ls xaxk* iqLrd esa) tSlslkfgR;dkj rFkk MkW- vkj-lh- etwenkj tSls bfrgkldkj Hkh lfEefyrgSaA

leh{kk&igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd ;g 'yksd egkHkkjr ds lclaLdj.kksa esa ugha gS&fdlh esa feyrk gSA fdlh esa ugha feyrkAfiQj Hkh 'kCnkFkZ dh ehekalk rks vko';d gS ghA fgUnw fo}kuksa usbldk Li"Vhdj.k ;g fn;k gS fd laLÑr O;kdj.k esa ôèk* èkkrqLora=k ugha gS ftldk êkjuk* vFkZ fd;k tk ldsA ^cè;rs* dkç;ksx ^fgalk* vFkZ okys ^gu~* èkkrq ds ç;ksx esa ugha ekuk tkldrkA ;g 'kCn ç;ksx ^cUèku* vFkZ okys ^cèk cUèkus* èkkrq dkgSA laLÑr O;kdj.k esa cgqr ckj ^c* ds fy, ô* rFkk ô* dsfy, ^c* dk ç;ksx ekU; gSA

cè;rs dk vFkZ gS ck¡èkukvFkoZosn esa fookg çdj.k esa (14-01-26) rFkk ½Xosn esa

134

10@52@28 ea=k esa ^cè;rs* 'kCn Li"V :i ls ck¡èkus ds vFkZesa vkrk gS&îfrcZUèks"kq cè;rs*&ifr cUèku esa ck¡èkk tkrk gSA

mu xksHk{kd èkeZfujis{k fo}kuksa dk gesa bruk rks vkHkkj çdVdjuk gh gksxk fd mUgksaus bl mijksDr ea=k dk vFkZ îfr dksck¡èkdj oèk djus* dk ugha fy[kk vU;Fkk tc os yksx ^cè;rs*dk vFkZ xk;ksa ds oèk ls yxk ldrs gSa rks ifRu;ksa }kjk ifr;ksadks ck¡èkdj oèk fd;k tkrk Fkk] ,sls vFkZ Hkh çkphu 'kkL=kksa ijos yksx Fkksi ldrs FksA mudk èkU;okn fd mUgksaus ,slk ughafd;kA

vk'k; ;gh gS fd fookg çdj.k esa ^cè;rs* ck¡èkus dk vFkZj[krk gS rks jfUrnso dh O;oLFkk esa vfrfFk lRdkj ds fy, nks gtkjxk;sa c¡èkh jgrh Fkha] ;gh mldk vFkZ mfpr gSA

jktk jfUrnso ds O;fDrRo dh efgekJhen~Hkkxor esa jktk jfUrnso ds pfj=k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

jktkdh çflf¼ Fkh fd muds ikl tks dqN gksrk Fkk] ek¡xus okys dksns fn;k djrs FksA blh dkj.k ,d ckj og dbZ fnuksa ls Hkw[ks FksA le;ij lkeus Hkkstu vk;kA brus esa ,d czkã.k vk;k] og Hkkstu dkbPNqd FkkA jktk us viuk Hkkstu mls ns fn;kA blds ckn iqu% Hkkstuds fy, cSBus ij nwljk vfrfFk vk x;kA jktk us cpk gqvk Hkkstu fiQjls mls ns fn;kA vc jktk ds ifjokj ds ikl crZuksa ds èkksou dk ikuhcpk Fkk] og Hkh dsoy ,d O;fDr ds fy, i;kZIr FkkA os ijLij mlikuh dks vkil esa ck¡Vdj ihus gh okys Fks fd ,d I;klk O;fDr ogk¡vk igq¡pkA jfUrnso dh d#.kk meM+ iM+h vkSj mUgksaus lkjk ikuh mlI;kls dks ns fn;kA jktk us bZ'oj ls çkFkZUkk dh&

u dke;s¿ga xfreh'ojkr~ ijke"Vf¼'kqDrke~ iquHkZoa okAvkfrZ çi|s¿f[ky nsgHkktkeUr fLFkrks ;su HkoUR; nq%[kkAA

(Jhen~Hkkxor 9@21@12)

vFkZ&^gs Hkxou! u rtks eSa v"V flf¼;ksa ls ;qDr loksZPp LFkkupkgrk gw¡ vkSj u eqfDrA eSa dsoy bruk pkgrk gw¡ fd çk.khek=k ds

135

vUr%dj.k esa cSBdj muds nq%[kksa dks Lo;a lgu dj yw¡ ftlls fdlHkh çk.kh vius lHkh çdkj ds nq%[kksa ls cp ldsaA*

bl pfj=k fp=k.k ls ;g lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fdjktk jfUrnso vfrfFk;ksa dks xksekal ijkslus tSlk t?kU; dk;Z dSls djldrs FksA jfUrnso ds pfj=k dk vè;;u gesa vius èkeZ'kkL=kksa dsvkèkkj ij gh djuk gksxk] mèkkj yh xbZ fo}rk vkSj fons'kfu"BèkeZfujis{krk vFkok jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u ljh[ks ekDlZoknh fpardksa dsçf{kIr ys[ku rFkk fof{kIr leku ekufldrk ls xzLr jktsUæ yky fe=kbl fo"k; ij Hkkjr dh dksfV&dksfV fgUnw turk ds funsZ'kd ugha ekustk ldrsA èkeZ dks viQhe cukus okyk ekDlZOkkn fgUnqvksa dks fo?kfVrdjrs&djrs Lo;a lksfo;r :l dks Hkh fo?kfVr dj pqdk gSA fgUnwlekt esa HkfDr dh fojkV Hkkouk dh ifo=krk dks foÑr ekufldrkls xzLr ys[ku lkexzh dHkh Hkh iFkHkz"V ugha dj ldh gS vkSj uHkfo"; esa dj ldsxhA

cè;rs vkSj gU;rsxhrk esa ekjus ds fy, (oèk djus ds fy,) gU;rs 'kCn dk ç;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ds vè;k;&2 ds 'yksd&20 esa vkrkgS&

u tk;rs fez;rs ok dnkfpUuk;a HkwRok Hkfork ok u Hkw;%Avtks fuR;% 'kk'orks¿;a iqjk.kksa u gU;rs gU;ekus 'kjhjsAA

vFkZ&;g vkRek fdlh dky esa Hkh u rks tUerk gS vkSj u ejrkgh gS rFkk u mRiUu gksdj fiQj gksus okyk gh gS D;ksafd ;g vtUek]fuR;] lukru vkSj iqjkru gS rFkk 'kjhj ds ekjs tkus ij Hkh ughaekjk tkrk (u gU;rs gU;ekus 'kjhjs)A

;gk¡ ij û cè;rs cè;ekus 'kjhjs* dk ç;ksx ugha gSA blh ls ;gvFkZ Li"V gS fd jfUrnso ds çlax esa ^cè;rs* 'kCn xk;ksa ds ck¡èkus dsfy, gh ç;qDr gqvk gSA

xksHk{kdksa }kjk ;kKoYD; ij feF;k ykaNueSdMksyu o dhFk uked fons'kh ys[kdksa }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd

136

oSfnd b.MsDl (Vedic Index) esa êkal* 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr fy[kkx;k gS&

"The great saga Yajnavalkya was wont to eat the meat of milchcows and bullocks if only it was ansal (firm of tender)."

vFkZ&;kKoYD; egf"kZ nwèk nsus okyh xk;sa vkSj cSyksa (èksuq&vugqMk)dk ekal ;fn og LFkwy o dksey gks rks gh [kkus ds vH;LrFks&'kriFk czkã.k (3&1&2&21)A

ia- nhukukFk 'kkL=kh lkjLor }kjk [k.Mu^lukru èkeZyksd* iqLrd esa fo}ku ys[kd ia- nhukukFk th us

èkwrZtuksa ds vKku dh èkfTt;k¡ mM+krs gq, 'kriFk czkã.k xzaFk esa of.kZrmDr mnkgj.k dk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k çLrqr fd;k gSA

^rnqgq mokp ;kKoYD;%& v'ukE;so vge~ valy psn~ Hkorhfr;K djus ds le; ds fu;e o foèkku dh ppkZ djrs gq,

;kKoYD; dk dguk gS fd ;KdrkZ (;teku) ds :i esa eSa valy[kk ldrk gw¡&,slk esjk er gS] vr% vU; ;KdrkZ lg;ksxh Hkh valy[kk ldrs gSaA

fgUnw èkeZ fojksfèk;ksa us ^èksuq* vkSj ^vuMqg~* ds valy dk vFkZfoÑr djrs gq, mls uje ekal crk;k gS tks ;sktukiwoZd HkzkafrfuekZ.kdkjd "kM~;a=k gSA

valy dk vFkZvejdks"k (2&6&44) esa valy dk vFkZ ekalyks¿ly%* of.kZr gSA

bldk vFkZ&valy ekaly gksrk gSA ;fn valy dk vFkZ ekal ekuktk;sxk rks êkalyks¿ly%* dk vFkZ gksxk&ekal ekaly gksrk gS tksLi"Vr% folaxfr gSA bldk mfpr vFkZ ;gh gS fd valy cydkjdgksrk gSA okeu f'kojke vkIVs ds laLÑr fgUnh 'kCndks"k esa Hkh valydk vFkZ cyoku] â"V&iq"V o 'kfDr'kkyh fn;k x;k gSA blesa dgha Hkhekal dk ladsr rd ugha gSA ikf.kuh ds lw=k ôRlkalkE;ka dkecys* dsvuqlkj valy dk vFkZ cydkjd gSA

;kKoYD; }kjk ;K esa valy [kkus dk vFkZ nwèk ;k nwèk ls mRiUu

137

eD[ku] eykbZ] jcM+h ;k [khj tSls cyoèkZd [kk| inkFkZ [kkus ls gSAbu oLrqvksa dk fu"ksèk gksus ij iQy&esos tSls 'kfDroèkZd (ekaly)inkFkZ [kkus ls gSA

valy dk vFkZ fdlh Hkh 'kkL=k esa ekal vFkok uje ekal ds :iesa miyCèk ugha gSA dsoy xksHk{kd ykWch nq"çpkj ds fy, ,slsvuFkZdkjh 'kCnksa dk <ksax jp jgh gS ftudk okLrfodrk ls nwj dk HkhdksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA

fgUnw ek=k dks tksM+us okyh 'kfDr gS xksekrkfgUnw vkLFkk] ijEijk o fo'okl dks fgykus ds fy, fons'kh

i;ZVdksa] ys[kdksa] fdjk;s ds fo}kuksa rFkk jktuhfr o dwVuhfr ls çsfjrNn~e bfrgkldkjksa }kjk cgqr çdkj ds "kM~;a=k jps tkrs gSaA eqxydkyls fczfV'k dky rd ,sls ç;Ruksa ls bfrgkl dks cgqr dqN foÑr oçnwf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA fiQj Hkh fgUnw tu ekul dh ekU;rk oèkkj.kk mUgha 'kkL=kksa ls vkt Hkh lapkfyr gksrh gS ftUgsa lukru èkeZ]vk;Zlekt] tSu] ckS¼ o fl[k iaFk ds ekuuh; vkpk;ks± }kjk efgekef.Mrekuk x;k gSA dqN fo"k;ksa ij bu lc esa ijLij fojksèk rFkk erfHkUurk gks ldrh gSA vk;Zlekt o lukru èkeZ ewfrZiwtk ij fHkUu&fHkUufopkj j[krs gSa] ijUrq xksHkfDr ij nksuksa ,der gSA tSu o ckS¼ erds vuqlkj bZ'oj rFkk osn ekU; ugha gSa tcfd vk;Zlekt o lukruèkeZ ds fy, bZ'oj rFkk osn vkLFkk dk çèkku dsUæ fcUnq gSa ijUrq xk;ds fo"k; esa bu lcdh ekU;rk ijLij fooknksa ls iw.kZr% eqDr gSAfl[k xq#vksa us Hkh xÅ?kkr dk nq%[k txr ls feVkus dk ladYi fy;kvkSj mlds fy, cM+s&cM+s cfynku fd;sA

bl çdkj fgUnw ek=k ds fy, tksM+us okyh dM+h ds :i esa xk;dk çèkku LFkku gSA bl lanHkZ esa osn ds fl¼kUrksa esa ls dqN dk o.kZu;gk¡ çLrqr gS&

1& fç; i'kquka Hkw;kle~ & vFkoZosn (17&1&4)& eSa lc i'kqvksa dk I;kjk cuw¡A

2& o`gn~fHkHkkZuqfHkHkkZlu~ ek fgalksRrUok çtk% & (;tqosZn 12&32)

138

& rw egku Kku fdj.kksa ls çdkf"kr gks vkSj vius 'kjhj ls çkf.k;ksadh fgalk er djA

oSfnd dks"k fu?k.Vq esa xkS ds fy, rhu ladsrkRed funsZ'k fn;s x;sgSa&

1& v?U;k (v$?U;k) = guu djus ds v;ksX; = vgUrO;k

2& vgh (v$gh) + guu djus ds v;ksX;

3& vfnfr (v$fnfr) + VqdM+s djus ds v;ksX; (v[k.Muh;k)

bu 'kCnksa ls Li"V gS fd fgalk dk osn esa iw.kZr% fu"ksèk gSA xkslsokdh efgek crkrs gq, osn dk vkns'k gS&

nqgkef'oH;ka i;ks v?U;s;Z lk oèkZrka egrs lkSHkxk; (½-1&164&27)

vFkZ&;g v?U; xkS vf'ouh nsoksa ds fy, nwèk nsos vkSj ;g gekjscM+s lkSHkkX; ds fy, cgqr c<+sA

vUr esa bruk gh dguk lehphu gksxk fd fnXHkzkar fopkjdksa ds}kjk xksekal Hk{k.k dks çkphu Hkkjr dh ijEijk crkuk efLr"d dsfnokfy;siu ls vfèkd dqN ugha gSA fgUnw fojksèkh lkfgR; çpkj dsfy, djksM+ksa MkWyj O;; fd;s tk jgs gSa] ,sls esa fojksèkh iqLrdsa o ys[kçdkf'kr djkuk dksbZ vk'p;Z dk fo"k; ugha gSA fgUnw tuekul dkslgh rF;ksa esa ifjfpr djkuk vko';d gS] blh gsrq ls ;g ys[kfy[kus dk ç;Ru gSA

bl ys[k esa dqN =kqfV;k¡ vFkok U;wurk,¡ jg xbZ gksa rks mudkslqèkkjdj lqèkh ikBdksa rd igq¡pkuk fo}rtuksa dk dk;Z gSA lq>ko rFkkvU; Kkuo¼Zd lkexzh dk gkfnZd Lokxr gSA bu fo"k;ksa ij fgUnwfo}kuksa us cM+s ifjJe ls lSdM+ksa xzaFk çdkf'kr fd;s gSaA vko';drkmuds çpkj&çlkj dh gSA Kku ds dks"k dh deh ugha gS] vkLFkk oJ¼k Hkh vuUr gS] pqukSfr;ksa ds vuqlkj 'k=kqi{k dks eq¡grksM+ mÙkj nsusdh O;wgjpuk djuk le; dh ek¡x gSA

xksekrk ds fo"k; esa osn dh ,d vuqies; miek dk mYys[k djrs

139

gq, bl ys[k dk lekiu djrk gw¡&

czã lw;Zlea T;ksfr|kS% leqæ lea lj%AbUæ% i`fFkO;S o"kksZ;ku~ xksLrq ek=kk u fo|rsAA (;tq- 23&48)

Kku&rst ds fy, lw;Z dh miek gS] |qyksd ds fy, leqæ dhmiek gS rFkk i`Foh cgqr cM+h gS rks Hkh mlls bUæ vfèkd leFkZ gS]ijUrq (xkS% ek=kk u fo|rs) xkS ds lkFk fdlh dh Hkh rqyuk ugha gksrhAlc inkFkks± ds fy, miek fey ldrh gS] ijUrq xk; ds fy, dksbZmiek ugha gS] xk; ds brus midkj euq"; tkfr ij gSaA blhfy, dgkx;k gS& xkoks fo'oL; ekrj% & xk; fo'o dh ekrk gSA

fdrus vk'p;Z dk fo"k; gS fd osnksa esa xksekal [kkus dh vuqefrnsus okyk feF;k çpkj "Pioneer" nSfud esa Nk;k x;k ftlds lEikndJh pUnu fe=kk Hkktik ds jkT;lHkk lkaln gSaA D;k Hkktik;h lEikndth gekjs bu ys[kksa dk vuqokn Hkh "Pioneer esa NiokgsaxsA

140

D;k Hkkjr iqu% v[k.M gks ldrk gS\

D;k [kf.Mr Hkkjr iqu% v[k.M gks ldrk gS\ D;k l`f"V dkçFke jk"Vª iqu% fo'o esa txn~xq# ds flagklu ij vk:<+ gks ldrk gS\D;k Hkkjr dh [kksbZ gqbZ èkjrh iqu% okfil yh tk ldrh gSa\ ,slsfdrus gh ç'u gSa tks Hkkjr ds ns'kHkDrksa ds eu dks m}sfyr fd;s jgrsgS\ orZeku esa ykSfdd Hkk"kk esa v[k.M Hkkjr ls vk'k; ml {ks=k lsgS tks Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k dks feykdj curk gS vFkkZr~ tks14 vxLr 1947 ds iwoZ rd dk Hkkjr FkkA

dkaxzsl dk çLrkoHkkjr ds nqHkkZX;iw.kZ foHkktu ls nks ekg iwoZ 14&15 twu 1947

dks fnYyh esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh (AICC) dh cSBd cqykbZxbZ FkhA blls iwoZ 3 twu 1947 dks fczfV'k laln esa Hkkjr ds foHkktudh :ijs[kk lEcUèkh çLrko ikfjr dj fn;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr dksfoHkkftr djus dh vaxzstksa dh ;kstuk rFkk eqfLye yhx }kjk dh tkjgh ikfdLrku fuekZ.k dh ek¡x ij dkaxzsl dfeVh esa fopkj gqvkAvUrr% ia- xksfoUn oYyHk iar us cSBd esa çLrko dk çk:i i<+rs gq,dgk fd Hkkjr dk foHkktu dj ikfdLrku ds fuekZ.k dh ek¡x dkaxzslbl le; bl vk'kk ls Lohdkj djrh gS fd 'kh?kz gh Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku iqu% ,d gks tk;saxsA ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn us blvolj ij dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr dk foHkktu Ñf=ke gS] ;g vfèkd fnufVd ugha ldrk vkSj iqu% nksuksa ns'k 'kh?kz gh ,d gks tk;saxsA ge blfoHkktu dks vLFkk;h :i ls Lohdkj dj jgs gSaA dkaxzsl us 1945&46dk HkkjrO;kih pquko Hkh ^v[k.M fgUnqLFkku dh j{kk djsaxs* ds ukjsds vkèkkj ij thrk FkkA

1947 esa d'ehj dk foHkktuHkkjr foHkkftr gqvkA 14 vxLr 1947 dks ikfdLrku dk tUe

141

gqvkA lok nks ekg ckn gh 20 vDVwcj 1947 dks d'ehj ijikfdLrku us vkØe.k dj fn;kA Hkkjr ikfdLrku ;q¼ gqvkA Hkkjr dhlsuk,¡ d'ehj ij gq, vkdfLed vkØe.k esa ikfdLrku }kjk Nhu yhxbZ èkjrh dks okfil ys jgh Fkha] lsuk vkxs c<+rh tk jgh Fkh&brus esausg# th us ;q¼ fojke djk fn;kA ,d frgkbZ d'ehj vHkh rdikfdLrku ds vfèkdkj esa gSA ;fn dqN fnu vkSj ;q¼ fojke u gksrkrks d'ehj v[k.M cuk;s j[kk tk ldrk FkkA

Hkkjr foHkktu Hkh #d ldrk FkkHkkjr foHkktu ds le; ikfdLrku dh ek¡x djus okys eqfLye

yhxh usrk eksgEen vyh ftUuk risfnd ds jksxh FksA muds iQsiQM+s dhtk¡p djus okys MkWDVj us dgk Fkk fd ftUuk vfèkd ls vfèkd 6ekg vkSj thfor jg ldrs gSaA okLro esa 8 ekg ckn ftUuk dh e`R;qgks xbZA ;fn Hkkjr ds usrk ns'k foHkktu dh ek¡x ds fo#¼ ,d o"kZvkSj èkS;Z j[kdj la?k"kZ djrs jgrs rks fuf'pr gh Hkkjr foHkktu dksVkyk tk ldrk FkkA

1971 esa iqu% volj [kks;k1971 ds Hkkjr ikd ;q¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i ikfdLrku VwV x;k

vkSj Hkkjr ;fn pkgrk rks caxykns'k dks vius vfèkdkj esa j[k ldrkFkkA dbZ gtkj lSfudksa ds cfynku fn;s x;s fdUrq caxykns'k dh èkjrhthrdj iqu% 'ks[k eqthcqjZgeku dks lkSai nh xbZA ;fn iw.kZ vfèkdkj Hkhugha rks nksuksa ns'kksa ds la;qDr deku dh dksbZ ;kstuk rks cukbZ gh tkldrh FkhA

çèkkuea=kh eksjkjth nslkbZ us volj [kks;k1977 esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj esa eksjkjth nslkbZ çèkkuea=kh cusA

ineqDr gksus ds ckn mUgksaus ,d ckj jgL;ksn~?kkVu fd;k Fkk fd esjsçèkkuea=kh dky esa :l ds çèkkuea=kh czstuso us eq>ls xqIr ea=k.kk esadgk Fkk fd ikfdLrku dk vfLrRo lekIr djds Hkkjr vkSj :l nksuksamldk dqN&dqN {ks=k ck¡V ysa vkSj vesfjdk dh bl {ks=k esa py jghdwVuhfr dks lnSo ds fy, lekIr dj fn;k tk;A eksjkjth dks ;kstuk

142

le> esa ugha vkbZ vkSj 1971 ds ;q¼ ds ckn tks vkèkk ikfdLrkucpk Fkk mls fo'o ds ekufp=k ls gVkus dk ;g :lh çk:i vkdkjxzg.k u dj ldkA Hkkjr dks v[k.Mrk dh fn'kk esa ys tkus okys nksvolj 1971 o 1978 esa gekjh mnkjoknh ço`fÙk ds dkj.k gkFk lsfudy x;sA dgrs gSa& Catch the time by forelock vFkkZr~ ^volj dsflj ij cky lkeus ls idM+us pkfg,¡ D;ksafd volj dk flj ihNsls xatk gksrk gS] mlds flj ds lkeus ds cky yEcs gksrs gSaA*

teZuh dks volj feyk rks v[k.M gks x;kf}rh; fo'o;q¼ esa 1946 esa egk'kfDr;ksa us teZuh dks foHkkftr

dj fn;kA iwohZ teZuh :l ds çHkko esa rFkk if'pe teZuh vesfjdk dsçHkko okys ns'k cu x;sA vfoHkkftr teZuh dh jktèkkuh cfyZu uxj dseè; esa ,d nhokj [kM+h dj nh xbZA teZu ukxfjdksa dh ns'kHkfDr esaTokj mBk vkSj le; O;rhr gksrs&gksrs teZuh ds nksuksa Hkkxksa dks ,d djusdh ek¡x mBk;h tkus yxhA vèkZ'krkCnh ls dbZ o"kZ iwoZ gh nksuksa ns'k ,dgks x;s vkSj jktèkkuh cfyZu dks ck¡Vus okyh nhokj gVk nh xbZA [kf.MrteZuh dsoy 45 o"kZ esa gh v[k.M cuk fy;k x;kA

nksuksa dksfj;k ,d gksuk pkgrs gSaf}rh; fo'o;q¼ esa gh dksfj;k dks Hkh foHkkftr dj fn;k x;kA

mÙkjh dksfj;k o nf{k.kh dksfj;k nks ns'k cu x;sA ogk¡ Hkh vius[kf.Mr ns'k dks iqu% v[k.M cukus ds lius l¡tks, tk jgs gSaA

v[k.M lksfo;r la?k (:l) [k.M&[k.M gqvknwljksa dks foHkkftr djus okys Lo;a Hkh foHkkftr gks ldrs gSaA

nwljs ns'kksa dks [k.M&[k.M djus okys Hkh Lo;a [k.M&[k.M gks ldrsgSaA 1991 esa lksfo;r :l dk Hkh"k.k foHkktu gqvk vkSj igys 9 ockn esa 15 ns'kksa dk fuekZ.k :l ds fo[k.Mu ds ifj.kkeLo:igqvk&ekuksa ogk¡ dksbZ ijek.kq ÅtkZ dk fo[k.Mu gqvk gksA vc fiQj lsmuesa ls rhu cM+s ns'kksa us vkil esa lSU; lafèk dj yh gSA

;wukbVsM fdaxMefczVsu dk uke ;wukbVsM fdaxMe gS tks eq[; :i ls fczVsu o

143

vk;jySaM rFkk psYl o gkWyS.M ds xBtksM+ ls cuk gSA 16 vxLr1998 ds fnu vk;jySaM esa Hk;adj foLiQksV gqvk&ogk¡ vk;jyS.M dksfczVsu ds f'kdats ls eqDr djus dh ckr gks jgh gSA vk;jyS.M dksvyx ls ikfyZ;kesaV dh lqfoèkk rks ns gh j[kh gSA

;wukbVsM LVsV~l vkWiQ vesfjdkvkt fo'o esa viuh èkkd tekus okys vesfjdk dk bfrgkl dqy

200 o"kZ ls dqN vfèkd dk gSA igys ogk¡ ntZuksa ns'kksa ds çoklhfuokl fd;k djrs FksA 14 o"kZ fujarj x`g;q¼ pyk&fdl ns'k dsçoklh ogk¡ vfèkdkj tek lds bldk fu.kZ; x`g;q¼ ls gqvkA vUrr%lkjh fc[kjh 'kfDr;ksa esa xBtksM+ gqvk vkSj ijLij le>kSrs dsifj.kkLo:i ,d u;s ns'k dk ukedj.k fd;k x;k tks vkt vesfjdk(;wukbVsM LVsV~l vkWiQ vesfjdk) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

ns'k dks v[k.M cuk;s j[kus dk vesfjdh ea=ktc vesfjdk dk lafoèkku cuk;k x;k rks ,d Hkk"kk] ,d bfrgkl]

,d ijEijk vkfn ds fo"k; esa dqN çfrc¼rk,¡ fuf'pr dh xb± vkSj?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd tks O;fDr bl lafoèkku ls çfrc¼ jgsxk ogvesfjdh ukxfjd dgyk;sxkA ftUgsa ;s foèkku ekU; ugha os vesfjdkNksM+dj vius ewy ns'kksa dks okfil tk ldrs gSa&The Atlantic is openfor them to go back. vesfjdk ds Hkh ,d çkar esa eqfLye leL;k gSfdUrq ogk¡ dksbZ rqf"Vdj.k ugha gSA ftUgsa ogk¡ jguk gS os vesfjdhcudj jg ldrs gSa] vesfjdh eqfLye ds uke ij vyx ls dksbZlqfoèkkvksa dh O;oLFkk ogk¡ ugha gSA ns'k dks [kf.Mr gksus ls cpkus dsea=k dk vesfjdk iw.kZr% ikyu djrk gSA

ns'k dh [kksbZ gqbZ èkjrh dSls çkIr dh tk ldrh gS dksbZ;gwfn;ksa ls lh[ks

2000 o"kZ igys ;gwfn;ksa dk ns'k btjk;y jkseu bZlkb;ksa us u"Vdj fn;k FkkA ckn esa eqlyekuksa us Hkh bl ns'k dks cckZn djus esa dksbZdeh u NksM+hA btjk;y dh viuh fç; ekr`Hkwfe dks NksM+dj ;gwfn;ksadks fo'o ds fofHkUu ns'kksa esa 'kj.kkFkhZ thou O;rhr djuk iM+k&fujUrj

144

nks gtkj o"kZ rdA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn tc la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dkxBu gqvk rks mlds ç;Ruksa ls 1949 esa iqu% btjk;y ns'k dh LFkkiukgqbZ vkSj lalkj ds fofHkUu ns'kksa esa iQSys ;gwnh okfil vius ns'k ykSVvk;sA 2000 o"kZ esa 40 ihf<+;k¡ chr xbZ gksaxh ;fn ,d ih<+h dh vk;qvkSlr 50 o"kZ eku yh tk;A

;:'kye esa fiQj feysaxsbu nks gtkj o"kZ ds fuokZflr thou esa ,d ;gwnh ,d nwljs dks

i=kkpkj ds vUr esa fy[krk Fkk&;:'kye esa fiQj feysaxsA ,d ih<+hçR;sd vkus okyh ih<+h dks ;gh ea=k Lej.k djkrh jgh Fkh&;:'kyeesa fiQj feysaxs vkSj 40 ih<+h ckn ogk¡ os lc fiQj fey x;s&btjk;ydh iqu% LFkkiuk gqbZA bl le; btjk;y dh dqy tula[;k 60 yk[kgSA iM+ksl ds 12 eqfLye ns'kksa dh tula[;k 13 djksM+ gSA 3 Hkh"k.k;q¼ gks pqds gSa fdUrq btjk;y us os ;q¼ eqfLye ns'kksa dh èkjrh ijgh yM+s vkSj fot; çkIr dhA Lora=krk çkfIr dh ftthfo"kk] ukxfjdksadh ç[kj ns'kHkfDr rFkk ns'k ds fy, lkFk&lkFk thus ejus dhçp.M&mRdV Hkkouk] vius èkeZ ds çfr vçfre J¼k] iwoZtksas ds çfrv[k.M vkLFkk ;gh os lw=k gSa ftuls [kks;s gq, ns'k iqu% çkIr fd;stkrs gSa rFkk [kf.Mr ns'k iqu% v[k.M cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA

Hkkjr dk jk"Vªxku&iatkc flaèk xqtjkr ejkBkHkkjr ds lafoèkku dh èkkjk 51 esa of.kZr gS fd çR;sd Ukkxfjd

dks jk"Vªxku dk lEeku djuk gksxkA ,slk u djus ij mls n.M dkHkh çkoèkku gSA jk"Vªxku esa iafDr gS&iatkc flaèk xqtkjkr ejkBk ækfoM+mRdy caxA flaèk ikfdLrku esa gS&fiQj Hkh flaèk gekjs jk"Vªxku esa gSAgekjk jk"Vªxku rHkh lkFkZd gksxk tc Hkkjr esa flaèk iqu% feyk;k tk;svFkkZr~ Hkkjr dks v[k.M cukdj gh ns'kHkDr ukxfjd cuus dk xkSjoçR;sd Hkkjrh; dks çkIr gks ldsxkA

ekSykuk vktkn us ejrs le; dgk Fkk fd esjh feV~Vh eDdk esalqiqnsZ [kkd dj nh tk;sA ia- usg# us viuh olh;r esa fy[kk fd esjhjk[k xaxk esa cgk nh tk;s vkSj mu [ksrksa esa fc[ksj nh tk;s tgk¡ Hkkjr

145

ds fdlku ifjJe djrs gSaA ia- ukFkwjke xksMls ds fopkjksa dks dksbZleFkZd gks ;k fojksèkh] fdUrq mudh olh;r esa fy[kh ;g dkeukvR;Ur ljkguh; gS fd esjh vfLFk;k¡ flUèkq unh esa çokfgr dj nhtk;sa] tc og flUèkq ikfdLrku ls eqDr gks tk;s vFkkZr~ tc Hkkjrv[k.M gks tk; rc esjh vfLFk;k¡ flUèkq esa çokfgr dj nh tk;saAflUèkq ds Lora=k gksus rd mUgksaus mu vfLFk;ksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus dksdgk&ftl nkf;Ro dks muds HkkbZ Jh xksiky xksMls J¼kiwoZd fuHkk;kA

v[k.M Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k dk ,d gh lw=k gS v[k.M]vfoHkkftr] veks?k ns'kHkfDr

v[k.M Hkkjr gekjh vkLFkk] çsj.kk o ijEijk dk v{k; oV gSAv[k.M Hkkjr gekjs fy, ukjk ugha gSA ;g gekjk ifo=k ladYi oy{; gSA gekjs vrhr ds bfrgkl esa v[k.M Hkkjr_ orZeku dh pqukSrhvkSj Hkfo"; ds LoIuksa dk çfreku gS v[k.M HkkjrA vnwjn'khZ usrkvksadh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;jrkiw.kZ le>kSrksa ds ik[k.M iw.kZ jktuhfrdvkpj.k dk ç;f'pr gS v[k.M HkkjrA fgUnw tkfr dh thoUr veks?kjk"VªHkfDr dk lk{kkr~ çek.k gS v[k.M HkkjrA [kf.Mr Hkkjr dfFkrèkeZfujis{k usrkvksa dh uhfr;ksa dk çfriQy gS tcfd v[k.M HkkjrfgUnqRo dh vts; ÅtkZ dk çfrfcEc gSA 14 vxLr (1947) dksikfdLrku dk tUe gqvkA Hkkjr ekrk dk foHkktu gqvkA 14 vxLrdks Hkkjr dks iqu% v[k.M cukus dk ladYi fnol gSA vf[ky HkkjrfgUnw egklHkk dh ekU;rk gS fd orZeku Hkkjr esa vkradokn ds dkj.kd'ehj tSlh fodV leL;kvksa dk ewy dkj.k ikfdLrku gh gSAleL;k d'ehj ugha] leL;k ikfdLrku gSA ikfdLrku dk vfLrRojgus rd d'ehj dh leL;k dk lekèkku dsoy fnokLoIu gSAikfdlrku Hkh vkUrfjd fo?kVu ds dxkj ij [kM+k gSA flUèki[rwfuLrku o fcyksfpLrku ikfdLrkuh iatkc ls vkØkar gSa] mRihfM+rgSaA ikfdLrku esa f'k;k eqlyeku efLtnksa esa uekt i<+rs le; vk;sfnu ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;s tkrs gSaA 1947 ls Hkkjr ls ikfdLrku pystkus okys eqlyeku orZeku esa Hkh ogk¡ eksgkftj ('kj.kkFkhZ) dgykrsgSaA cM+s iSekus ij mudh ?kkr yxkdj gR;k,¡ dh tk jgh gSaA ikfdLrku

146

;fn d'ehjh vkradokn dks Lora=krk laxzke dh laKk ns jgk gS rcflUèk dks iqu% Hkkjr esa feykuk] [kf.Mr Hkkjr dks iqu% v[k.M cukukgekjs fy, Lokèkhurk o Lora=krk çkfIr dk tUefl¼ vfèkdkj D;ksaugha ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk\ lkE;oknh :l us pspU;k çns'k dsmxzoknh eqfLyeksa dh dej rksM+dj j[k nhA lkE;oknh phu us flD;kaxçkar ds 10 yk[k eqlyekuksa dh ukd esa udsy Mky j[kh gSApSdksLyksokfd;k o ;wxksLykfo;k esa fiNys dqN o"kZ esa 10&10 gtkjeqfLyeksa ds vax&Hkax fd;s x;s 'ko dczksa esa ik;s x;s gSaA ;g lcbZlkb;r us viuh çk.kj{kk o jk"Vªj{kk ds uke ij peRdkj fn[kk;sA;gwfn;ksa us vius vfLrRo dh j{kk ds fy, btjk;y ds iM+kslh 12eqfLye ns'kksa esa fot;h eqæk esa çHkqRo tekus esa liQyrk çkIr dh gSA,slh fLFkfr esa fgUnqvksa dks Hkh vius vfLrRo dh j{kkFkZ leFkZ j.kuhfrdk voyEcu djuk gh ,dek=k mik; gSA blh fodYi dh Hkwfedkesa fNih gS fgUnqRo dh t; ;k=kk o v[k.M Hkkjr ds ladYi dhvfojke xkFkkA

147

Økafrdkfj;ksa ds ân; lezkV HkkbZ ijekuUndk thou n'kZu

HkkbZ ijekuUn ds çkfUrdkjh f'k";ksa esa ls ,d çeq[k ;qod Fksdjrkj flag ljkckA vesfjdk esa mudk lEcUèk ykyk gjn;ky lstqM+kA ykykth dh çsj.kk ls ogk¡ xnj ikVhZ cukbZ xbZ ftlds }kjk ,dif=kdk Hkh fudkyh tkus yxh&^xnj*A lEikndh; dk;Z esa djrkj flagyxk;s x;sA djrkj flag ,d viuk fç; xhr xk;k djrs Fks&

lsok ns'k nh ftanfM+;s cM+h vks[khxYyk djfu;k¡ <sj lq[kkfy;k¡ usAftUgka ,l lsok fcp iSj ik;kvksUgk y[k eqlhcrk¡ >fYy;k¡ usA

&^vjs fny] ns'k dh lsok djuk cgqr dfBu dk;Z gSA ckrsa cukukvklku gSA tks yksx bl lsok dk;Z esa vxzlj gq,] mUgsa yk[kks eqlhcrsa>syuh iM+rh gSaA

Økafrdkjh djrkj flag ds fuekZrk Fks HkkbZ ijekuUndjrkj flag vesfjdk (lsu ÚkaflLdks) esa foeku pykuk lh[k jgs

FksA ,d ckj vH;kl djrs gq, gkFk VwV x;kA mipkj ds fy, HkkbZ thvkS"kèkky; esa igq¡psA ;gh Fkh mu nksuksa dh çFke HksaVA djrkj flag jkf=kesa Hkh HkkbZ th ds gh ikl jgsA jkf=k esa HkkbZ th us djrkj flag lsiwNk&^D;k rqeus Hkkjr dk bfrgkl i<+k gS\ djrkj flag us dgk&gk¡i<+k gSA HkkbZ th us vkxs dgk&,d le; Fkk tc lkjk jk"Vª eqnkZ Fkk]xqyke FkkA lkr 'krkfCn;ksa ls [kScj dh ?kkVh ls fons'kh vkØe.kksa dhunh Hkkjr esa cgrh pyh vk jgh FkhA cgqr ls yksxksa dks nkl cukdjys tk;k x;kA vxf.kr yksxksa ds flj dkV fn;s x;sA ,sls le; esa Hkhml e`rçk;% jk"Vª esa iatkc dh èkjrh ij ,slh 'kfDr dk mn; gqvkftlus fons'kh vkØe.kksa dk #[k gh cny fn;kA ;g egku ifjorZu

148

ykus okys ;qxi#"k Fks&xq# xksfoUn flag] ftUgksaus dgk&

fpfM+;ksa ls eSa ckt yM+kÅ¡Arc gh uke xksfoUn èkjkÅ¡A

HkkbZ th us djrkj flag ls dgk fd xq# xksfoUn flag ;g dSlsdj ik;s\ cfynku dh ;K esa fljksa dh vkgqfr;k¡ nsdjA mudsfirk xq# rsxcgknqj vkSj csVksa us cfynku dk ekxZ viuk;kA jk"Vªdh e`R;q dks mUgksaus thou esa cny fn;kA yksx thou dks eksgNksM+dj fuHkZ; gks x;sA

;gh Fkh og mins'k Hkjh jkr ftlesa djrkj flag us ekr`Hkwfe dspj.kksa esa viuk thou vfiZr djus dk fu'p; dj fy;kA

Økafr dh èkèkdrh vkx ân' esa fy;s djrkj flag Hkkjr vk;s vkSjvaxzsth lkezkT; ds fo#¼ vius dk;Z esa yx x;sA ckn esa tc ljdkjus 61 vfHk;qDrksa ij vaxzsth ljdkj dk r[rk myV dk vfHk;ksxpyk;k rks djrkj flag mu lcesa de vk;q ds Fks] cl lk<+s vBkjgo"kZ dsA

ljdkjh i{k us fy[kk fd bdlB vfHk;qDrksa esa lcls vfèkd[krjukd lcls de vk;s okyk gh gSA blds fo#¼ lokZfèkd vkjksigSaA vesfjdk çokl ;k Hkkjr esa "kM~;a=k dk dksbZ ,slk foHkkx ugha]ftlesa bUgksaus Hkkx u fy;k gksA bUgha vfHk;qDrksa esa ,d HkkBZ ijekuUnHkh FksA

vnkyr esa c;ku nsrs gq, djrkj flag vkSj fo".kq x.ks'k fiaxys us"kM~;a=k dk lkjk nkf;Ro vius Åij ys fy;kA dfe'uj nax jg x;kAmlus dgk&^tjk lksp le>dj c;ku nks] ifj.kke cqjs gks ldrs gSaA*djrkj flag us dgk fd eq>s ;k rks dkykikuh feysxk ;k iQk¡lhA eSaiQk¡lh dks vfèkd ilan d:¡xk vkSj fiQj 'kh?kz gh tUe ysdj Hkkjrds Lokèkhurk laxzke ds fy, iqu% rS;kj gks tkÅ¡xkA tc rd HkkjrLora=k u gksxk rc rd ckj&ckj iQk¡lh ds r[rs ij yVdrk jgs¡&;ghvfHkyk"kk gSA

,sls cfynkuh uj iqaxoksa ds thou n'kZu ij ,d dfo us ;g

149

iafDr;k¡ fy[kh&

peu tkjs eqgCcr esa mlh us ckxokuh dhAfd ftlus viuh esgur dks gh esgur dk lej tkukAA

ykgkSj "kM~;a=k dsl esa 61 esa ls 27 vfHk;qDrksa dks e`R;qn.Mlquk;k x;kA ftl le; djrkj flag vius eqdnes dk fu.kZ; lquusds fy, tsy dh cSjd ls tkus yxs&rHkh HkkbZ ijekuUn us ;g xhrxquxquk;k&

gekjk fgUn Hkh iQwys iQysxk ,d fnu ysfdufeysaxs [kkd esa yk[kksa gekjs xqycny igys

gesa nq%[k Hkksxuk] ysfdu gekjh uLy lq[k ik,;g fny esa Bku yks vius , fgUnh enks± tu igysAA

vnkyr ls ckgj gh djrkj flag us vius ;s pkj 'ksj Å¡ps Lojlquk, Fks&

^êtkfye ls rsjs ukyka ?jksa esa tc c'kj gksaxsu rqe bl ns'k esa gksaxs] u ge tsjs tcj gksaxsA

vxj rw yS ys tqYer gS] rks ge gSa fegjs vktknh]rsjh gLrh ds nq'eu] D;ksa u fiQj ge lj clj gksaxsAfeVk nsaxs tgk¡ ls ge fu'kka rd lc etkfye dk

ugha rks cgjs vktknh esa gj tsjs ygj gksaxsAtckus [kYd ls lqudj] rw [kq'k gksuk esjh ekrkp<+s iQk¡lh ij g¡l&g¡l dj] rsjs r[rs ftxj gksaxsA**

thou vkSj e`R;q ij HkkbZ ijekuUn dh nk'kZfud çLrqfr mUgha ds'kCnksa esa iBuh; gS&^^dgus dks rks ftUnxh vkSj ekSr] ;s nks voLFkk,¡,d&nwljs ds loZFkk fojskèkh gSaA ekSr gqbZ fd thou lekIr gqvkA ijUrqokLro esa thou vkSj e`R;q lkFk&lkFk pyrs jgrs gSaA lalkj rks pØds leku pyrk gSA ;g gj le; cnyrk jgrk gSA**

HkrZgfj us dgk&^dky ugha xqtjrk] ge gh xqtj tkrs gSa] gekjk tksfnu chrrk gS mls ge thou dgrs gSaA ijUrq ;g Øe gesa e`R;q dhvksj ys tkrk gSA fe=kksa dk vkd"kZ.k vkSj 'k=kqvksa ds ruko gh bl

150

lalk dks gekjs fy, vkd"kZd cukrs gSaA

15 uoEcj 1915 dks iQk¡lh dk fnu fuf'pr FkkA iQk¡lh ikus lsiwoZ x.ks'k fiaxys us çkFkZuk djus dh vuqefr pkghA bl ij mudhgFkdM+h [kksy nh xbZA fiaxys us gkFk tksM+dj dgk&^îjekReu] rqegekjs fnyksa dks tkurs gksA ftl ifo=k dk;Z ds fy, ge çk.k nsjgs gSa] mldh j{kk rqe gh djksA ;gh gekjh vfUre bPNk gSA**djrkj flag tc iQk¡lh ?kj dh vksj tk jgs Fks rc Økafrdkjh lkfFk;ksaus ;g xhr xk;k&

iQ[kz gS Hkkjr dks ,d djrkj rw tkrk gS vktAtxr vkSj fiaxys dks rw] lkFk ys tkrk gS vktAA

ge rqEgkjs fe'ku dks iwjk djsaxs lafx;ksaAdle gS fgUnh rqEgkjs] [kwu ls xkrk gS vktAA

blds mÙkj esa dfo djrkj flag us ;g xhr x;k&;gha ikvksxs eg'kj esa tck¡ esjh] c;k¡ esjkAeSa cank fgUn ckyksa dk gw¡] gS fgUnqLrk¡ esjkAA

eSa fgUnh] BsB fgUnh] [kwu fgUnh] tkr fgUnh gw¡A;gh etgc ;gh fiQjdk] ;gh [kkunku esjkAA

eSa bl mtM+s gq, Hkkjr ds [k.Mgj dk bd tjkZ gw¡A;gh cl ,d irk esjk] ;gh ukeks fu'kk¡ esjkAAdne yw¡ eknjs Hkkjr rsjs] eSa mBrs o cSBrsA

dgk¡ fdLer esjh ,slh\ ulhc ;g dgk¡ esjk\rsjh lsok esa ,s Hkkjr] ;s flj tk;s] ;g tk¡ tk;sA

rks le>w¡xk] ;g ejuk g;krs tkosnka esjkAA

Økafrdkjh dfo;ksa ds fo"k; esa HkkbZth fy[krs gS&bfrgkl esa ;gçk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd Økafr;qx esa dfork rFkk n'kZu u;s :i esa çdVgksrs gSaA

viuh v.Meku dh tsy ;kruk ds Hkh"k.kre ladV esa Hkh HkkbZthfdl mUeqDr Hkko ls viuk le; O;rhr djrs Fks og vrqyuh; gSAos fy[krs gSa&

151

^êsjs ikl Hkxon~xhrk FkhA bls gh eSa i<+rk FkkA ckn esa blds lHkhvè;k; eq>s daBLFk gks x;sA xhrk dk ;g 'yksd eq>s ckj&ckj Lej.kgks mBrk Fkk&

;k fu'kk loZHkwrkuka rL;ka tkxzfr la;ehA;L;ka tkxzfr Hkwrkuka lk fu'kk i';rks equS%AA

JhÑ".k dgrs gSa&tks lHkh çkf.k;ksa ds fy, jkr gS] mlesa ;ksxhtkxrk gSA tc çk.kh tkx jgs gksrs gSa rc og mls jkr le>rk gSA

HkkbZ th us fy[kk gS fd tsy thou us eq>s n'kZu 'kkL=k dh dbZ>k¡fd;ksa ds n'kZu djk, vkSj eSa fLFkrçK tSlh voLFkk esa [kks tkrk FkkA

HkkbZ th vkSj Hkxr flagHkkbZ ijekuUn gh okLro esa ljnkj Hkxr flag ds Økafrdkjh

fopkjksa ds xq# FksA Hkxrflag dk Mh-,-oh- dkWyst esa ços'k HkkbZ th dhlaLrqfr ij gh gqvk FkkA ,d vUrjax okrkZyki esa HkkbZ th us Hkxrflagdks dqN funsZ'k fn;k mlds dqN Hkko ;gk¡ çLrqr gSa&

^^ftl ekxZ ij ix mBkvks] mlls ihNs dHkh u gVksA ;g cgqrvko';d gSA Hk;] yksHk] nqcZyrk dks ge vius jkLrs esa #dkoV dHkhu cuus nsaA ;s #dkoVsa cgqèkk vk;k djrh gSaA geesa bldks gVkus dklkgl gksuk pkfg,A tc viuksa dh vksj ls gh ckèkk,¡ mifLFkr dhtk,¡ vkSj vius gh yksx tyh dVh lqukus yxs] rc Hkh ?kcjkuk ughapkfg,A vius fl¼kar ij pV~Vku ds leku [kM+s jguk pkfg,A euq";dk uSfrd pfj=k fu"dyad jgsA Hkxrflag us HkkbZ th dgk fd djrkjflag ljkck dks vkius D;k ikB i<+k;k Fkk tks og viuk thou gFksyhij ysdj fiQjk djrs Fks vkSj vUr esa Lo;a ekSr dks mUgksaus èkrk crkfn;k] HkkbZ thA ^êSa rks djrkj flag dks viuk iFk&çn'kZd ekurkgw¡**&djrkj flag cksysA

HkkbZ th us dgk fd rc rks og rqEgkjk xq# FkkA Hkxrflag us dgkfd HkkbZ th] xq# rks vki gh gSa] djrkj flag ds Hkh vkSj esjs HkhAHkxrflag us vkxs HkkbZ th ls fuosnu fd;k fd vki esjs firkth dks

152

vkSj le>k nsa ftlls og esjs fo"k; esa fpafpr u jgsaA HkkbZ th usHkxrflag dks vk'oklu fn;k fd rqe vkxs c<+ks] firkth dks eSa le>kyw¡xkA Hkxrflag HkkbZth ds pj.kksa dh jt ysdj fonk gq, vkSj viusy{; dh iwfrZ gksus rd HkkbZth ls iqu% dHkh ugha fey ldsA

HkkbZ th dk thou ,d LiQqfyax ds leku vufxur Økafrdkjh;qodksa o jk"VªHkfDr ds nhokuksa dk vtlz çsj.kk&lzksr cuk jgkA mudhHkO; dk;k] mudk fnO; thou] fgUnw jk"Vª o fgUnw tkfr ds laxBuds fy, v{kj'k% lefiZr FkkA èkU; gSa os tks mudk ikou lRlax çkIrdj ldsA

153

dqjku ds fo"k; ij fgUnw egklHkk usrk dks1986 esa feyh ,sfrgkfld fot;

^vf[ky fgUnw lHkk okrkZ* ds fiNys vad (8 vçSy ls 14vçSy 2009) esa vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk ds lanHkZ esa 20,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA orZeku vad esa çLrqr gS21ok¡ ,sfrgkfld rF;A

1947 esa ns'k foHkktu ds ckn Hkh dqN ekg rd nSfud fVªC;wuesa dk;Zjr vf[ky Hkkjr fgUnw egklHkk dk;ZdrkZ Jh bUælsu 'kekZ(vc LoxhZ;) ykgkSj esa jgsA ifjfLFkfro'k ckn esa Hkkjr vk;sA igysvEckyk o ckn fnYyh mudk fuokl jgkA Jh bUælsu 'kekZ us ,di=kd çlkfjr fd;k ftlesa dqjku dh mu 24 vk;rksa dk mYys[kfd;k x;k Fkk tks xSj eqfLyeksa ds fo#¼ vkØked le>h xb±A bldsfo#¼ U;k;ky; esa ,d eqdnek eqfLye Hkkb;ksa }kjk çLrqr fd;kx;kA (,iQ-vkbZ-vkj ua- 237@83 Hkk-n-la- èkkjk 294&, ds vUrxZriqfyl Fkkuk gkSt[kkl] ubZ fnYyhA) fnYyh ds esVªksikWfyVu eftLVªsVJh tSM-,l- yksgkV dh vnkyr esa bldk fu.kZ; 31 tqykbZ 1986 dksfn;k x;kA çLrqr gS ;gk¡ ml fu.kZ; dk lkjka'kA ;g ,sfrgkfld fo"k;blfy, Hkh gS D;ksafd dydÙkk gkbZdksVZ esa dqjku dh ,slh vk;rksa dsfo#¼ ,d ;kfpdk çLrqr dh xbZ Fkh ijUrq gkbZdksVZ ds ekuuh;U;k;kèkh'k us ;g dgdj ;kfpdk fujLr dj nh Fkh fd Quran is thematter of faith and faith cannot be challenged in court according toArticle 25 of Indian Constitution vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dh èkkjk25 ds vuqlkj Faith (fo'okl) dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tkldrhA vr% ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd fgUnw egklHkk ds dk;ZdrkZ dksfnYyh esa bl fo"k; esa tks U;k;ky; esa liQyrk feyh og ns'kHkj esafo'ks"k ftKklk dk fo"k; cu xbZA cgqr ls cqf¼thfo;ksa us ckj&ckjdksVZ dk vkns'k gels ek¡xkA vr% tufgr esa bls ;gk¡ çdkf'kr fd;k

154

tk jgk gSA

è;ku jgs fd blh o"kZ 2009 esa vf[ky fgUnw lHkk okrkZ esa ;gçdkf'kr gks pqdk gS fd felz o ikfdLrku vkfn ns'kksa esa vusd çdkjds lafoèkku la'kksèku djds rFkk ikB~ÔØeksa esa ifjorZu djds bLykedh vkØked ikB~Ô lkexzh esa la'kksèku fd;s x;s gSaA fo'oLrjh;cqf¼thfo;ksa }kjk bldk gkfnZd Lokxr fd;k x;k gSA fo'ks"kdj blhdkj.k btjk;y us vius jktuf;d lacaèk felz ls lqèkkj fy;sA orZekuesa 'kjh;r ds uke ij tsgkn pykus okys rkfyckuksa ls Lo;a ikfdLrkudk vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSA ?kks"k.kk dh tk jgh gS fd vxys 6ekg esa ikfdLrku dk fo?kVu mUgha rkfyckuksa }kjk dj fn;k tk;sxkftldk fuekZ.k Lo;a ikfdLrku us fd;k Fkk vkSj rkfycku lsuk dksigyh ckj viQxkfuLrku Hkstk FkkA

vko';drk gS fd lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ekuork dh j{kk ds fy;s lHkhèkekZoyEch vius èkeZxzUFkksa ls vkØked o vekuoh; lkexzh esala'kksèku dk vfHk;ku pyk;asA ft;ks vkSj thus nks (Live and Let Live)dk fl¼kar lHkh dks viukuk gksxk rHkh fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkfir gksldsxhA

dqjku dh dqN vk;rsa tks bZekuokyksa (eqlyekuksa) dksvU; èkekZoyfEc;ksa ls >xM+k djus dk vkns'k nsrh gSaA1- fiQj tc gqjer ds eghus chr tk,¡ rks eqfJdksa (ewfriwtdksa) dks

tgk¡ dgha ikvks dRy djks vkSj mUgsa ?ksjks vkSj gj ?kkr dh txgmudh rkd esa cSBks fiQj ;fn os rkSck dj ysa] uekt dk;e djsavkSj tdkr nsa rks mudk ekxZ NksM+ nksA fu%lansg vYykg cM+k{kek'khy vkSj n;k djus okyk gSA (ikjk 10] lqjr 9] vk;r 5)

2- gs bZeku ykus okyksa] feJd (ewfrZiwtd) ukikd gSa--- (10&9&29)

3- fu%lansg dkfiQj rqEgkjs [kqys nq'eu gSaA (5&4&01)

4- gs bZeku ykus okyksa (eqlyekuksa) mu dkfiQjksa ls yM+ks tks rqEgkjsvkl&ikl gSa vkSj pkfg, fd os rqe ls l[rh ik;saA (11&9&123)

5- ftu yksxksa us gekjh vk;rksa dk badkj fd;k mUgsa ge tYn vfXu

155

esa >ksad nsaxsA tc mudh [kkysa id tk;saxh] rks ge mUgsa nwljh[kkyksa esa cny nsaxs] os ;kruk dk jlkLoknu dj ysaA fu%lansgvYykg çHkqRo'kkyh rRon'khZ gSA (5&4&56)

6- gs bZeku ykus okyksa (eqlyekuksa)] vius ckiksa vkSj HkkbZ;ksa dks Hkhviuk fe=k er cukvks ;fn o bZeku dh mis{kk dqÚ (ukfLrdrk)dks ilan djsa vkSj rqeesa ls tks dksbZ muls fe=krk dk ukrk tksM+sxkrks ,sls gh yksx tkfye gksaxsA (10&9&23)

7- vYykg dkfiQj yksxksa dks LoxZ ugha fn[kkrkA (10&9&37)

8- vkSj dkfiQj dks viuk fe=k er cukvks] vYykg ls Mjrs jgks;fn rqe bZeku okys gksA (6&5&57)

9- fiQVdkjs gq, (xSj eqfLye) tgk¡ dgha ik, tk,¡xs vkSj cqjh rjgdRy fd, tk,¡xsA (22&33&61)

10- (dgk tk,xk) fu'p; gh rqe vkSj og ftls rqe vYykg dsflok iwtrs Fks tgUuqe dk bZèku gksA rqe vo'; mlds ?kkV mrkjstkvksxsA (17&21&98)

11- vkSj muls c<+dj tkfye dkSu gksxk ftls mlds jc dh vk;rksads }kjk psrk;k tk;s vkSj fiQj og muls eq¡g iQsj ysA fu'p; ghgesa ,sls vijkfèk;ksa ls cnyk ysuk gSA (21&32&22)

12- vYykg us rqels cgqr lh xuherksa (ywV) dk ok;nk fd;k gS tksrqEgkjs gkFk vk,¡xhA (26&48&20)

13- rks tks dqN xuher (ywV) dk eky rqeus gkfly fd;k gS mlsgyky o ikd le>dj [kkvksA (10&8&69)

14- gs uoh! dkfiQjksa vkSj nkafHkdksa ds lkFk ;q¼ djks vkSj mu ijl[rh djks vkSj mudk fBdkuk tgUuqe gS vkSj cqjh txg gS tgk¡ij igq¡psaA (27&66&9)

15- rks vo'; bl dqÚ djus okyksa (ukfLrd) dks ;kruk dk etkp[kk,¡xs vkSj vo'; gh ge mUgsa lcls cqjk cnyk nsaxs ml deZdk tks os djrs FksA (24&41&27)

156

16- ;g cnyk gS vYykg ds 'k=kqvksa dks tgUuqe dh vkx esa >ksaduktgk¡ mudk lnk ?kj gSA blds cnys esa fd gekjh vk;rksa dkbadkj djrs FksA (24&41&28)

17- fu%lansg vYykg esa bZekuokyksa (eqlyekuksa) ls muds çk.kksa vkSjmuds ekyksa dks blds cnys esa [kjhn fy;k gS fd muds fy,tgUuqe gSA vYykg ds ekxZ ij os yM+rs gSa rks ejrs Hkh gSa vkSjekjs Hkh tkrs gSaA (11&9&111)

18- vYykg ds equkfiQd (v¼Z eqfLye) iq#"kksa vkSj equkfiQd fL=k;ksavkSj dkfiQjksa ls tgUuqe dk oknk fd;k gS ftlesa os lnk jgsaxs];gh mUgsa cluk gSA vYykg us mUgsa fèkDdkj fn;k gS vkSj mudsfy, LFkk;h ;kruk dh gSA (10&9&68)

19- gs iSxacj! bZekuokyksa (eqlyekuksa) dks yM+kbZ ij mHkkjks ;fn rqels20 Hkh txs jgus okys gksaxs rks os 200 ij çHkqRo çkIr djsaxs vkSj;fn rqe esa 100 gksa rks 1000 dkfiQjksa ij Hkkjh jgsaxsA D;ksafd os,sls yksx gSa tks le> cw> ugha j[krsA (10&9&65)

20- gs bZeku ykus okyksa (eqlyekuksa) rqe ;gwfn;ksa vkSj bZlkb;ksa dksfe=k u cukvksA ;s vkil esa ,d&nwljs ds fe=k gSa vkSj tks dksbZrqe esa ls mudks fe=k cuk,xk og mUgha esa ls gks tk;sxkA fu%lansgvYykg tqYe djus okyksa dks ekxZ ugha fn[kkrkA (6&5&59)

21- fdrkc okys tks u vYykg ij bZeku ykrs gSa] vfUre fnu ij]u mls gjke djrs gSa ftls vYykg vkSj mlds jlwy us gjkeBgjk;k gS vkSj u bLyke dks viuk èkeZ cukrs gSa] muls yM+ksA;gk¡ rd fd os vçfrf"Br (viekfur) gksdj vius gkFkksa lstft;k (dj) nsus yxsaA (10&9&29)

22- fiQj geus muds chp d;ker ds fnu rd ds fy, oSeuL; vkSj}s"k dh vkx HkM+dk nh vkSj vYyk tYn mUgsa crk nsxk tks dqNos djrs jgs gSaA (6&5&14)

23- os pkgrs gSa fd ftl rjg os dkfiQj gq, gSa mlh rjg ls dkfiQjgks tkvksA fiQj rqe ,d tSls gks tkvks rks muesa ls fdlh dks

157

viuk lkFkh u cukuk tc rd fd ;s vYykg dh jkg esa fgtjru djsaA ;fn og blls fiQj tkosa rks mUgsa tgk¡ dgha ikvks] idM+ksvkSj mudk dRy (oèk) djks vkSj muesa ls fdlh dks lkFkh vkSjlgk;d er cukukA (6&4&89)

24- mu dkfiQjksa ls yM+ksA vYykg rqEgkjs gkFkksa mUgsa ;kruk nsxk vkSjmUgsa :lok djsxk vkSj muds eqdkcys esa rqEgkjh lgk;rk djsxkvkSj bZekuokyksa dk fny BaMk djsxkA (10&9&14)

mijksDr vk;rksa ls Li"V gS fd buesa bZ";kZ] }s"k] ?k`.kk] Ny] diV]yM+kbZ] >xM+k] ywVekj vkSj gR;k djus ds vkns'k feyrs gSaA bUghadkj.kksa ls ns'k o fo'o esa eqfLyeksa vkSj xSj&eqfLyeksa ds chp naxs gqvkdjrs gSA

tc rd dqjku ls mijksDr rjg ds vkns'k nsus okyh vk;rksa dksu fudkyk tk,xk rc rd naxksa dks jksdk ugha tk ldrkA

fnYyh ds esVªksikWysfVu eftLVªsV Jh tsM-,l- yksgkV dhvnkyr esa fnYyh jkT; cuke bUælsu 'kekZvkns'k ds eq[;ka'k

dk;ZdrkZ bUælsu 'kekZ vkSj jktdqekj us dqjku xzaFk esa ls dqNvk;rksa ds va'k iksLVlZ esa çdkf'kr dj turk esa ck¡VsA bu dk;ZdrkZvksads erkuqlkj dqjku dh bu vk;rksa ls Li"V gS fd buesa bZ";kZ] }s"k]Ny] diV] yM+kbZ] >xM+k] ywVekj vkSj gR;k djus dh f'k{kk gh ughacfYd vkns'k Hkh feyrs gSaA

bu dk;ZdrkZvksa ds erkuqlkj vkt nqfu;k esa eqfLye vkSj xSj&eqfLyeesa tks naxs iQlkn gksrs gaS] ;s naxs iQlkn dqjku esa Åij crk;s x;svkns'k dk ifj.kke gaSA blfy, tc rd dqjku esa ls Åij crk;s x;svkns'k okyh vk;rsa fudkyh ugha tkrha rc rd naxs iQlkn can ughagksaxs] ,slk bu dk;ZdrkZvksa us er çnf'kZr fd;k gSA

esjh jk; esa ys[kd us mijksDr 'kCnksa dks fy[kdj mudh [kqn dhjk; ;k çLrko çdV fd;k gS vkSj vfèkd ls vfèkd ;g 'kCneqlyekuksa dh ifo=k fdrkc ^dqjku* esa tks gdhdr gS mldh mfpr

158

leh{kk gS ,slk dgk tk ldrk gSA

^dqjku ethn* dh ifo=k fdrkc dk iw.kZr% vknj lfgr vk;rksadk ?kfu"Brk ls vè;;u djus ls ,slk ekywe gksrk gS fd ;s vk;rsacgqr gh [krjukd gSa vkSj ?k`.kkLin gSa vkSj ,d rjiQ eqlyeku vkSjnwljh cktw ckdh nwljs leqnk;ksa ds chp erHksn vkSj }s"k fuekZ.k gks],slh gSaA egen iQk#[k [kku us ^dqjku ethn* dk fgUnh esa fd;s x;svuqokn ds lkFk fooknkLin vk;rksa dh eSaus [kqn rqyuk dh gS vkSjmlls ekywe gqvk fd vk;rsa dqjku ethn esa tSlh gSa mlh çdkj dhvfèkdre vk;rsa uhps nh xbZ NksM+dj iqujko`fÙk djds iksLVj esa yhxbZ gSaA

vk;r ua- 2 ds lTtk esa (dkWye esa) 'kCn êwfrZiwtd* tksM+dj]vk;r ua- 2 esa xSj&eqfLye] vk;r ua- 12 vkSj 13 esa 'kCn ywVfeyk;k gSA vk;r ua- 14 esa 'kCn v¼ZeqfLye] vk;r ua- 17 esa 'kCneqlyekuksa vkSj vk;r ua- 18 vkSj 19 esa 'kCn ;FkkØe v¼ZeqfLyevkSj êqfLyeksa* feyrs gSaA

blh fdrkc ds foyk;rh ys[kd dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn è;ku lsi<+us ds ckn 'kCn ewfrZiwtd] xSjeqfLye] ywV v¼ZeqfLye ;s 'kCn mnZw'kCn eqfJd]fiQRdkjg] xuher vkSj ekukiQhDl dk vuqokn gSaA mijksDriksLVjksa esa çdkf'kr dh x;h lHkh vk;rsa vkSj fdrkc esa i<+h gqbZvk;rksa dk ?kfu"Brk ls vè;;u djus ds ckn muesa ls fdlh Hkhçdkj ls nwljk vFkZ ugha fudyrk] ;g }sf"kr gsrq ls çdkf'kr djusesa vkbZ gSa] ,slk ladsr fd;k tkrk gSA mijksDr foospuk ls esjh jk;;g gS fd nksf"kr ds f[kykiQ igyh n`f"V esa dksbZ ekeyk (dsl) ughagS] D;ksafd nksf"kr ds lkeus c;ku fd;s x;s vkjksi igyh n`f"V esa ghèkkjk 153,&295 dh ifjHkk"kk esa ugha iM+rs] blfy, nksuksa nksf"krvkjksfi;ksa dks eqDr fd;k tkrk gSA

31 tqykbZ 1986esVªksikWfyVu eftLVªsV] fnYyh

159

usr`Ro esa n`<+ bPNk'kfDr gks rks jk"Vª dkdk;kdYi gks ldrk gS

gekjk jk"Vª ladVksa ls f?kjk gSA vkUrfjd vkSj cká lHkh çdkj dsladVksa ds ckny lc vksj ls e¡Mjk jgs gSaA dkuwu O;oLFkk esa yxhiqfyl gks ;k ns'k dh lhekvksa esa fujUrj py jgs v?kksf"kr ;q¼ esamy>s lsuk o vU; lqj{kk cy gksas&çfrfnu la?k"kZ gh la?k"kZ fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA dHkh t;] dHkh ijkt; lc vksj ekspsZ [qkys gSaA iqfyl us pksj]MdSrksa] vigj.kdrkZvksa dh eqBHksM+s gksrh gSaA cnek'k idM+s tkrs gSa]ekjs Hkh tkrs gSa] ij bl lkjh tksf[ke Hkjh çfØ;k esa iqfyl dscfynku Hkh de ugha gksrsA lhek ij gks jgh eqBHksM+ksa esa o vkradokfn;ksals tw> jgh lsuk tgk¡ 'k=kq dk lagkj djus esa liQy gksrh gS] ogha furu;s lSfud o lsuk vfèkdkfj;ksa ds cfynkuksa ds lekpkj Hkh çk;%feyrs gh jgrs gSaA iqfyl ds cfynkuksa dh ppkZ djuk geyksxksa dsvH;kl esa gh ugha gS] tcfd okLro esa ;g ?kVuk,¡ Hkh lSfudksa dscfynkuksa ds led{k gh le>h tkuh pkfg,¡A

iwoZ esa fy;s x;s xyr o vnwjn'khZ fu.kZ;ksa ds dkj.k Hkhgksrs gSa cfynku

vktdy ftu ekspks± ij iqfyl o lsuk la?k"kZjr gS] vè;;u fd;ktk;s rks irk pysxk fd muesa vfèkdka'k leL;kvksa dh tM+s xgjkbZ rdiQSyh gqbZ gSaA fdrus gh cnek'k idM+ esa vkus ij Hkh NksM+ fn;s tkrsjgs gSa] dHkh iqfyldfeZ;ksa us iSlk ysdj NksM+ fn;k] dHkh jktuhfrdncko ls NksM+ fn;kA tks eqBHksM+sa fnYyh vkSj if'pe mÙkj çns'k esa gqbZftuesa dbZ vUrjjkT;h; vijkèkh ekjs x;s] idM+ x;s dqN Hkkx Hkhx;sA

o"kks± igys vc esjB ds ,d iqfyl vfèkdkjh us bu cnek'kksa ijf'kdatk dlk Fkk rks jktuhfrd ncko ls vfèkdkjh dks gh viekfur

160

djds LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA fiQj tc flj ls ikuh mrj x;k rciqfyl dks Hk;kud la?k"kZ ls tq>uk iM+kA

vkradokn ds tUenkrk gekjs jktusrkftl vkradokn ls yM+us esa gekjs ohj lSfudksa dks vius ewY;oku

thou [kksus iM+ jgs gSa] ml vkradokn ds tUenkrk Hkh gekjsjktusrk gh jgs gSaA tEew&d'ehj ij tc vDVwcj 1947 esa ghikfdLrkuh geyk gqvk rks ml geys dks iwjh rjg foiQy djrhHkkjrh; lsuk,¡ tc liQyrkiwoZd vkxs c<+ jgh Fkha rHkh usg# th dhftn ij ;q¼ fojke djk fn;k x;kA ,d frgkbZ d'ehj ikfdLrku dsvfèkdkj esa jg x;k ftls vkt rd okfil ugha fy;k tk ldkAtujy fFkeS;k us usg# th ls dsoy rhu fnu vkSj ;q¼ fojke u djusdk vkxzg fd;k Fkk ij os ugha ekusA vc rks Jh jkses'k HkaMkjh (iwoZjkT;iky] mÙkj çns'k) rFkk fons'k lsok vfèkdkjh tSls ofj"B dwVuhfrKus Hkh dgk gS fd orZeku d'ehj leL;k 1948 esa fd;s x;s ;q¼fojke ds xyr fu.kZ; dk gh nq"ifj.kke gSA

vkMokuh th us bafnjk xk¡èkh dks nks"kh Bgjk;k1999 esa x`gea=kh vkMokuh th us dgk Fkk fd orZeku d'ehj

leL;k 1972 esa gh gy gks xbZ gksrh ;fn f'keyk le>kSrs esa 93gtkj ikfdLrkuh ;q¼cafn;ksa dh fjgkbZ ds cnys ikd vfèkÑr d'ehjokil ys fy;k x;k gksrkA

Hkktik Hkh mÙkjnk;hlaHko gS fd Hkfo"; ds bfrgkldkj ;g Hkh fy[ksa dh fd 1999

esa dkjfxy ;q¼ ds le; ;fn lhek js[kk ikj dj yh xbZ gksrh rksvkt vkradokn ls u tw>uk iM+rkA lHkh j{kk fo'ks"kK dg jgs Fks fdHkkjr dh lsuk dks okLrfod fu;a=k.k js[kk ikj djds ;q¼ djukpkfg,A vVy ljdkj us ,slk u djds viuh gh èkjrh ij vius ghlSfudksa dk jDr cgk;k vkSj dkjfxy fot; ds uke ij 1999 dkyksdlHkk pquko thrus esa liQyrk ikbZA bfrgkldkj D;k fy[ksaxs]fdrus lSfud] fdrus fgUnw] fdrus fl[k vkSj ekjs tk;saxs ;g xf.kr

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yxkuk jktusrkvksa dk dke ugha gS] mudk dke gS ;g xf.kr yxkukfd ljdkj dks fLFkj cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fdrus cy vkSj fdruslkalnksa dk lg;ksx pkfg,A cl mruk xf.kr muds fy, i;kZIr gSA

vuqdj.kh; gS btjk;y o #l ds usrRo dh n<+ bPNk'kfDrvHkh ,slh gh leL;k btjk;y ds lkeus [kM+h gqbZ Fkh tc

yscuku çsfjr vkardokn btjk;y esa iSj ilkj jgk FkkA btjk;y usdM+k çfrokn djds pqukSrh nh fd ;fn xqfjYyk ;q¼ ugha #dk rksyscuku dh èkjrh ty mBsxhA dqN geyksa ds lkFk vkradoknh vM~Msu"V djds ;g èkedh nh xbZ rc fiQyhLrhuh xqfjYys lhèks jkLrs ijvk x;sA :l us pspsU;k ij tc ,slh gh dk;Zokgh dh rks vesfjdko la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh èkefd;ksa ds ckn Hkh vkradoknh pspU;k dseqfLyeksa dk iw.kZ fouk'k djus esa liQy jgk vkSj ;sfYRlu o iqfru usdgk fd vesfjdk dks gesa èkedh nsus ls igys ;g le> ysuk pkfg,fd gekjs ikl Hkh i;kZIr la[;k esa ijek.kq ce gSaA

ladV esa dke vkrk gS n`<+ usr`Rousr`Ro esa bPNk'kfDr gks rks jk"Vª dh dksbZ leL;k flj ugha mBk

ldrhA detksj usr`Ro gh detksj jk"Vª dk tud gSA n`<+ ladYi dkèkuh usr`Ro gh rstLoh o vijkts; jk"Vª dk uk;d gks ldrk gSA vHkh,d ek¡x dh xbZ ftlesa dgk x;k fd ds-ih-,l- fxy ds gokys djksd'ehjA vkf[kj D;ksa\ ?kksj ladV ds le; n`<+orh usr`Ro dhvko';drk gh loZ=k jgrh gSA ds-ih-,l- fxy iatkc ds iqfylegkfuns'kd Fks rFkk csvar flag iatkc ds eq[;ea=kh FksA nksuksa ds fu.kZ;brus lVhd Fks fd iatkc esa vkradokn dh tM+sa fgyk nh xb±A Jhcsvar flag dk rks cfynku Hkh blh lkgfld ;ksxnku ds fy, gqvkAvc vko';drk gS d'ehj ds usr`Ro dhA ij gekjs x`gea=kh dksiQk#[k ds vfrfjDr dksbZ usrk gh ugha le> vk jgkA tks leL;k dkdkj.k gSa mUgsa leL;k dk lekèkku lkSai fn;k x;k gSA fo'o fgUnwifj"kn Hkh ;gh ek¡x djrh jgh gS fd iQk#[k ljdkj dks c[kkZLr djks]d'ehj esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djksA iatkc ds eq[;ea=kh çdk'k flag

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ckny dgrs jgs gSa fd èkkjk 370 lekIr dh tk;sA ;fn ckny lkgc;gh ek¡x rc djrs tc 5 yk[k d'ehjh iafMrksa dks d'ehj ?kkVh lsvkrad ds cy ij fuokZflr fd;k x;k Fkk rks pV~Vhflag iqjk ds dsfl[kksa ds fueZe gR;kdkaM ls cpk tk ldrk FkkA fiQj Hkh nsj ls ghlgh vdkyh ny ds }kjk èkkjk 370 gVkus dh ek¡x djus dk fu.kZ;Lokxr ;ksX; gSA la?k"kZ o cfynku ds iFk ij fgUnw o fl[kksa us xr500 o"kks± esa lk¡>h yM+kbZ yM+h gSaA ,d lkFk cfynku fn;s gSa] eqxyksals fu.kkZ;d ;q¼ yM+s gSaA Hkfo"; esa Hkh nksuksa dk ijLij leUo;],dkRe Hkko o lg;ksx gh mUgsa fot;Jh fnyk;sxkA vc rks viQxkuvkradoknh dg jgs gSa fd bLyke ds lcls cM+s 'k=kq fl[k gSaAokLrfodrk ;g gS fgUnw o fl[k bLyke ds nq'eu ugha gSa bLyke ghfgUnqvksa o fl[kksa dk nq'eu gSA vc ikfdLrku esa rkfycku }kjk fl[kksao fgUnqvksa ij tft;k dj yxk;k tk jgk gSA tft;k u nsus ij mUgsaiyk;u djus ij foo'k fd;k tk jgk gSA

usr`Ro lnk [krjs ls tw>rk gSusr`Ro ;q¼ ds eSnku esa gks] jktuhfr esa gks ;k Hkz"Vkpkj ls yM+us

esa] lHkh dks viuh çfr"Bk o thou dks [krjs esa Mkyuk iM+rk gS rHkhdqN lq[kn ifj.kke fn[kkbZ ns ldrs gSaA dsUæh; lrdZrk foHkkx dsçeq[k ,e- foV~By us tks n`<+ fu'p; o lkgl dk ifjp; fn;k gSog lkjs ns'k ds fy, çsj.kk dk lzksr lu~ 2000 esa cuk gSA vkbZ-,-,l- o vkbZ-ih-,l- ds Hkz"V vfèkdkfj;ksa ds uke osclkbV ij nsdj,d u;s ;qx dk lw=kikr djus ds fy, foV~By th cèkkbZ ds ik=k gSaAjktusrk mUgsa rax Hkh dj ldrs gSa fdUrq vius thou] in o çfr"Bkdks [krjs esa Mkydj tks lkgfld ix mUgksaus mBk;k gS og vfHkuanuh;gSA Hkz"V usr`Ro dks Hkh pqukSrh nsus okyk usr`Ro pkfg,A mÙkj çns'k dsvkbZ-,-,l- vfèkdkfj;ksa dh ,lksfl;s'ku us vius rhu egkHkz"V vfèkdkfj;ksadks fpfÉr fd;kA [ksn dk fo"k; gS fd bu Hkz"V vfèkdkfj;ksa dsfo#¼ jkT; ljdkj vkt rd dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha ys ldhA buvfèkdkfj;ksa dks fuyafcr rd ugha fd;k tk ldkA mÙkj çns'k foèkkuifj"kn esa tc ç'u mBk;k x;k fd ljdkj bu Hkz"Vksa ds uke crk;s

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rks foo'k gksdj ea=kh th dks uke crkus iM+s fdarq dk;Zokgh ds ukeij dsoy ykpkjh n'kkZ nh xbZA ,slh fLFkfr esa turk ;fn jktuhfrKksals fujk'k gksdj fdUujksa dks pquko ftrkus yxs rks D;k vk'p;ZA cèkkbZds ik=k gSa os vkbZ-,-,l- vfèkdkjh ftUgksaus ,lksfl;s'ku }kjk Hkz"Vksa dksukfer djkus dh n`<+rk fn[kkbZ vc rks fooknkLin ehjk ;kno viusifr ds lkFk Hkktik dh usrk cu xbZ gSaA ,sls mnkgj.k loZ=k feytk;saxs tgk¡ Hkz"V yksxksa dk lg;ksx djus okys usrk laLFkkvksa ij Nk;sjgrs gSaA

ifj.kke pkgrs gSa mÙke% lg;ksx djrs gSa Hkz"Vksa dklM+dksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, [kksnk x;k dksyrkj tc dksydkrk esa

gh csp fn;k x;k rks fcgkj dh lM+ds dSls cu tkrhaA dsUæ esalgk;rk jkf'k Hkz"Vksa ds isV esa pyh xbZA blfy, ogk¡ lM+dksa esa xM~<+sdh txg xM~<+ksa esa lM+dsa fn[kkbZ nsus yxhaA fnYyh dh ç;ksx'kkykvksaesa fgUnqRo ds uke ij lsok djus okys usrk o çcaèkd ljdkjhlgk;rk dk iSlk [kk x;s vkSj 35000 esa ls 29000 xk;sa ej xbZApkjk ?kksVkyk djus okys fcgkjh usrk vc 'keZ ls Mwc jgs gSa&tc osns[k jgs gS fd ge ls Hkh vfèkd pkjk [kkus okys fnYyh esa dgk¡ lsvk x;sA dHkh&dHkh dqN yksxksa dh ns'kHkfDr Hkh ?kkl pjus pyh tkrhgSA 1962 esa phuh vkØe.k ds le; ,d ns'kHkfDr esa laLdkfjregksn; phu ls pkoy dh rLdjh djrs gq, idM+s x;s FksA dE;qfuLVksadks Hkh 'keZ vk;h fd muds vykok Hkh vU; laLFkkvksa esa phu HkDryksx i;kZIr la[;k esa gSaA vk'p;Z ;g gS fd phu ls pkoy dhrLdjh djus okys bl ns'kHkDr dk ml laLFkk esa fiQj Hkh dksbZ lEeku;k in ?kVk;k ugha tk ldkA

ns'kHkfDr loZLo cfynku dk iFk gSns'kHkfDr dksbZ <ksax ugha gks ldrhA ns'kHkfDr dksbZ fn[kkok ugha

gSA og rks loZLo cfynku dk iFk gSA lPps var%dj.k okyk ns'kHkDrdHkh fcd ugha ldrk] og ;krukvksa ls dHkh >qd ugha ldrkAns'kHkfDr ftuds fy, O;kikj gS] iSlk dekus dk èkaèkk gS dsoy os gh

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'k=kq ns'k ds lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA usr`Ro esa bPNk'kfDr gks rks ,sls rRofdlh Hkh laLFkk esa iui ugha ldrsA

çfl¼ nk'kZfud [kyhy ftczku us ,d çsjd dgkuh fy[kh gSAvPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ uke dh nks lxh cfgusa FkhaA ,d ckj os unh esaLuku ds fy, xb±A diM+s isM+ ij Vk¡x fn;s FksA Luku djrs&djrs vk¡èkhrwiQku vk x;kA nksuksa rsth ls isM+ dh vksj vkb±] tYnh&tYnh diM+sigus vkSj ?kj dh vksj py nhaA ckn esa è;ku vk;k nksuksa ds diM+svkil esa cny x;s FksA rcls cqjkbZ vPNkbZ ds diM+s igudj ?kwe jghgS vkSj vPNkbZ cqjkbZ ds diM+s igudj ?kwe jgh gSA igpkuus okysdiM+ksa ls ugha vc O;ogkj ls ij[kdj gh le> ldrs gSa fd okLroesa vPNkbZ fdlesa gSA vaèkkuqdj.k o dkukiQwlh vkanksyu ls vPNkbZcqjkbZ dk irk ugha py ldrkA blds fy, ij[k pkfg,A

tks ns'k ds fy, thuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa ix&ix ij nqxZq.kh O;fDr;ksals yksgk ysuk iM+rk gSA vkjke dk thou thus dh dYiuk mUgsa NksM+nsuh pkfg,A tks cqjkbZ ij vkØe.k djrs gSa] cqjkbZ muds diM+s pqjkdjys tkrh gS vkSj turk esa Hkze iQSykrh gS fd vPNkbZ rks eSa gw¡] esjsdiM+s ns[kdj igpku ldrs gksA lkjk jk"Vª vkt ix&ix ij gj {ks=kesa bl çlax ls tw> jgk gSA fgUnqRo dk Js"Bre fopkj çokg vktykafNr fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk varjk"Vªh;] vjktd o v'yhy ço`fÙk;ksadk loZ=k cksyckyk gSA fiQj Hkh vfXu esa ridj ftl çdkj Lo.kZ dhijh{kk gskrh gS oSlk gh fgUnqRo jk"Vªh;Ro gS] bl ç[kj lR; dkmn~?kkVu ,d fnu vo';eso gskxkA la?k"kZ o foHkze dk èkq¡vk lekIrgksxkA mRÑ"V euksa dh rstLoh xkFkk,¡ thou ds çR;sd {ks=k esa viusloZLo dk v?;Z nsdj jk"Vª;K dks ;'kLoh cuk,¡xh] ;g vk'kk ofo'okl gh gekjs deZiFk dk mRçsjd gSA

165

Lokra=;ohj lkojdj dh n`f"V esa

1857 dk Lokèkhurk laxzke ,d jk"Vªh;èkeZ;q¼ Fkk

1857 ds Lokèkhurk laxzke dh 150oha o"kZxk¡B 2006 esa lEiw.kZHkkjr esa lekjksgiwoZd eukbZ xbZA bl ckj Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh fofHkUuçdkj ds lekjksg ljdkjh Lrj ij vk;ksftr fd;s gSaA fo'ks"k mYys[kuh;dk;ZØe jgk esjB ls ykyfdyk fnYyh vk, 40]000 ;qod&;qofr;ksadh in;k=kk dk lekjksg] ftldk Lokxr mÙkj çns'k&fnYyh dh lhekij fnYyh dh eq[;ea=kh Jherh 'khyk nhf{kr us 10 ebZ dks fd;kAvxys fnu 11 ebZ dks jk"Vªifr o çèkkuea=kh us ykyfdys esa Lokèkhurklaxzke ds mRlkgh bu ns'kHkDrksa dks lEcksfèkr djrs gq, 1857 dsLokra=; lej ls tqM+s ØkfUrdkfj;ksa o cfynkfu;ksa dks J¼klqeu vfiZrfd;sA Lokèkhurk lej 1857 dk 150ok¡ o"kZ lkoZtfud Lrj ijeukdj dsUæ ljdkj us u;k bfrgkl jpk D;ksafd blds igys 100ok¡o"kZ vkus ij 'krkCnh lekjksg dk dksbZ vk;kstu 1957 esa dsUæ ljdkjus ugha fd;k FkkA 50ok¡ o"kZ 1907 esa Fkk rc Hkh dkaxzsl us 1857 dsLokèkhurk lej dh v¼Z 'krkCnh eukus ij è;ku ugha fn;k FkkA'krkCnh lekjksg ij 10 ebZ 1957 dks fnYyh ds jkeyhyk eSnku esa,d fojkV lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa çeq[k oDrkFks Lokra=;ohj fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdjA v¼Z 'krkCnh ij 1907 esaohj lkojdj yanu esa ckj ,V ykW dk vè;;u dj jgs Fks rc ogk¡mUgksaus ^1857 dk Lokra=; lej* xzaFk dk ys[ku iw.kZ fd;kA ;g,sfrgkfld xzaFk fczfV'k ljdkj dks vius fy, [krjs dh ?kaVh fn[kkbZfn;k] vr% çdk'ku ls iwoZ gh bls fczfV'k 'kklu us tCr dj fy;kAvaxzst 1857 dh Økafr dks flikgh foæksg (Sepoy Mutiny) crkrs Fkstcfd ohj lkojdj us bls Lokèkhurk laxzke dk uke nsdj vaxzstksa ds

166

ilhus NqM+k fn;sA bl xzaFk dks egku Økafrdkjh ljnkj Hkxr flag ousrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl us Økafrdkfj;ksa dks xhrk tSlk lEeku fn;kAeSMe dkek] Jh vÕ;j vkSj ykyk gjn;ky us bl xzaFk dk fons'kksa esaxqIr çdk'ku djk;kA

vius bfrgkl ds fuekZrk ge Lo;aohj lkojdj us xzaFk ds çFke laLdj.k dh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk gS

fd fdlh jk"Vª dks vius ns'k ds bfrgkl dk nkl ugha vfirq Lokehcuuk pkfg,A lkojdj dgrs gSa fd ftl jk"Vª dks vius vrhr dslacaèk esa okLrfod Kku u gks] mldk dksbZ Hkfo"; Hkh ugha gksrkA ijarqgesa lkoèkku djrs gq, lkojdj th ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd gesa vrhrdh eLrh esa gh fyIr ugha jguk pkfg, vfirq Hkfo"; dks l¡okjus dh{kerk Hkh gesa fodflr djuh pkfg,A

23 o"kZ ds ;qok lkojdj us jpk bfrgklohj lkojdj th us 1857 dk Lokra=; lej xzaFk tc fy[kk rc

mudh vk;q dsoy 23 o"kZ FkhA fczfV'k xqIrpj foHkkx dks bl xzaFk dhHkud yx xbZ Fkh] vr% ewy xzaFk ds nks vè;k; Hkh pksjh dj ysus esaxqIrpj liQy jgsA fczfV'k ljdkj le> pqdh Fkh fd ;g xzaFk vR;argh foæksg çsjd fl¼ gks ldrk gS vr% fdlh Hkh çdkj bldkçdk'ku vo#¼ djus dk ç;Ru gksus yxkA

lkojdj th us bl "kM~;a=k ls lkoèkku jgdj xzaFk dh ewyik.Mqfyfi fdlh çdkj Hkkjr igq¡pok nh ijarq dbZ eqæ.kky;ksa dslkgliw.kZ ç;kl ds ckn Hkh fczfV'k ljdkj us bls Nius ugha fn;kAckn esa ewy xzaFk dks igys isfjl fiQj yanu vkSj fiQj teZuh Hkstk x;kijarq fdlh Hkh çdkj xzaFk fgUnh ;k ejkBh esa ugha Ni ldkA vr% xzaFkdk vaxzsth vuqokn fd;k x;k ftlesa cSfjLVj iQM+ds o Jh vÕ;jvkfn Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgkA

gkWyS.M esa Nik çFke ckj 1857 dk LokrU=k; lejÚkal esa vaxzstksa ds Hk; ls xzaFk ugha Ni ldkA var esa liQyrk

feyh vkSj gkWyS.M ds ,d çSl }kjk çdk'ku lEHko gqvkA çpkj ;g

167

fd;k x;k fd xzaFk Úkal esa Nkik tk jgk gSA fczfV'k xqIrpj Úkal esaNkisekjh djrs jgs vkSj xzaFk gkWyS.M esa Nidj rS;kj dj fy;k x;kAxzaFk ds çdk'ku ds iwoZ gh ml ij vaxzst ljdkj us çfrcaèk yxk fn;kFkk ijarq gkWyS.M ls vaxzsth esa çdkf'kr xzaFk dh vusd çfrfyfi;k¡ xqIr:i ls Hkkjr Hkstus esa lkojdj th dks liQyrk feyhA lj fldUnjg;kr [kk¡ tks ckn esa 1937 esa iatkc ds eq[;ea=kh (çèkkuea=kh) cusvkSj ml le; yanu esa vè;;ujr Fks] mudk yanu ls yanu ls Hkkjryk;k tk jgk bl xzaFk dh çfr;ksa ls Hkjk lanwd xqIrpjksa dh fx¼ n`f"Vls cp x;kA bl çdkj ;g vej Økafr xkFkk ;=k&r=k loZ=k çeq[kyksxksa ds gkFkksa esa ig¡qp ldhA

ckn esa 1909 esa xzaFk dk Úkal esa çdk'ku gqvk ftlls vk;jySaM]Úkal] :l] teZuh] felz] vesfjdk vkfn ds Økafrdkfj;ksa us Hkh Økafrdk u;k Tokj mRiUu gks x;kA fczVsu vkSj Hkkjr dh vaxzst ljdkjksa usblls dqfir gksdj neu pØ çkjEHk dj fn;k vkSj dbZ Økafrdkfj;ksadks iQk¡lh ij p<+k;k x;k vkSj dqN dks v.Meku esa dkykikuh dh;kruk,¡ lgus ds fy, ogk¡ >ksad fn;kA bUgha esa ls ,d Fks ohjlkojdj ftUgsa nks tUe (50 o"kZ) dk dkjkokl nsdj v.Mekutsy esa Hkst fn;k x;kA lkojdj dks fn;k x;k ;g n.M fo'o dsbfrgkl dh cstksM+ ?kVuk cu x;kA

xzaFk dk nwljk vaxzsth laLdj.k Hkh çdkf'kr fd;k x;k vkSjvesfjdk esa ykyk gjn;ky us vius i=k ^xnj* esa bldk çdk'kufofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa fd;kA xzaFk ds r`rh; vaxzsth laLdj.k dk çdk'kuHkkjr esa 1929 esa ljnkj Hkxr flag us xqIr :i ls fd;k ftlesaigyh ckj ys[kd dk uke ohj fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj eqfær fd;kx;kA blls igys laLdj.kksa esa ys[kd ds LFkku ij An IndianNationalist fy[kk tkrk FkkA usrkth tc vktkn fgUn lsuk dk lapkyudj jgs Fks] rc eyk;k esa mUgsa ;g xzaFk i<+us dks feykA mUgksaus^fnYyh pyks* dk çsjd t;?kks"k blh xzaFk ls çkIr fd;k FkkA

fczfV'k lkezkT; :ih dal dh lEiw.kZ 'kfDr bl xzaFk :ih Ñ".k

168

ds vfLrRo dks lekIr djus esa iw.kZr;k fu"iQy jghA xzaFk dk çFkeejkBh laLdj.k 1946 esa rFkk fgUnh laLdj.k 1947 esa iwuk lsçdkf'kr gks ldk tc fczfV'k ljdkj us lkojdj lkfgR; ls lHkhçfrcaèk gVk fy, FksA

rFkkdfFkr cqf¼thfo;ksa ds Hkzetky ls lkoèkku jgss ns'kHkDrfiNys fnuksa nSfud lekpkj i=k ^vej mtkyk* (8 ebZ 2007)

esa ys[k çdkf'kr fd;k x;k ftlesa crk;k x;k fd 1857 dkLokèkhurk laxzke tuØkafr ugha FkhA vFkkZr~ bl ;q¼ esa vke turk usHkkx ugha fy;k Fkk vfirq lkeUrksa o dqN jktkvksa o ckn'kkgksa }kjkfd;k x;k ;g foæksg futh fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fd;k x;k lSfudfoæksg ek=k FkkA bl ys[kd dk uke rks fç;aon gS ijarq bu egksn; ustks dqN fy[kk gS og vfç;aon gh dgk tk,xkA vkb, ns[ksa fd 1857esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjr Hkwfe esa çk;% lHkh tkfr;ksa us vaxzstksa ds fo#¼ Økafrdk 'ka[kukn fd;k Fkk vkSj gtkjksa ns'kHkDrksa us iQk¡lh ds iQans ijyVddj Økafr ds ;'kLoh bfrgkl dks efgekef.Mr fd;k FkkA Øwjo u`'kal vaxzstksa us xk¡o&xk¡o èoLr dj fn;s Fks vkSj lkjs xk¡o ds yksxksadks rkykc ds ikuh esa Mqcksdj ekj fn;k Fkk dsoy blhfy, rks D;ksafdxk¡o&xk¡o esa] tu&tu esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds fo#¼ vfXu HkM+d mBhFkhA

Lo;a vaxzst bfrgkldkjksa us ;q¼ dks tu Økafr ekuk gS tcfdçpkfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g dsoy flikgh foæksg FkkA bfrgkldkjtfLVu eSdkFkhZ dh ys[kuh ij è;ku nsa&ôLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd Hkkjrh;çk;}hi ds lEiw.kZ mÙkjh ,oa mÙkjh if'peh {ks=k esa fczfV'k lÙkk dsfo#¼ ns'kh; tkfr;kas us foæksg dj fn;k FkkA dsoy flikfg;ksa us ghfoæksg ugha fd;k Fkk] bls dksjh lSfud Økafr dk gh uke ugha fn;ktk ldrkA ;g rks Hkkjr ij vkaXy lÙkk ds fo#¼ lSfud dfBukbZ;ksa]jk"Vªh; ?k`.kk vkSj èkkfeZd dV~Vjrk dk la;qDr mHkkj FkkA blesa ns'khjktkvksa vkSj lSfudksa us Hkh Hkkx fy;kA

pchZ okys dkjrwlksa us rks dsoy fpaxkjh ngdkbZ Fkh vkSj bl

169

fpaxkjh us lHkh Toyu'khy inkFkks± esa vkx HkM+dk nhA mijksDr 'kCnksads lkFk ohj lkojdj bl Økafr xzaFk esa fy[krs gSa fd esjB ds flikghtc esjB ls pydj fnYyh esa ;equk rV ij igq¡ps rks lSfud foæksgdks ,d jk"Vªh; èkeZ;q¼ esa ifjf.kr dj fn;k x;kA

pkYlZ cky fy[krs gSa&^vkxs pydj (Økafr dh) èkkjk fdukjksa dksrksM+dj cg fudyh vkSj mlus Hkkjr dh uSfrd olqaèkjk dks vkIykfordj fn;kA ;g foæksg ml lEiw.kZ turk ds foæksg dk :i èkkj.k djpqdk Fkk tks dkYifud xyfr;ksa ls {kqCèk gksdj HkM+d mBh Fkh vkSj?k`.kk vkSj dV~Vjrk ds Hkze esa vkc¼ gks pqdh FkhA ohj lkojdj thus vU; vusd fczfV'k bfrgkldkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks 1857 ds;q¼ dks egku foIyo o Hkkjr dk LoèkeZ o LojkT; ds fy, fd;kx;k Lokèkhurk lej fy[krs gSa ijarq [ksn gS fd orZeku Hkkjr dsdfFkr cqf¼thoh vkt Hkh bls tuØkafr ekuus esa yTtk dk vuqHkodjrs gSaA

bl lacaèk esa vfèkd dqN u fy[kdj iQk,sLV uked fons'khys[kd }kjk vius xzaFk esa fy[kh xbZ Hkwfedk dk m¼j.k nsuk lehphugksxk&^^1857 dh bl Økafr us gesa ;g Lej.k djk fn;k gS fd gekjk(vaxzstksa dk) vkfèkiR; ,d iryh ijr ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj lektlqèkkj rFkk èkkfeZd Økafr ds foLiQksVksa ls ;g ijr fdlh Hkh le; u"Vgks ldrh gSA**

170

Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa lkSj o"kZ i¼fr dkegÙo

^^lw;Z vkRek txrLrLFkq"k'p** lw;Z bl txr dh vkRek gSa] dsUæfcUnq gSA osn ds bl eU=k ds vfrfjDr vU; Hkh çek.k gSa ftudsvuqlkj lw;Z dks vkèkkj ekudj euq"; us l`f"V ds vn~Hkqr jgL;ksa dkstkuus dh ps"Vk dh gSA gekjh çkphu ekU;rk gS fd lw;Z fLFkj gS vkSji`Foh mlds pkjksa vksj ?kwerh gSA lw;Z dh ,d ifjØek djus esa i`Fohftruk le; yxkrh gS og ,d lkSj o"kZ dgykrk gSA lkSj o"kZ çk;%oS'kk[kh (çfro"kZ 13 vçSy) ds fnu ls çkjEHk ekuk tkrk gSA dqNfo}ku bls edj laØkfUr (çfro"kZ 14 tuojh) ls çkjEHk ekurs gSaAnksuksa ekU;rkvksa dk viuk&viuk [kxksy 'kkL=kh; vkèkkj gSA

vkèkqfud foKku ds vuqlkj lw;Z dh ifjØek i`Foh 365 fnuvkSj 6 ?k.Vs esa iw.kZ djrh gSA 6 ?kaVs pkj o"kZ esa 24 ?kaVs vFkkZr~ ,dfnu ds cjkcj gks tkrs gSaA iQjojh çfr pkSFks o"kZ 29 fnu dh djds^^yhi bZ;j** cukdj bu 6 ?kaVksa dh x.kuk Bhd dj yh tkrh gSA

fdUrq vkèkqfud bysDVªkWfud ?kfM+;ksa ls i`Foh dh ,d ifjØek365 fnu 6 ?kaVs 9 feuV 11-4 lsds.M esa iw.kZ ekuh x;h gSAvr% xszxsfj;u dSys.Mj okys fo}ku bl 9 feuV ls vfèkd okf"kZdle; dk dksbZ fglkc nsus esa vleFkZ gSaA ,d o"kZ esa 9 feuV] 100o"kZ esa 900 feuV cu tkrs gSa vFkkZr~ 15 ?kaVkA dqN 'krkfCn;ksa esa ghdbZ fnu dk vUrj vaxzsth i¼fr dh dkyx.kuk esa gks tkrk gSA blfolaxfr dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d ckj fczfV'k ikfyZ;kesaV esa foèks;dykdj 10 fnu dk fglkc dkypØ ls fudky (delete) fn;k x;k FkkvkSj 10 flrEcj ds ckn lhèks 21 flrEcj fy[kuk Lohdkj dj fy;kx;kA ;g ?kVuk 18oha 'krkCnh esa NBs n'kd esa ?kfVr gqbZA dky dhxfr dks foèkkrk Hkh ugha jksd ldrk fdUrq fons'kh fo}ku ?kM+h dh lqbZ

171

dks idM+dj [kM+s gks tkrs gSa vkSj 10 fnu dk dky[k.M fuxy tkrsgSA ;g voSKkfud ,oa fujkèkkj dkyx.kuk ds nq"ifj.kke gSA

Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa çfriy] çfr{k.k dh x.kuk gksrh gSAblhfy, lgh le; vkus ij gh eqgwrZ ekuk tkrk gS] viuh lqfoèkk lsLuku] iwtk vkfn ds eqgwrZ ugha ekus tkrsA çR;sd iy dk fglkc iapkaxesa gksrk gSaA

Hkkjrh; lkSj o"kZ dh dkyx.kuk esa vaxzsth o"kZ gksrk gSA blhfy,fgUnw lekt ds nks egku ioZ oS'kk[kh rFkk edj laØkfUr çfro"kZ 13vçSy o 14 tuojh dks gh vkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s nksuksa ioZ lkSj o"kZ ijvkèkkfjr gSaA 'ks"k lHkh ioZ fot;kn'keh] nhikoyh] gksyh] j{kkcaèkuvkfn çfro"kZ vyx&vyx vaxzsth frfFk;ksa dks vkrs gSa D;ksafd mudhx.kuk pUæo"kZ ds vkèkkj ij dh xbZ gSA

jkf'k;k¡ D;k gSa\orZeku esa rFkkdfFkr fo}kuksa ds lEeq[k ehu] es"k vkfn jkf'k;ksa

dh ppkZ djuk fdafpr migkl dk fo"k; cu x;k gSA fdUrq vkèkqfudfoKku esa osèk'kkykvksa (observatories) esa fd;s x;s vUos"k.k esa nwjchu}kjk lkSj o"kZ dh 12 jkf'k;ksa dk vè;;u djus ij ;s v{kj'k% ;FkkFkZvkSj oSKkfud vkèkkj ij lR; ikbZ xbZ gSaA

jkf'k 'kCnHkkjr ds fdlku vçSy&ebZ ekg esa tc vius [ksr [kfygkuksa ls

xsgw¡ rFkk vU; [kk|kUu dh iQly dkVdj xgkbZ vkfn djds vUu dkfo'kky <sj yxk nsrs gSa çk;% loZ=k gh bl <sj dks xsg¡w dh jkl (vFkkZr~jkf'k) dgk tkrk gSA ;g jkl gh jkf'k gSA blh çdkj vkdk'k e.Myesa rkjksa ds lewg dks rkjksa dh jkf'k dgk tkrk gSA

vkèkqfud osèk'kkykvksa esa ;g jkspd vè;;u fd;k tk pqdk gS fdlw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gq, i`Foh ,d ,sls rkjk lewg (rkjk {ks=k&rkjkjkf'k) ls ifjHkze.k djrh gS ftldh vkÑfr nwjchu ls ns[kus ij eseustSlh fn[krh gS&bls es"k jkf'k dgk x;k gSA oS'kk[kh ds fnu i`Foh blhjkf'k esa ços'k (laØe.k) djrh gSA

172

eNyh tSlh vkÑfr ds rkjk lewg dks ehu jkf'k] fcPNq tSlhvkÑfr ds lewg dks o`f'pd jkf'k] 'ksj tSlh vkÑfr dks flag jkf'kdgrs gSaA blh çdkj lHkh 12 jkf'k;k¡ gSaA

lkSj ekl,d jkf'k ls nwljh jkf'k ds {ks=k rd ifjØe.k djus ls i`Foh dks

ftruk le; yxrk gSa] mls ,d ekl (lkSj ekl) dgrs gSaA lkSj o"kZds ckjg ekl gSa&es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] o`f'pd]èkuq] edj] dqEHk] ehuA blh ls 12 laØkfUr;k¡ cuh gSaA buesa edjlaØkfUr (i`Foh dk tUefnol) rFkk es"k laØkfUr (cS'kk[kh) vfrifo=k ekuh tkrh gSA

;s ekl çÑfr dh nsu gSa] [kxksy foKku (,sLVªksukWeh) ds vuqlkj;s i`Foh dh xfr ds iM+ko gSa] ehy ds iRFkj gSaA ;s 12 IysViQkeZ gSatks i`Foh dks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gq, jkLrs esa feyrs gSaA

Lej.k jgs fd pUæ o"kZ ds ckg ekg Hkh 'kq¼ çkÑfrd gSaA i`Fohdh ifjØek djrs gq, pUæek ftl le; ftl u{k=k ds {ks=k esa ;k=kkdjrk gS] mlh u{k=k ds uke ij eghus dk uke fn;k x;k gSA fp=kku{k=k ls pS=k ekl*] fo'kk[kk u{k=k ls oS'kk[k*] T;s"B] vk"kk<+] Jko.k]Hkkæin] Dokj (ekxZ'kh"kZ)] dkfrZd] vxgu (vxzgk;.k)] ikS"k] ek?k]iQkYxquA

vFkkZr~ pUæekl gks ;k lkSj ekl nksauks dh dyx.kuk l`f"V esa ghjgh ?kVukvksa ds [kxksy foKku }kjk fd;s x;s lw{e vUos"k.k dk ghifj.kke gSA ;g dkyx.kuk diksy dYiuk ij vkèkkfjr dksbZ ekuoh;efLr"d dh mM+ku ek=k ugha gSA

vaxzsth ekl o o"kZ dk vkèkkj D;k gS%&if'peh dSys.Mj ds 12eghuksa ls lHkh ifjfpr gSaA 12ok¡ eghuk fnlEcj&December gSAvaxzsth esa n'ke dk vFkZ 10 gksrk gS (Decimal n'keyo deeade&n'kd)ftldk vFkZ nl gksrk gS og eghuk 12ok¡ D;ksa gS\ October(vDVwcj) esa Oct dk vFkZ vkB gksrk gS (Octogun v"VHkqt)] fiQj

173

;g ekg 10osa LFkku ij D;ksa gS\ lSIVsacj esa lSIV&lIr vFkkZr~ lkr gSij og uosa LFkku ij gSA

ikBdksa dks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd vkt lalkj esa viuhèkkd j[kus okys ;s ik'pkR; xf.krK tks vc 12 eghuksa dks o"kZ fxujgs gSa] ;s igys 10 eghus dk gh o"kZ fxuk djrs FksA

vaxzsth o"kZ igys ekpZ ls vkjEHk gksrk Fkk blfy, 10ok¡ eghukfnlEcj FkkA Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk dh udy djds nks ekg mlesa vkSjtksM+us dk fopkj xf.krKksa us fd;kA tuojh] iQjojh nks ekg vkSj tksM+sx;sA udy dks Hkh vdy dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tuojh 11ok¡ vkSjiQjojh 12ok¡ eghuk tksM+k tkuk pkfg, Fkk fdUrq tsul (Janus x.ks'k)nsork ds uke ij pyus okyk eghuk tuojh (January) çFke LFkkuij j[kk x;k D;ksafd tsul nsork ds vuq;k;h bl ckr ij vM+ x;sfd gekjs nsork dk eghuk Øekad 1 ij gh jgsxkA

vc cspkjk fnlEcj vkèkqfud ik'pkR; oSKkfudksa ls ckj&ckj ek¡xdj jgk gS fd esjk vFkZ nl gksrk gS] eq>s esjk lqjf{kr LFkku fnykvksAfdUrq ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal (ekbV bt jkbV) ds vkèkkj ij mlsdg fn;k x;k fd rqEgkjk eryc rks nl gh jgsxk] jguk rqEgsa 12osaLFkku ij gh iM+sxkA vDVwcj dk vFkZ Hkys gh vkB gks ij jguk mldks10osa LFkku ij gh iM+sxkA

dsoy 'kCnksa ds vFkks± ds vuFkZ rd gh ;s if'peh fo}ku lhferugha jgs vfirq] vius jktkvksa ds uke ij eghuksa vkSj fnuksa dh la[;kds fy, ;g Hkh dj fn[kk;k fd vdy ugha HkSal gh cM+h gksrh gSA

tqfy;l lhtj ds uke ij tqykbZ eghuk 31 fnu dk j[kk x;kAml le; lUr vkxLVkbu ds uke ij vxLr eghuk 30 fnu dk ghpyrk Fkk vkSj flrEcj 31 fnu dk gksrk FkkA fdUrq vkxLVkbu dsf'k";ksa us ek¡x mBk;h fd ;fn tqfy;l lhtj ds uke dk tqykbZeghuk 31 fnu dk gksxk rks gekjk eghuk Hkh 31 fnu dk gh jgsxkA

vUrr% ekbV bt jkbV (ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal) dk iQkeZwyk

174

thr x;k vkSj flrEcj dks 31 esa ls 30 fnu nsdj mldk ,d fnuvxLr esa tksM+ fn;k x;kA ,slh vkikèkkih Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa dksbZfo}ku vkt rd ugha dj ldkA

bZlkbZ o"kZ bZLoh lu~&2021 bZLoh lu~ py jgk gSA 2021 o"kZigys lalkj ds bfrgkl esa dkSu lh ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ FkhA ,sfrgkfld]çkÑfrd] [kxksy 'kkL=kh; vkfn dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk dk mYys[k ughafeyrkA fiQj bl dkyx.kuk dk D;k vkèkkj gS\ 2021 o"kZ igys bZlkelhg dk u rks tUe gqvk vkSj u nsgkolkuA bZlkbZ èkeZ ds vuqlkjJesus Chirst was born in the times of Hedos, the Great and Hedosdied in 4 BC. bZlk dk tUe ghMksl egku ds le; esa gqvk vkSjghMksl 2021$4=2025 o"kZ iwoZ ej x;kA bldk vFkZ gS fd bZlk dktUe 2025 o"kZ ds igys dk gSA viuh >sai feVkus ds fy, ;wjksih;ufo}ku fy[kus yxs&Rome City was built before 2021 years vFkkZr~jkse uxj ds fuekZ.k dh Le`fr esa ;g bZLoh lu~ pyk;k x;kA ;gdgkor Hkh Lej.kh; gS fd Rome was not built in a day vFkkZr~ jksedks cuus esa cgqr o"kZ yxsA bZlk dk tUefnol 25 fnlEcj ekuk tkrkgSA fiQj 1 tuojh ls o"kZ dk çkjEHk D;ksa ekuk x;k\ vFkkZr~ u fnuds çkjEHk dk dksbZ egÙo gS vkSj u gh o"kZ ds çkjEHk dk\ lc dqNdiksy dYiukvksa ij vkèkkfjr tc tSlk mfpr le>k oSlk fd;kx;k] ,slk çrhr gksrk gSA bZlk ds thou dk dqN o"kZ dk bfrgkl HkhyqIr gS] blh çdkj bZlkbZ dkyx.kuk esa cgqr ls fnu vkSj o"kZ HkhyqIr gSaA igys rks yEcs le; rd 2 eghus Hkh yqIr gh pyrs jgs]10 eghuksa ls gh o"kZ dk dke pyk;k tkrk jgkA

jkr esa fnu fudyrk gSHkkjrh; dkyx.kuk esa lw;Z dh çFke fdj.k tc i`Foh dks Li'kZ

djrh gS ml {k.k ls fnu dk çkjEHk ekurs gSaA bZlkbZ dkyx.kuk esafnu] jkr esa 12 cts çkjEHk gksrk gSA Sunday going Monday Comingjfookj tkrk gS lkseokj vkrk gS] ;g ?kVuk jkf=k ds 12 cts ?kVrh gSA12 cts jkr esa fnu dkSu fudky ldrk gS&os tks vkt lalkj ds

175

ekxZn'kZd cus cSBs gSaA

vijkts; Hkkjrh; ijEijkHkkjr esa dHkh Hkh] fdlh ns'kh ;k fons'kh ljdkj dk ;g lkgl

ugha gks ldk fd og ;g ?kks"k.kk dj lds fd fot;kn'keh vFkoknhikoyh fdlh fuf'pr vaxzsth frfFk (;Fkk 23 vDVwcj vkSj 5uoEcj) dks gh çfro"kZ euk;h tk;sxhA çfro"kZ Hkkjr ljdkj dksiapkax ns[kdj fgUnw ioks± dh frfFk;k¡ ?kksf"kr djuh iM+rh gSaA Hkkjrh;iapkax vaxzsth dSys.Mj dk nkl dHkh ugha jgkA vaxzsth dSys.MjHkkjrh; iapkax ds fcuk fgUnw ioks± dh frfFk;k¡ dHkh Hkh ?kksf"kr ughadj ldrk vkSj u dj ldsxkA dsUæ vFkok çkUr ljdkjksa dhjktif=kr vodk'k dh lwph fcuk iapkax ls rkyesy fd;s çdkf'krugha gks ldrhA ;g gS Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa euh"kk dh vijkts;]dkyfujis{k ,oa lÙkk&fujis{k dkyx.kukA

gekjs ½f"k;ksa us çÑfr ds vn~Hkqr ?kVukpØ dks ml fnO;fpjUru 'kfDr dk ekSu lans'k ekudj mu ladsrksa dks lw=k :i esaloZtu fgrk; çLrqr djus dh ps"Vk dhA blhfy, Hkkjrh; dkyx.kukfdlh O;fDr] fo}ku] usrk] 'kkld vFkok fdlh ljdkj dh eq[kkis{kh(eksgrkt) ugha gSA tSls dky (le;) lcdh idM+ ls ckgj gS oSlsgh Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk Hkh vkus&tkus okyh jkT; O;oLFkkvksa dh idM+vkSj lhek ls ijs gSA

vkèkqfud fo'o esa vkbUlVkbu us le; dks ysdj u;s vk;keLFkkfir dj fn;sA fo'o dks pkj vk;ke nsrs gq, Four DimensionalWorld dh dYiuk esa le; (Time) dks vkèkqfud oSKkfud txr esaçFke ckj ços'k fnykus dk Js; vkbUlVhu dks tkrk gSA le;≤dh ckr gSA dHkh le; Hkkjr dk FkkA vkus okyk le; Hkh Hkkjr dhçrh{kk dj jgk gSA le; cM+k cyoku gSA le; gh crk,xk fd 21oha'krkCnh esas ge le; dh dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjsaxs vFkok ughaA dky dhdks[k ls fu%l`r çdk'k iq×t Hkkjr dks Hkh lw;Z ds çdk'k esa jr cukldsxk] ;gh çHkq ls çkFkZuk gSA

176

14 flrEcj % fgUnh fnol % jk"VªHkk"kk dhçfr"Bkiuk dk ladYi fnol

14 flrEcj 1949 dks lafoèkku lHkk }kjk ;g Lohdkj dj fy;kx;k Fkk fd Hkkjr la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh gksxh rFkk vUrfje :i lsiUæg o"kZ dh vofèk rd vaxzsth dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk jgsxkA 26tuojh 1950 dks lafoèkku dh O;oLFkk iw.kZr% LFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn1965 esa 15 o"kZ dh vofèk lekIr gks tkuh pkfg, FkhA 1965 esavaxzsth dk ç;ksx lekIr gksdj jktdkt dh Hkk"kk iw.kZr% fgUnh dkscuk;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk fdUrq 56 o"kZ dk nh?kZ dky[k.M o;rhr gkspqdk vkSj fgUnh jkt flagklu ij çfrf"Br ugha dh tk ldhA okLroesa vaxzsth dk opZLo lekIr gksus ds LFkku ij c<+rk gh tk jgk gSAvHkh rd Hkh Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsokvksa esa vaxzsth ç'u&i=k vfuok;ZgSA mlds LFkku ij lalnh; jktHkk"kk lfefr dk vuqeksnu fey tkusij Hkh vaxzsth ç'ui=k dh vfuok;Zrk lekIr ugha dh tk ldhA ek¡x;g Hkh dh xbZ Fkh fd ftUgsa vaxzsth ç'ui=k gh ysuk gS mUgsa mldhlqfoèkk nh tk;sA fdUrq vU; çfrHkkfx;ksa dks fgUnh vFkok vU; dksbZçknsf'kd Hkk"kk ysus dh lqfoèkk nh tk;sA [ksn gS fd ,slk ugha fd;ktk ldkA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk laxBu }kjk fujUrj fn;k tkrk jgk èkjuk oçn'kZu Hkh 1984 ls bl ek¡x ds fy, lfØ; dk;Z dj jgk gS] vU;Hkh Hkk"kk laxBu lps"V gSa fdUrq ljdkj fu.kZ; ysus esa rRij ugha gSA

lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 343(1)bl vuqPNsn esa Li"V dgk x;k gS fd la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh

vkSj fyfi nsoukxjh gksxhA 343(3[k) esa ;g Hkh fy[kk x;k gS fd15 o"kZ ckn laln dkuwu cukdj vadksa ds nsoukxjh :i dk micaèkfuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA blds iwoZ 343(1) esa dgk x;k gS fd vadksadk :i Hkkjrh; vadksa dk vUrjjk"Vªh; :i gksxk vFkkZr~ ftls vaxzsth

177

ds lkFk 15 o"kZ rd pyk;k tk ldsxkA

nsoukxjh vadksa dk foyksi djus dk "kM~;a=kHkys gh vaxzsth dks gVkdj fgUnh dks 1965 ds ckn jktHkk"kk u

cuk;k tk ldk gkss fdUrq lalnh; jktHkk"kk lfefr tSls vfèkdkfjdlaxBu rFkk vU; LoSfPNd jk"VªHkk"kk çseh laxBu ckj&ckj ;g ek¡xdj jgs gSa fd fgUnh dks jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k tk;A ljdkj us rksfgUnh ds ç;ksx ds foLrkj ds fy, çR;sd foHkkx esa fgUnh vfèkdkjhdh fu;qfDr Hkh dh gqbZ gSA bl çlax esa lokZfèkd nq%[kn igyw ;ggS fd fgUnh çseh laxBu Hkh nsoukxjh vadksa ds ç;ksx djus dh ek¡xdHkh ugha mBkrs\

fgUnh çsfe;ksa dks nsoukxjh vadksa ls ?k`.kk D;ksa\bu cM+s&cM+s èkeZèoth fgUnh laxBuksa] egku ys[kdksa] vUrjjk"Vªh;

o jk"Vªh; [;kfr çkIr yCèk çfr"B fgUnh ys[kdksa }kjk fyf[kr vFkoklEikfnr i=k&if=kdkvksa esa loZ=k nsoukxjh vadksa ds LFkku ij vaxzsthvadksa dk gh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; xf.kr ds vad 1]2]3&9ds LFkku ij vaxzsth vadksa dk gh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fgUnh vadksadks ifjofrZr dj (foyqIr djds) vUrjjk"Vªh; vadksa ds uke ij1]2]3&9 fy[ks tkus dh O;oLFkk dh tk jgh gSA bl çdkj fgUnqvksadh çkphure èkjksgj dks èkkjk 343(1) ds cgkus lekIr djus dkvUrjjk"Vªh; "kM~;a=k gekjs jk"Vªh; lafoèkku esa jk"Vªh; usrkvksa }kjk jpktk jgk gSA 343(3) esa tks O;oLFkk bls 15 o"kZ ckn cnyus ds fy,dh xbZ gS mlesa vaxzsth dh lqfoèkk nsus ds fy, 343(3d) dk ç;ksxfd;k x;k gS fdUrq nsoukxjh vadksa dks çfr"Bk nsus ds fy, 343(3[k)dh mis{kk dh tk jgh gSA

jk"VªHkk"kk çsfe;ksa ls ç'ufgUnh çsfe;ksa ls vuqjksèk gS fd ftl çdkj ljdkj ls vaxzsth

gVkdj fgUnh ykus dh ek¡x djrs gSa mlh çdkj 1]2]3------9 gVkdj1]2]3----9 ykus dh ek¡x vo'; djsaA ;fn 1]2]3----9 vadksa dksvUrjjk"Vªh; vad ekuk tk ldrk gS rks ,sls Hkk"kk çseh ,d fnu

178

vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks Hkh vUrjjk"Vªh; Hkk"kk eku cSBs rks D;k vk'p;Z\ vr%;g furkUr vko';d gS fd vaxzsth vadksa dk ç;ksx çfrcafèkr djjkt dk;Z esa fgUnh (nsoukxjh) vadksa dk ç;ksx gh fd;k tk;A

U;k;ky; esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk D;ksa\èkkjk 348 esa çkoèkku gS fd mPpre rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa lHkh

dk;Zokfg;k¡ vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa gksaxhA eqxydky esa U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kkiQkjlh j[kh xbZ] fczfV'k dky esa vaxzsth us iQkjlh dk LFkku ys fy;kAfiQj vkt vaxzsth dk LFkku fgUnh D;ksa ugha ys ldrhA :l] phu]tkiku] teZuh] vjc] VdhZ vkfn ns'kksa esa U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk vaxzsthugha gSA mudh viuh Hkk"kk esa U;k; fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr dks fgUnhesa U;k; nsus esa U;k;ky; Hkh vU;k; dk lgkjk ys jgk gS] og fdruk[ksntud gSA

Hkktik us Hkh fgUnh dks fujk'k fd;kHkktik usr`Ro okyh dsUæ ljdkj us fgUnh çsfe;ksa dks tks vk'kk,¡

Fkha os Hkh èkwyèkwlfjr gks pqdh gSaA lÙkk:<+ gksrs gh Nationl Governance(jk"Vªh; çcUèku) dk vfHkiV yxkdj fons'kh çpkj ekè;eksa dks ;gn'kkZ;k x;k fd ge mrus gh vaxzsth HkDr gSa ftrus usg# th FksAHkktik ds lHkh laxBukRed vk;kstuksa esa 1]2]3-----9 dks ekU;rk feypqdh gS] ogk¡ fgUnh frfFk <w¡<uk dfBu cu x;k gSA j{kk ea=kky; dsjktdkt esa çFke ckj j{kkea=kh eqyk;e flag th us fgUnh dksços'k fnyk;k Fkk] la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa çFke ckj fgUnh ços'k JhvVy fcgkjh oktis;h (rRdkyhu fons'k ea=kh) us fnyk;k FkkAmÙkj çns'k ls eqyk;e flag ljdkj dh fgUnh vadksa okyh ljdkjhxkfM+;k¡ tc fnYyh uxj esa vkb± rks ;krk;kr foHkkx us muds pkykudkVus dh èkedh nhA fnYyh esa okguksa ij vaxzsth uEcj IysV u gksusij n.M feyrk gSA ;fn os uEcj IysV xq#eq[kh] rfey ;k vU;fdlh çknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa fyfi esa gksa rks pkyku ugha fd;k tkrkA dsoyfgUnh vadksa ij gh pkyku djus dk dkuwu Fkksik x;k gS ;g fdrukvk'p;Ztud lR; gS\

179

ladYi fnol14 flrEcj dks fgUnh fnol ij çR'sd o"kZ fgUnh gekjk vkàku

djrh gS fd ge jk"Vª dh vkRek dh çfrèofu dks le>sa] jk"VªHkk"kk dksmldk [kks;k gqvk oSHko çkIr djk;saA ftl çdkj ^vaxzstksa HkkjrNksM+ks* vkUnksyu pyk;k x;k mlh çdkj ^vaxzsth gVkvksa fgUnhykvks* vkUnksyu djus dk fu'p; nksgjkus dk Lej.k ckj&ckj fgUnhfnol djkrk jgsxkA dsoy Hkkjro"kZ esa gh ugha fo'o esa Hkh fgUnh dksçfrf"Br djuk gekjk drZO; gSA

VdhZ ds 'kkld deky ik'kk dk Hkk"kk çseçFke fo'o;q¼ ds i'pkr~ vrkrqdZ dekyik'kk us VdhZ esa èkkfeZd

o jktuSfrd Økafr dk 'ka[kukn fd;kA mlus dqjku dk vuqoknvjch ls VdhZ Hkk"kk esa djkus dk çcUèk fd;kA blds iwoZ dqjkudk vuqokn (rtqZek) djus dh vuqKk ugha FkhA dqjku dsoy vjchHkk"kk esa gh fy[kh tk ldrh Fkh] fo'o dh fdlh Hkh vU; Hkk"kk esamlds vuqokn dk fojksèk FkkA VdhZ ds 'kkld dekyik'kk us ;gfu"ksèkkKk rksM+ Mkyh vkSj dqjku dk vuqokn VdhZ Hkk"kk esa djok fn;kAekSyoh HkM+d x;s] dekyik'kk dks mUgksaus dkfiQj dgk] bLyke dk'k=kq dgkA fdUrq n`<+ çfrK dekyik'kk us ekSyfo;ksa dks lha[kpksa esa candjok fn;k vkSj turk dk vkàku djrs gq, dgk fd yksx VdhZ Hkk"kkesa uekt i<+sa] essjs ns'k dk vYykg vjch vkSj VdhZ nksuksa Hkk"kkvksadks le>rk gS] ;g fo'o dh vU; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh Hkyh çdkj le>rkgSA vjc esa jgus okyk vYykg dsoy vjch tkurk gSA ekSyfo;ksadh ,d u pyh vkSj lc ureLrd gks x;sA vc rks fo'o Hkj esadqjku dk vuqokn fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vjch dk vYykg iQkjlh esa [kqnk cu x;k fdUrq fgUnh esabZ'oj ;k Hkxoku cuus ls mlus euk dj fn;k

vjc dk ^vYykg*] tc bZjku igq¡pk rks mldk uke [kqnk cux;kA fdUrq ckn esa og vYykg tc Hkkjr vk;k rc mlus viuk ukebZ'oj ;k Hkxoku j[kuk pkgk rks ekSyfo;ksa us vkifÙk mBkbZ vkSj Hkkjr

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esa mls uke ifjorZu ugha djus fn;k x;kA vjch Hkk"kk dk ^vYykg*iQkjlh Hkk"kk esa ^[kqnk* cu ldrk gS rks Hkkjr esa bZ'oj D;ksa uh culdrk\ fo'o ds Hkk"kkfonksa dks bldk mÙkj [kkstuk pkfg,A

lksfo;r Hkwfe ij Hkh fgUnh dk lkezkT;lksfo;r la?k (:l) dk foHkktu 1991 esa gqvk rks mlesa ls dbZ

ns'kksa dk fuekZ>k gqvk&rqdZesfuLrku] mTcsfdLrku] fdfxZLrku] rtkfdLrkuvkfnA Lrku 'kCn LFkku dk :ikUrj gSA fgUnh dk lkezkT; bu ns'kksa esavkt Hkh Nk;k gqvk gS] Hkys gh ogk¡ Lrku (LFkku) ls igys rqdZ ;kmtcsd yxk;k tkrk gksA Lo;a viQxkfuLrku rFkk ikfdLrku Hkh fgUnhds 'kCn lkezkT; esa viuk ukedj.k djus esa xkSjo vuqHko djrs gSAbZjku rks ^vk;kZu* dk gh nwljk :i gSA flaxkiqj uxj Hkh gS vkSjns'k HkhA flagiqj ls flagkiqj vkSj fiQj flaxkiqj dk ukedj.k fgUnh dht;irkdk dk ml ns'k esa Hkh iQgjk;s tkus dk Lej.k djk jgk gSA

b.Mksusf'k;k (fgUnsf'k;k)] eysf'k;k] L;ke&';ke (vktdk FkkbZyS.M)

fgUnh fnol ij fgUnh ds foLr`r lkezkT; dh dgkuh lquk jgs gSaAJhyadk dh jk"Vªifr dqekj rqaxs rFkk muds fnoaxr ifr fot; dqekjrqaxs fgUnh ds lk{kkr~ mikld jgsA rqax 'kCn dks ns[kdj pkSafd, eregkdfo t;'kadj çlkn dh i¡fDr;ksa dk Lej.k dhft,&

fgekæh rqax Jax ls çcq¼ 'kq¼ Hkkjrh]Lo;a çHkk leqTToyk Lora=krk iqdkjrhAA

lalkj dh Nr ij fgUnh dk èotfrCcr (f=kfo"Vi) ds dSyk'k ekuljksoj rhFkZLFkku rks gSa gh]

flUèkq o czãiq=k ufn;ksa ds mn~xe LFkku Hkh gSaA fgUnh ds bZ";kZyq ç'udjrs gSa&dgk¡ gS fgUnh\ gekjk ç'u gS ^dgk¡ ugha gS fgUnh*] fgUnh'kCn dh çk.k çfr"Bk eq[kfjr gks mBh bl 'kCn prq"V; esa&dSyk'kekuljksoj] flUèkq o czãiq=k esaA lalkj dh Nr dgs tkus okysf=kfo"Vi ij Hkh nsoHkk"kk fgUnh dk èot iQgjk jgk gS&tks fo'o dsekuoksa dks fgUnh dk lans'k lquk jgk gSA

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Hkxoku Hkkjro"kZ esa xw¡ts gekjh Hkkjrh

14 flrEcj çfro"kZ gh fgunh fnol ds :i esa loZ=k euk;k tkrkgSA fgUnh fnol] fgUnh lIrkg] fgUnh i[kokM+k vkfn ukeksa lslkekftd]lkfgfR;d o jktdh; laLFkkuksa esa dk;ZØe vk;ksftr gksrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh^fgUnh ekl* dk Hkh uke lquk tkrk gSA fofHkUu çns'kksa esa ^fgUnhvdkneh* tSlh laLFkk,¡ fgUnh ds mUu;u dk;Z esa yxh gqbZ gSaA bulaLFkkvksa dks jktdks"k ls i;kZIr vkfFkZd lg;ksx fn;k tkrk gSA dsUæh;Lrj ij jktHkk"kk foHkkx] dsUæh; fgUnh funs'kky;] dsUæh; fgUnhlaLFkku] fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fgUnh Hkou] vkfn ukeksals Hkh cgqr lh xfrfofèk;k¡ lapkfyr dh tkrh gSaA ijUrq ^fgUnh fnol*ls lEcfUèkr dk;ZØeksa o vk;kstdksa dks vc O;aX; dk fo"k; cuk;ktk jgk gSA fofHkUu lekpkj&i=kksa esa fgUnh ds frjLdkj dh dgkfu;k¡O;aX; ys[kksa ds :i esa çdkf'kr dh tk jgh gSA fgUnh fnol dks ,d<dkslyk] fn[kkok o ik[k.M n'kkZ;k tk jgk gSA

fgUnh fnol çsj.kk o mRlkg dk fnol gSo"kZ esa ,d fnu rks lHkh çdkj dh ?kVukvksa dk lej.k fd;k

tkrk gSA LorU=krk fnol] x.kra=k fnol] Fky lsuk fnol] ok;q lsukfnol] cky fnol] f'k{kd fnol] gksyh] nhikoyh] fot;kn'keh]j{kkcaèku vkfnA fiQj fgUnh fnol eukus esa ghu xzfUFk D;ksa viukbZtkrh gSA fgUnh fnol dks gesa çsj.kk o mRlkg ds lkFk gh eukukpkfg,A

mnwZ dk lekos'k D;ksa\tks ys[kd o lekpkj&i=k fgUnh dh nqnZ'kk ij ys[k fy[krs jgr

gSa] muds ys[ku esa mnwZ 'kCnksa dk lekos'k fdruk ?kj dj x;k gSi<+dj lglk fo'okl ugha gksrkA dqN rks foo'krk,¡ gSa tks O;ogkj esaçfo"V gks xbZ gSaA jsy] cl] Mkd[kkuk] LVs'ku (LFkkud)] fjD'kk] eksVj]

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dkj tSls vusd 'kCn nwèk esa ikuh ds leku vn`'; gks x;s gSA tSlsnwèk esa vfèkd ikuh feyk nsus ij irk pyrk gS fd nwèk iryk gS]feykoVh gS rks ml LFkku ls ge nwèk ysuk can dj nsrs gSa vkSj ç;Rudjrs gSa fd fo'oluh; nqdkunkj ;k nwfèk;s ls 'kq¼ nwèk çkIr fd;ktk;sA blh çdkj Hkk"kk dh 'kq¼rk dk ç'u gSA fgUnh ftl çdkj mnwZ]vaxzsth] iQkjlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dk lekos;k gqvk gS] oSls gh vaxzsth omnwZ esa Hkh fgUnh 'kCnksa dk cM+h la[;k esa çHkqRo gks pqdk gSA blfy,euksoSKkfud ghurk dk rks ç'u [kM+k ugha gksrk] ijUrq cqf¼ghurk dkç'u vo'; vkt [kM+k gks pqdk gSA fdlh mnwZHkk"kh ls dfg, fdfuEufyf[kr fgUnh okD; dks mnwZ esa vuqokn djks&eSa tkrh gw¡] eSatkÅ¡xk] eSa tk jgk gw¡] og dy vk;sxk vkfnA mnwZHkk"kh dks bls ;Fkkor~nksgjkus ds vfrfjDr dksbZ ekxZ ugha gks ldrkA blfy, Hkk"kk dsO;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls mnwZ D;k gS] bldh leh{kk djus dk dksbZ ljymik; ugha gSA ijUrq fgUnh ys[kd vktdy bl çlax esa ls fgUnh dhfo'ks"krk] ekSfydrk o opZLo dk rks o.kZu djuk gh ugha pkgrs] bldsfoijhr mnwZ dks fgUnh ij vuko';d :i ls Fkksiuk pkgrs gSaA

nwjn'kZu o vkdk'kok.kh dh fgUnh^vkt rd] lgkjk] th Vhoh] LVkj U;wt] tSu Vhoh] nwjn'kZu MhMh

pSuy] bZ Vhoh] jkt Vhoh vkfn* dksbZ lk Hkh pSuy ns[k&lquk tk;s]Hkk"kk lcdh fgUnh fouk'kd gh çrhr gksrh gSA vc ^lkepkj* ns[kuknwjn'kZu ij laHko ugha jgk] vc rks yxHkx lHkh pSuy cksyrs gSalqfu,&^[kkl [kcjsa*A igys dgk tkrk Fkk&çLrqr gS ^fo'ks"k lekpkj*]vc dgk tkrk gS&îs'k gS vc rd dh [kkl [kcjsa* xkSjryc]eísutj] eqrkfcd] t#jr] jkstkuk vkfn dh ckfj'k pkSchl ?kaVs gksrhjgrh gSA vc jkstkuk ckfj'k gksrh gS] ô"kkZ* dHkh ugha gksrhA o"kkZ ½rqdks D;ksafd ckfj'k ½rq ugha dgk tkrk vr% ckfj'k dk ekSle dk tkusyxkA lHkh pSuy èkEkZfujis{k rks Fks gh] vc os lc fgUnh fujis{k] fgUnwfujis{k o fgUnqLrku fujis{k Hkh cu x;s gSA tSu Vhoh ij ^?kVukØe*ds la;kstd tc okrkZ dk lekiu djrs gS rks ^[kqnk gkfiQt* cksyrsgSa] ueLrs ;k ueLdkj dguk&cksyuk muds fy, ?kksj yTtk dk fo"k;

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cu x;k gSA

ç.kke dks lykeêk¡ rq>s ç.kke* ds LFkku ij êk¡ rq>s lyke* dk çpkj djus ds

fy, vdsys ^jk"Vªh; lgkjk* lekpkj&i=k vc rd dbZ djksM+ #i;sds foKkiu çdkf'kr djk pqdk gSA ;fn eqlyekuksa esa ;g ppkZ pyusyxh fd igys tks dHkh ôUns ekrje~* Fkk vkSj mls gekjs xys mrkjkx;k Fkk Lokèkhurk laxzke ds uke ij] vkt oh ôUns ekrje~* vFkkZr~êkrk dh oUnuk* vFkkZr~ ekrk dks ç.kke* vFkkZr~ ek¡ rq>s ç.kke ;kuhêk¡ rq>s lyke* gekjs xys mrkjk tk jgk gS rc D;k gksxk\ tks yksx(Hkkjr) ek¡ rq>s ç.kke* ugha dg lds mUgsa ek¡ rq>s lyke* fl[kkdj;fn ns'kHkfDr muesa txkbZ tk ldh rks bl ?kkVs ds lkSns dks geLohdkj djus dks rS;kj gSaA ijUrq è;ku jf[k, fd ^lyke* ds ckndgha og vkidk ^rfd;k dyke* gh u cu tk;sA fnYyh dh 'khyknhf{kr ljdkj us 2005 ds 15 vxLr ij ,d foKkiu çdkf'krdjk;k gS tks ^fgUnw lHkk okrkZ* ds vad 36] i`"B 6 ij çdkf'kr gsmlesa Hkh lyke 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

gLrk{kj vc ugha gksrsfØdsV Vhe vkSj ch-lh-lh-vkbZ- esa vuqcaèk dh ppkZ pyh rks

le; lhek fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ fd fØdsV ds f[kykM+h vuqcaèk ijgLrk{kj dj nsaA ^vkt rd* iq.; çlwu oktis;h us vius pSuy ijdgk fd nLr[kr djus ls f[kykfM+;ksa us euk dj fn;k] rc ckn esatkdj nksuksa i{kksa esa le>kSrk fdlh vU; vkèkkj ij gqvkA vFkkZr~ vc^gLrk{kj* dgha ugha gksrs ^nLr[kr* gh fd;s tkrs gSaA vc^vuqlkj* fdlh pSuy ij ugha feyrk] êqrkfcd* ds vuqlkjgh n'kZdksa dks pyuk iM+rk gSA

nsoukxjh vadksa dk foèoaltulÙkk ds vfrfjDr nSfud lekpkj&i=kksa esa vfèkdrj i=k 1]2]3

ds LFkku ij 1]2]3 fy[kus yxs gSaA ;g ifjorZu xr 5 ls 10 o"kks± esavk;k gSA ;fn lafoèkku dk funsZ'k gksrk rks 1950 ls gh ;g Øe

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pyk;k tkrkA iru dh jkg ij pyus esa 50&55 o"kZ yxs] Hkh Lokèkhuns'k esaA tc ns'k ijkèkhu Fkk rks gekjs eu Lora=k Fks vc ns'k LokèkhugS rks gekjs eu ijra=k gks pqds gSaA ^tulÙkk* nSfud esa vad rksnsoukxjh esa fy[ks tkrs gSa ijUrq tc ikBÔ lkexzh dk 'ks"k Hkkx fdlhvU; i`"B ij çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS rks fy[krs gSa ^ckfd 'ks"k rhuij* mnwZ] vaxzsth o fgUnh dk fdruk vn~Hkqr laxe gSA ;gh fLFkfrdbZ fgUnqRofu"B laLFkkvksa ds lekpkj i=kksa o laokn çs"k.kksa esa viukbZtk jgh gSA

cM+s&cM+s jktuhfrd ny igys fgUnh vadksa (1]2]3]4---) dk ç;ksxdjrs Fks] vc Hkktik dh dsUæh;dkfj.kh Hkh 1]2]3 dk ç;ksx djrhgSA

fgUnh HkDr eqyk;e flag ;kno1996 esa tc Jh eqyk;e flag ;kno dsUæh; j{kk ea=kh cus rks

Lora=k Hkkjr esa çFke ckj j{kk ea=kky; esa fgUnh ds ç;ksx dks ljdkjhdkedkt esa vfuok;Z fd;k x;kA ckn esa vVy th ds 'kklu esa tctkWtZ iQuk±Mhl j{kk ea=kh cus rks mUgksaus j{kk ea=kky; esa fgUnh gVkdjiqu% vaxzath çkjEHk djk nhA Jh eqyk;e flag ;kno tc mÙkj çns'kds eq[;ea=kh cus Fks (1985 esa çFke ckj) rks mUgksaus lHkh ljdkjhokguksa ij nsoukxjh (fgUnh) vadksa dk vfuok;Z ç;ksx djk;k FkkAijUrq ckn dh Hkktik] clik ljdkjsa bldk ikyu ugha dj ldhaAHkkjr dk lafoèkku rks nksuksa ds fy, ,d lk gh gSA fnYyh çns'k esansoukxjh vadksa esa fdlh okgu dk Øekad fy[kk gksxk rks mldkpkyku dkVus dk vfèkdkj ;krk;kr iqfyl dks gS] ijUrq fnYyh esatc xq#eq[kh] fey ;k caxyk Hkk"kk esa fy[ks vad ysdj dksbZ okgufey tk,xk rks mldk pkyku ugha fd;k tkrkA ekjk"Vª ljdkj tksviuk dkyn'kZd (dSys.Mj) çdkf'kr djrh gS og ejkBh vadvFkkZr~ nsoukxjh fyfi ds vadksa esa gksrk gS] xqtjkr] iatkc] vkaèkz]dukZVd] dsjy] rfeyukMq]caxky] vle] mM+h;k vkfn viuh çknsf'kdHkk"kkvksa esa gh vad fy[krs gSa rc mudk vUrjjk"Vªh;dj.k 1]2]3 esadjus dk dsUæ ljdkj dHkh vkxzg ugha djrhA dsoy fgUnh vad

185

1]2]3 dks gh vUrjjk"Vªh; fyfi 1]2]3 esa fy[kus dk mins'k fgUnhHkkf"k;ksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA oSls Hkh 1]2]3------9 dks vUrjjk"Vªh; dguknklrk dk gh ifjpk;d gS] vU;Fkk :l] phu] tkiku] vjc TkSls ns'kbl 1]2]3 dk ç;ksx D;ksa ugha djrs\

jk"VªHkk"kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; LokfHkekuvko';drk gS jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku dh] ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk ds

tkxj.k dh] ns'k xkSjo ds lkFk thou thus dh Hkkouk dh] rHklhokLro esa jk"VªHkk"kk dk lEeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa tks 'kCnkoyh gS] og vfèkdka'k nwljh Hkk"kkvksa lsyh xbZ gSA xzhd] Ússap] teZuh] lisfu'k vkfn ds 'kCnksa dk vk;krvaxzsth esa Fkksd :i ls fd;k x;k gSA vaxzsth dk Hkk"kk foKku (Hkk"kk'kkL=k) ftl Linguistics 'kCn ls tkuk tkrk gS og 'kCn Hkh ysfVuHkk"kk dk gS&Lingua Franca. ftl tyiku x`g (jsLVksjsUV) esa ge xoZds lkFk pk;&dkWiQh ihrs gSa og Restaurant Úkalhlh Hkk"kk dk 'kCngS&jSLrksjk¡A ,slk gh Úsap ls fy;k x;k vaxzsth 'kCn gS&Renaissancefjuslk¡&iqutkZxj.kA tks lksfo;r :l 1996 rd fo'o dh f}rh;egk'kfDr Fkk] mls 1]2]3 fy[kuk ugah vkrk Fkk vkSj u vc rd ogbldk vuqdj.k djrk gSA og fy[krk gS&I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII,VIII, IX, X :l esa chl&XX] rhl&XXX] pkyhl&L] lh&C fy[kktkrk gSA

fgUnh fnol jk"Vªh; xkSjo dk çrhdfgUnh fnol gesa Lej.k djkrk gS fd ge jk"VªHkk"kk ds [kks;s xkSjo

dks iqu% çfr"Bkfir djus dk ladYi ysaA dsoy lÙkk ds Hkw[ks HksfM+;stks pkgsaxs] ogh gksxk] ;g lkspuk fujFkZd gSA lÙkk dHkh iQkjlh okysckn'kkgksa dh Fkh] dHkh mnwZ [kk¡ uokcksa dh Fkh vkSj dHkh vk x;sckbljkW; vkSj xouZj tujyA geus le;kuqlkj dHkh iQkjlh lh[kh]dHkh mnwZ vkSj fiQj dksV] iSaV] VkbZ] lwV igudj vaxzsft;r esa Hkh gejax x;sA ij tc geus vaxzsth ij vfèkdkj dj fy;k rHkh geusvaxzstksa ij Hkh vfèkdkj dj fy;k vkSj muls dgk Quit India (vaxzstksa

186

Hkkjr NksM+ks)A vaxzstksa dks cM+k vk'p;Z gqvk fd geus ftUgsa vaxzsthfl[kkbZ Fkh vc os rks gedks gh vaxzsth esa dg jgs gSa&Quit India. blhdk uke rks gS lukru èkeZ tks lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lukru ('kk'or)cuk jgsA nsoukxjh Hkh 'kk'or lR; gSA vaxzsth dkyn'kZd (Calender)200 o"kZ ls Hkkjr ij Nk;k gqvk gS&tuojh] iQjojh&fnlEcj rFkkbZLoh lu~ dk loZ=k çpkj gSA ijUrq tc fot;kn'keh] nhikoyh]xaxkLuku] dkfrZd iwf.kZek] o"kZ çfrink] uojk=k] firì{k] gksyh] djokpkSFk] vgksbZ v"Veh] gfj;kyh rht] xq# iwf.kZek] xaxk] n'kgjk] oS'kk[kh]edj laØkfUr gesa eukuh gksrh gS rks dkSu lk Hkkjrh; gS tks fgUnhiapkax ds ekxZn'kZu esa u pyrk gksA dqEHk dk esyk 10 djksM+ Hkkjrh;vkSj fons'kh fgUnqvksa dks tksM+us esa liQy gksrk gS rc vaxzsth dSys.Mjèkjs jg tkrs gS] mUgsa dwM+snku ij iQsad fn;k tkrk gS vkSj gekjsijEijkxr iapkaxksads vuqlkjgh frfFk;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k ljdkj dks djukiM+rk gS vkSj rnuqlkj gh ç'kklu dks lkjh O;oLFkk,¡ djuh gksrh gSA

çpfyr jktèkeZ ijkftr gks tkrk gS] lukru jk"VªèkeZ çHkkoh cutkrk gS] mlh dk loZ=k opZLo jgrk gSA tSls fgUnqRo bl dky çokgesa ls viuh thouh 'kfDr dks iqu% iqu% la;ksftr djrk jgrk gS] oSlsgh fgUnh dk Hkh ç'u gSA vc ls 10 o"kZ igys lalkj esa rhljhlokZfèkd cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk Fkh fgUnh] ijUrq 2002 esa tksfo'oLrjh; vk¡dM+s çdkf'kr gq, Fks rn~uqlkj fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ijçfrf"Br gS fgUnh vkSj 2005 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj lalkj esa vcØekad 1 ij gS fgUnhA fnfXot;h Hkkjr] txn~xq# Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk gSfgUnhA fgUnh fnol ij jk"Vªdfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr th us 'kCn gelcds eu esa xw¡tus pkfg,¡&

ekul Hkou esa vk;Ztu ftldh mrkjsa vkjrhAHkxoku ^Hkkjro"kZ* esa xw¡ts gekjh HkkjrhAA

nwljh iafDr esa ;fn ^Hkkjro"kZ* ds LFkku ij ^lkjs fo'o* fy[kfn;k tk; rks eu vkSj Hkh iqyfdr gks mBrk gSA

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vk;Z lekt ds egku usrk vf}rh;jk"Vªuk;d ia- çdk'kohj 'kkL=kh

1- ia- çdk'kohj 'kkL=kh tc dsoy 14 o"kZ ds çdk'kohj Fks rcmUgksaus okjk.klh esa 24 ls 29 fnlEcj 1937 dks vk;ksftrvk;Z çfrfufèk lHkk mÙkj çns'k ds Lo.kZ t;arh lekjksg esaHkk"k.k çfr;ksxfrk esa çFke Lfkku çkIr fd;kA

2- çdk'kohj th dsoy 16 o"kZ dh fd'kksj voLFkk esa gSnjkckn dsfutke }kjk fgUnqvksa ij fd;s tk jgs vR;kpkjksa ds fo#¼ 1939esa lapkfyr vk;Z lR;kxzg esa 6 ekg rd tsy ;kruk,¡ lghaA

3- çdk'kohj th us dsoy 17 o"kZ dh vk;q esa tks dfork fy[khog ia- {ksepUæ lqeu }kjk lEikfnr ^f'k{kk lqèkk* if=kdk esaçdkf'kr gqbZA

4- ia- çdk'kohj 'kkL=kh 1956 esa dsoy 33 o"kZ dh vk;q esa iatkcesa ,d ,sls fgUnh lR;kxzg dk liQy lapkyu fd;k tks vcrd ds fgUnh bfrgkl esa vHkwriwoZ gSA

5- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks tks funZyh; çR;k'kh ds ukrs 1958 esaxqM+xk¡o ds yksdlHkk mipquko esa ml le; ds lokZfèkdl'kDr lÙkk:<+ jktuhfrd ny ds çHkkoh çR;k'kh dks gjkdj]fot;h gksdj laln esa igq¡psA bl pquko esa fgUnw egklHkk esamudk lfØ; leFkZu fd;kA

6- os çFke usrk Fks ftUgksaus 1958 esa laln igq¡prs gh vkdk'kok.khesa gks jgh fgUnh dh mis{kk dks cUn djkdj fgUnh lekpkjksadks vaxzsth lekpkjksa ls igys çlkfjr djkus esa liQyrkçkIr dhA nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dk le; Hkh leku fd;k x;k tks vktrd fujUrj LFkkfir gSA

7- os çFke usrk Fks ftUgksaus 1 #i;s ls 100 #i;s rd ds djsalhuksVksa ij fgUnh] laLÑr rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks vaxzsth

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esa Åij LFkku fnyk;kA8- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftUgsa Lokeh n;kuUn ds gLrys[kksa dks

Hkkjr ds vfHkys[kkxkj }kjk ekbØksfiQYe dk :i nsus rFkkik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk ysfeus'ku djkus dk Js; çkIr gSA

9- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftUgksaus 1961 esa laln esa xk; dksjk"Vªh; çk.kh ?kksf"kr dj xksgR;k ij iw.kZ çfrcaèk yxkudh ek¡x dhA

10- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftUgksaus 1963 esa JhÑ".k tUek"Veh dsfnu laln esa v;ksè;k dk Jhjke tUeHkwfe ifjlj] eFkqjk dkJhÑ".k ifjlj rFkk dk'kh esa Hkxoku fo'oukFk ifjlj fgUnqvksadks lkSaius dh ek¡x j[khA

11- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftUgksaus vk;Z lekt ds mins'kksa ds drZO;ksao vfèkdkjksa dk fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; vk;Zmins'kd lEesyu dk laxBu fd;k vkSj gSnjkckn o y[kuÅ esablds vfèkos'ku vk;ksftr fd;sA y[kuÅ vfèkos'ku esa ia- usg#Hkh mifLFkr jgsA

12- os çFke vk;Z llkan Fks ftUgksaus yksdlHkk esa vU; egkiq#"kksa dslkFk vk;Z lekt ds çorZd egf"kZ n;kuUn dk HkO; fp=kyxokus esa liQyrk çkIr dhA

13- ia- çdk'kohj 'kkL=kh çFke usrk Fks ftUgksaus la;qDr jk"Vª dhvuqlwph dh rhu Hkk"kkvksa esa fgUnh dks lfEefyr fd;s tkus dhek¡x çLrqr dhA

14- os çFke usrk Fks ftuds ç;kl ls ns'k ds dbZ U;k;ky;ksa usvius fu.kZ; fgUnh esa nsus çkjEHk fd;sA buesa mÙkj çns'k]jktLFkku] eè;çns'k] fnYyh vkfn çeq[k gSA

15- os çFke jktusrk Fks ftuds ç;Ru ls fnYyh esa ljnkj iVsyt;Urh lekjksg dk fojkV vk;kstu çkjEHk gqvkA

16- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftuds ç;Ru ls osnksa dk vaxzsth Hkk";çdkf'kr djkus dk o`gn çcUèk fd;k x;kA

17- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftUgksaus egf"kZ n;kuUn rFkk vk;Z lekt

189

ls tqM+h frfFk;ksa ij dsUæ ljdkj ls Mkd fVdV çlkfjrdjk;kA

18- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftUgksaus 1939 esa gSnjkckn vk;ZlR;kxzg esa tsy ;kruk lgus okys O;fDr;ksa dks Lokèkhurklaxzke lsukuh dk Lrj dsUæ ljdkj ls fnyok;k rFkk isa'ku ofu%'kqYd jsy ;k=kk dh lqfoèkk çnku djkbZA

19- os çFke dq'ky laxBudrkZ Fks ftuds usr`Ro esa mÙkj çns'k esaesjB (1973)] dkuiqj (1974) rFkk okjk.klh (1976) esavk;Z lekt 'krkCnh lekjksgksa dk fojkV vk;kstu fd;k x;k]ftuesa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr Hkh mifLFkr jgsA

20- os çFke vk;Z usrk Fks ftuds HkxhjFk ç;Ru ls çknsf'kd vk;Zçfrfufèk lHkk Hkou] 5] ehjkckbZ ekxZ] y[kuÅ_ xq# fojtkuUndqVh] oÙnkou rFkk vk;Z lekt efUnj] xaxkrV] gfj}kj dsfo'kky Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k lEHko gqvkA

21- os çFke f'k{kk lsoh Fks ftuds ç;Ru ls pk¡niqj ftykfctukSj esa fMxzh dkWyst LFkkfir gqvk rFkk fctukSj tuinds èkkeiqj egkfo|ky; o eqjknkckn tuin ds pankSlhegkfo|ky; esa ch-,M- d{kk,¡ çkjEHk gks ldhaA

22- os ,sls vf}rh; lkfgR;dkj Fks ftudh fy[kh&^èkèkdrk d'ehj*]êsjs liuksa dk Hkkjr*] ^d'ehj dh osnh ij*] ^xksgR;kjk"VªR;k* o ^laè;k ljkst* tSlh iqLrdksa us jk"Vªoknh ons'kHkDr dk;ZdrkZvksa esa uohu ÅtkZ dk lapkj fd;kA

23- os çFke jktusrk Fks ftUgksaus fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk dh ugha vfirqvUrjjk"Vªh; Hkk"kk cukus ds fy, çcy ç;Ru fd;s rFkk tksfnYyh çns'k fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu ds vè;{k in ij fojktekujgs rFkk ftUgsa vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij fgUnh lsok ds fy,jktf"kZ iq#"kksÙkj nkl V.Mu iqjLdkj nsdj lEekfur fd;k x;kA

24- os ,sls çFke ujohj Fks tks fcuk fdlh ljdkjh in ij jgrs gq,1962] 1965 o 1971 ds Hkh"k.k ;q¼ksa esa lhek {ks=kksa dkHkze.k] 'kghn lSfudksa ds xk¡o&?kj dh ;k=kk rFkk j{kk ç;klksa ds

190

fufeÙk vk;ksftr dk;ZØeksa esa lfØ; lg;ksx nsus esa vgfuZ'klayXu jgsA

25- os ,sls çFke jktusrk Fks ftuds ç;Ruksa ls eqjknkckn tuin esaxaxk fdukjs frxjh ls ysdj xok¡ rd fo'kky ck¡èk cuk;kx;k] ftlls lSdM+ksa xzke çfro"kZ gksus okyh ck<+ dh foHkhf"kdkls cp ldsaA

26- 30 fnlEcj 1923 dk s x z ke&jgjk] rglhy&gluiqj]tuin&eqjknkckn (m-ç-) esa tUes egk'k; fnyhi flag R;kxhds iq=k çdk'kpaæ xq#dqy dk¡xM+h esa çfo"V gq, rks çdk'kohjcuk fn;s x;s vkSj fiQj 23 uoEcj 1977 rd thou i;ZUr osif.Mr çdk'kohj 'kkL=kh ds uke ls fo[;kr jgsA os çFke Js.khds çdk;k Fks] èkeZohj Fks] 'kkL=kK if.Mr Fks] os vxf.kr :i lsvuU; o vf}rh; FksA Jh jkexksiky 'kkyokys ds 'kCnksa esa osfgUnh] fgUnw] fgUnqLFkku ds vxzx.; usrk FksA

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